fprintd-verify

Verify fingerprints against the database. More information: https://manned.org/fprintd-verify.

Verify all stored fingerprints for the current user:
fprintd-verify
Verify a specific fingerprint for the current user:
fprintd-verify --finger {{left-thumb|left-index-finger|left-middle-finger|left-ring-finger|left-little-finger|right-thumb|right-index-finger|right-middle-finger|right-ring-finger|right-little-finger}}
Verify fingerprints for a specific user:
fprint-verify {{username}}
Verify a specific fingerprint for a specific user:
fprintd-verify --finger {{finger_name}} {{username}}
Fail the process if a fingerprint doesn't match with ones stored in the database for the current user:
fprint-verify --g-fatal-warnings
Display help:
fprintd-verify --help

cfdisk

A program for managing partition tables and partitions on a hard disk using a curses UI. More information: https://manned.org/cfdisk.

Start the partition manipulator with a specific device:
cfdisk {{/dev/sdX}}
Create a new partition table for a specific device and manage it:
cfdisk --zero {{/dev/sdX}}

pkgfile

Tool for searching files from packages in the official repositories on arch-based systems. See also pacman files, describing the usage of pacman --files. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/pkgfile/pkgfile.1.

Synchronize the pkgfile database:
sudo pkgfile --update
Search for a package that owns a specific file:
pkgfile {{filename}}
List all files provided by a package:
pkgfile --list {{package}}
List executables provided by a package:
pkgfile --list --binaries {{package}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file using case-insensitive matching:
pkgfile --ignorecase {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file in the bin or sbin directory:
pkgfile --binaries {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file, displaying the package version:
pkgfile --verbose {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file in a specific repository:
pkgfile --repo {{repository_name}} {{filename}}

raspinfo

Display Raspberry Pi system information. More information: https://github.com/raspberrypi/utils/tree/master/raspinfo.

Display system information:
raspinfo

nordvpn

Command-line interface for NordVPN. More information: https://nordvpn.com/download/linux/.

Interactively log into a NordVPN account:
nordvpn login
Display the connection status:
nordvpn status
Connect to the nearest NordVPN server:
nordvpn connect
List all available countries:
nordvpn countries
Connect to a NordVPN server in a specific country:
nordvpn connect {{Germany}}
Connect to a NordVPN server in a specific country and city:
nordvpn connect {{Germany}} {{Berlin}}
Set autoconnect option:
nordvpn set autoconnect on

http-prompt

An interactive command-line HTTP client featuring autocomplete and syntax highlighting. More information: https://github.com/httpie/http-prompt.

Launch a session targeting the default URL of http://localhost:8000 or the previous session:
http-prompt
Launch a session with a given URL:
http-prompt {{http://example.com}}
Launch a session with some initial options:
http-prompt {{localhost:8000/api}} --auth {{username:password}}

alien

Convert different installation packages to other formats. More information: https://manned.org/alien.

Convert a specific installation file to Debian format (.deb extension):
sudo alien --to-deb {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to Red Hat format (.rpm extension):
sudo alien --to-rpm {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to a Slackware installation file (.tgz extension):
sudo alien --to-tgz {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to Debian format and install on the system:
sudo alien --to-deb --install {{path/to/file}}

pdftoppm

Convert PDF document pages to portable Pixmap (image formats). More information: https://manned.org/pdftoppm.

Specify the range of pages to convert (N-first page, M-last page):
pdftoppm -f {{N}} -l {{M}} {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Convert only the first page of a PDF:
pdftoppm -singlefile {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a monochrome PBM file (instead of a color PPM file):
pdftoppm -mono {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a grayscale PGM file (instead of a color PPM file):
pdftoppm -gray {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a PNG file instead a PPM file:
pdftoppm -png {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}

phpquery

PHP extension manager for Debian-based OSes. More information: https://helpmanual.io/help/phpquery/.

List available PHP versions:
sudo phpquery -V
List available SAPIs for PHP 7.3:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -S
List enabled extensions for PHP 7.3 with the cli SAPI:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -s {{cli}} -M
Check if the JSON extension is enabled for PHP 7.3 with the apache2 SAPI:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -s {{apache2}} -m {{json}}

po4a-updatepo

Update the translation (in PO format) of a documentation. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a-updatepo.1.php.

Update a PO file according to the modification of its origin file:
po4a-updatepo --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --po {{path/to/result.po}}
Get a list of available formats:
po4a-updatepo --help-format
Update several PO files according to the modification of their origin file:
po4a-updatepo --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --po {{path/to/po1.po}} --po {{path/to/po2.po}}

lftp

Sophisticated file transfer program. More information: https://lftp.yar.ru/lftp-man.html.

Connect to an FTP server:
lftp --user {{username}} {{ftp.example.com}}
Download multiple files (glob expression):
mget {{path/to/*.png}}
Upload multiple files (glob expression):
mput {{path/to/*.zip}}
Delete multiple files on the remote server:
mrm {{path/to/*.txt}}
Rename a file on the remote server:
mv {{original_filename}} {{new_filename}}
Download or update an entire directory:
mirror {{path/to/remote_dir}} {{path/to/local_output_dir}}
Upload or update an entire directory:
mirror -R {{path/to/local_dir}} {{path/to/remote_output_dir}}

xmount

Convert on-the-fly between multiple input and output hard disk image types with optional write cache support. Creates a virtual file system using FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) that contains a virtual representation of the input image. More information: https://manned.org/xmount.

Mount a .raw image file into a DMG container file:
xmount --in {{raw}} {{path/to/image.dd}} --out {{dmg}} {{mountpoint}}
Mount an EWF image file with write-cache support into a VHD file to boot from:
xmount --cache {{path/to/cache.ovl}} --in {{ewf}} {{path/to/image.E??}} --out {{vhd}} {{mountpoint}}
Mount the first partition at sector 2048 into a new .raw image file:
xmount --offset {{2048}} --in {{raw}} {{path/to/image.dd}} --out {{raw}} {{mountpoint}}

qm template

Create a Proxmox VM template. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a template out of a specific virtual machine:
qm template {{vm_id}}

udisksctl

Interact with udisksd to query and manipulate storage devices. More information: http://storaged.org/doc/udisks2-api/latest/udisksctl.1.html.

Show high-level information about disk drives and block devices:
udisksctl status
Show detailed information about a device:
udisksctl info --block-device {{/dev/sdX}}
Show detailed information about a device partition:
udisksctl info --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Mount a device partition and prints the mount point:
udisksctl mount --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Unmount a device partition:
udisksctl unmount --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Monitor the daemon for events:
udisksctl monitor

reflector

Arch script to fetch and sort mirrorlists. More information: https://manned.org/reflector.

Get all mirrors, sort for download speed and save them:
sudo reflector --sort {{rate}} --save {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}
Only get German HTTPS mirrors:
reflector --country {{Germany}} --protocol {{https}}
Only get the 10 recently sync'd mirrors:
reflector --latest {{10}}

shutdown

Shutdown and reboot the system. More information: https://manned.org/shutdown.8.

Power off (halt) immediately:
shutdown -h now
Reboot immediately:
shutdown -r now
Reboot in 5 minutes:
shutdown -r +{{5}} &
Shutdown at 1:00 pm (Uses 24h clock):
shutdown -h 13:00
Cancel a pending shutdown/reboot operation:
shutdown -c

toolbox init-container

Initialize a running toolbox container. This command should not be executed by the user, and cannot be run on the host. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-init-container.1.

Initialize a running toolbox:
toolbox init-container --gid {{gid}} --home {{home}} --home-link --media-link --mnt-link --monitor-host --shell {{shell}} --uid {{uid}} --user {{user}}

xcowsay

Display a cute cow and message on your Linux desktop. The cow is displayed for either a fixed amount of time, or an amount of time calculated from the size of the text. Click on the cow to dismiss it immediately. More information: https://www.doof.me.uk/xcowsay/.

Display a cow saying "hello, world":
xcowsay "{{hello, world}}"
Display a cow with output from another command:
ls | xcowsay
Display a cow at the specified X and Y coordinates:
xcowsay --at={{X}},{{Y}}
Display a different sized cow:
xcowsay --cow-size={{small|med|large}}
Display a thought bubble instead of a speech bubble:
xcowsay --think
Display a different image instead of the default cow:
xcowsay --image={{path/to/file}}

hcitool

Monitor, configure connections, and send special commands to Bluetooth devices. More information: https://manned.org/hcitool.

Scan for Bluetooth devices:
hcitool scan
Output the name of a device, returning its MAC address:
hcitool name {{bdaddr}}
Fetch information about a remote Bluetooth device:
hcitool info {{bdaddr}}
Check the link quality to a Bluetooth device:
hcitool lq {{bdaddr}}
Modify the transmit power level:
hcitool tpl {{bdaddr}} {{0|1}}
Display the link policy:
hcitool lp
Request authentication with a specific device:
hcitool auth {{bdaddr}}
Display local devices:
hcitool dev

ruget

Alternative to wget written in Rust. More information: https://github.com/ksk001100/ruget.

Download the contents of a URL to a file:
ruget {{https://example.com/file}}
Download the contents of a URL to a specified [o]utput file:
ruget --output {{file_name}} {{https://example.com/file}}

toolbox enter

Enter a toolbox container for interactive use. See also: toolbox run. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-enter.1.

Enter a toolbox container using the default image of a specific distribution:
toolbox enter --distro {{distribution}}
Enter a toolbox container using the default image of a specific release of the current distribution:
toolbox enter --release {{release}}
Enter a toolbox container using the default image for Fedora 38:
toolbox enter --distro {{fedora}} --release {{f38}}

findfs

Finds a filesystem by label or UUID. More information: https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux.

Search block devices by filesystem label:
findfs LABEL={{label}}
Search by filesystem UUID:
findfs UUID={{uuid}}
Search by partition label (GPT or MAC partition table):
findfs PARTLABEL={{partition_label}}
Search by partition UUID (GPT partition table only):
findfs PARTUUID={{partition_uuid}}

lastcomm

Show last commands executed. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/acct/lastcomm.1.en.html.

Print information about all the commands in the acct (record file):
lastcomm
Display commands executed by a given user:
lastcomm --user {{user}}
Display information about a given command executed on the system:
lastcomm --command {{command}}
Display information about commands executed on a given terminal:
lastcomm --tty {{terminal_name}}

rofi

An application launcher and window switcher. More information: https://github.com/davatorium/rofi.

Show the list of apps:
rofi -show drun
Show the list of all commands:
rofi -show run
Switch between windows:
rofi -show window
Pipe a list of items to stdin and print the selected item to stdout:
printf "{{Choice1\nChoice2\nChoice3}}" | rofi -dmenu

lslogins

Show information about users on a Linux system. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/lslogins.1.html.

Display users in the system:
lslogins
Display users belonging to a specific group:
lslogins --groups={{groups}}
Display user accounts:
lslogins --user-accs
Display last logins:
lslogins --last
Display system accounts:
lslogins --system-accs
Display supplementary groups:
lslogins --supp-groups

dex

DesktopEntry Execution is a program to generate and execute DesktopEntry files of the Application type. More information: https://github.com/jceb/dex.

Execute all programs in the autostart folders:
dex --autostart
Execute all programs in the specified folders:
dex --autostart --search-paths {{path/to/directory1}}:{{path/to/directory2}}:{{path/to/directory3}}:
Preview the programs would be executed in a GNOME specific autostart:
dex --autostart --environment {{GNOME}}
Preview the programs would be executed in a regular autostart:
dex --autostart --dry-run
Preview the value of the DesktopEntry property Name:
dex --property {{Name}} {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Create a DesktopEntry for a program in the current directory:
dex --create {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Execute a single program (with Terminal=true in the desktop file) in the given terminal:
dex --term {{terminal}} {{path/to/file.desktop}}

uprecords

Displays a summary of historical uptime records. More information: https://manned.org/uprecords.

Display a summary of the top 10 historical uptime records:
uprecords
Display the top 25 records:
uprecords -m {{25}}
Display the downtime between reboots instead of the kernel version:
uprecords -d
Show the most recent reboots:
uprecords -B
Don't truncate information:
uprecords -w

snapper

Filesystem snapshot management tool. More information: http://snapper.io/manpages/snapper.html.

List snapshot configs:
snapper list-configs
Create snapper config:
snapper -c {{config}} create-config {{path/to/directory}}
Create a snapshot with a description:
snapper -c {{config}} create -d "{{snapshot_description}}"
List snapshots for a config:
snapper -c {{config}} list
Delete a snapshot:
snapper -c {{config}} delete {{snapshot_number}}
Delete a range of snapshots:
snapper -c {{config}} delete {{snapshot_X}}-{{snapshot_Y}}

runuser

Run commands as a specific user and group without asking for password (needs root privileges). More information: https://manned.org/runuser.

Run command as a different user:
runuser {{user}} -c '{{command}}'
Run command as a different user and group:
runuser {{user}} -g {{group}} -c '{{command}}'
Start a login shell as a specific user:
runuser {{user}} -l
Specify a shell for running instead of the default shell (also works for login):
runuser {{user}} -s {{/bin/sh}}
Preserve the entire environment of root (only if --login is not specified):
runuser {{user}} --preserve-environment -c '{{command}}'

lrzuntar

A wrapper for lrunzip to simplify decompression of directories. See also: lrztar, lrzip. More information: https://manned.org/lrzuntar.

Decompress from a file to the current directory:
lrzuntar {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}
Decompress from a file to the current directory using a specific number of processor threads:
lrzuntar -p {{8}} {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}
Decompress from a file to the current directory and silently overwrite items that already exist:
lrzuntar -f {{archive.tar.lrz}}
Specify the output path:
lrzuntar -O {{path/to/directory}} {{archive.tar.lrz}}
Delete the compressed file after decompression:
lrzuntar -D {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}

grub-file

Check if a file is of a specific bootable image type. More information: https://manned.org/grub-file.

Check if a file is an ARM EFI image:
grub-file --is-arm-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an i386 EFI image:
grub-file --is-i386-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86_64 EFI image:
grub-file --is-x86_64-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an ARM image (Linux kernel):
grub-file --is-arm-linux {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86 image (Linux kernel):
grub-file --is-x86-linux {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86_64 XNU image (Mac OS X kernel):
grub-file --is-x86_64-xnu {{path/to/file}}

reportbug

Bug report tool of Debian distribution. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/reportbug/reportbug.html.

Generate a bug report about a specific package, then send it by e-mail:
reportbug {{package}}
Report a bug that is not about a specific package (general problem, infrastructure, etc.):
reportbug other
Write the bug report to a file instead of sending it by e-mail:
reportbug -o {{filename}} {{package}}

getopt

Parse command-line arguments. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt.html.

Parse optional verbose/version flags with shorthands:
getopt --options vV --longoptions verbose,version -- --version --verbose
Add a --file option with a required argument with shorthand -f:
getopt --options f: --longoptions file: -- --file=somefile
Add a --verbose option with an optional argument with shorthand -v, and pass a non-option parameter arg:
getopt --options v:: --longoptions verbose:: -- --verbose arg
Accept a -r and --verbose flag, a --accept option with an optional argument and add a --target with a required argument option with shorthands:
getopt --options rv::s::t: --longoptions verbose,source::,target: -- -v --target target

mkfs.exfat

Creates an exfat filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.exfat.

Create an exfat filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.exfat {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-name:
mkfs.exfat -n {{volume_name}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-id:
mkfs.exfat -i {{volume_id}} {{/dev/sdb1}}

sqfscat

Concatenate files from a squashfs filesystem and print them to stdout. More information: https://manned.org/sqfscat.

Display the contents of one or more files from a squashfs filesystem:
sqfscat {{filesystem.squashfs}} {{file1 file2 ...}}

mktemp

Create a temporary file or directory. Note that examples here all assume $TMPDIR is unset. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/autogen/mktemp.html.

Create an empty temporary file in /tmp/ and print its absolute path:
mktemp
Create a temporary directory in /tmp/ and print its absolute path:
mktemp --directory
Create an empty temporary file at the specified path, with Xs replaced with random alphanumeric characters, and print its path:
mktemp "{{path/to/file_XXXXX_name}}"
Create an empty temporary file in /tmp/ with the specified name, with Xs replaced with random alphanumeric characters, and print its path:
mktemp -t "{{file_XXXXX_name}}"

sa

Summarizes accounting information. Part of the acct package. Shows commands called by users, including basic info on CPU time spent processing and I/O rates. More information: https://manned.org/man/sa.8.

Display executable invocations per user (username not displayed):
sudo sa
Display executable invocations per user, showing responsible usernames:
sudo sa --print-users
List resources used recently per user:
sudo sa --user-summary

e2fsck

Check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. The partition should be unmounted. More information: https://manned.org/e2fsck.

Check filesystem, reporting any damaged blocks:
sudo e2fsck {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem and automatically repair any damaged blocks:
sudo e2fsck -p {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem in read only mode:
sudo e2fsck -c {{/dev/sdXN}}
Perform an exhaustive, non-destructive read-write test for bad blocks and blacklist them:
sudo e2fsck -fccky {{/dev/sdXN}}

ntpdate

Synchronize and set the date and time via NTP. More information: http://support.ntp.org/documentation.

Synchronize and set date and time:
sudo ntpdate {{host}}
Query the host without setting the time:
ntpdate -q {{host}}
Use an unprivileged port in case a firewall is blocking privileged ports:
sudo ntpdate -u {{host}}
Force time to be stepped using settimeofday instead of slewed:
sudo ntpdate -b {{host}}

st

A simple terminal emulator for the X Window System. More information: https://st.suckless.org.

Open a terminal:
st
Open a terminal with a specific title:
st -T {{title}}
Open a terminal, execute a given command, and write the output to a file:
st -o {{path/to/file}} -e {{command argument1 argument2}}
Increase/decrease the font size:
Ctrl + Shift + {{Page Up|Page Down}}
Copy/paste from the clipboard:
Ctrl + Shift + {{C|V}}

lastlog

Show the most recent login of all users or of a given user. More information: https://manned.org/lastlog.

Display the most recent login of all users:
lastlog
Display the lastlog record of the specified user:
lastlog --user {{username}}
Display records older than 7 days:
lastlog --before {{7}}
Display records more recent than 3 days:
lastlog -time {{3}}

btrfs

A filesystem based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle for Linux. Some subcommands such as btrfs device have their own usage documentation. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs.html.

Create subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume create {{path/to/subvolume}}
List subvolumes:
sudo btrfs subvolume list {{path/to/mount_point}}
Show space usage information:
sudo btrfs filesystem df {{path/to/mount_point}}
Enable quota:
sudo btrfs quota enable {{path/to/subvolume}}
Show quota:
sudo btrfs qgroup show {{path/to/subvolume}}

beep

A utility to beep the PC speaker. More information: https://github.com/spkr-beep/beep.

Play a beep:
beep
Play a beep that repeats:
beep -r {{repetitions}}
Play a beep at a specified frequency (Hz) and duration (milliseconds):
beep -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}}
Play each new frequency and duration as a distinct beep:
beep -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}} -n -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}}
Play the C major scale:
beep -f {{262}} -n -f {{294}} -n -f {{330}} -n -f {{349}} -n -f {{392}} -n -f {{440}} -n -f {{494}} -n -f {{523}}

archinstall

Guided Arch Linux installer with a twist. More information: https://archinstall.readthedocs.io.

Start the interactive installer:
archinstall
Start a preset installer:
archinstall {{minimal|unattended}}

retroarch

RetroArch is a frontend for emulators, game engines and media players. It is the reference implementation of libretro API. More information: https://github.com/libretro/RetroArch.

Start in the menu mode:
retroarch
Start in full screen mode:
retroarch --fullscreen
List all compiled features:
retroarch --features
Set the path of a configuration file:
retroarch --config={{path/to/config_file}}
Display help:
retroarch --help
Display version:
retroarch --version

tcptraceroute

A traceroute implementation using TCP packets. More information: https://github.com/mct/tcptraceroute.

Trace the route to a host:
tcptraceroute {{host}}
Specify the destination port and packet length in bytes:
tcptraceroute {{host}} {{destination_port}} {{packet_length}}
Specify the local source port and source address:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -p {{source_port}} -s {{source_address}}
Set the first and maximum TTL:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -f {{first_ttl}} -m {{max_ttl}}
Specify the wait time and number of queries per hop:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -w {{wait_time}} -q {{number_of_queries}}
Specify the interface:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -i {{interface}}

ncat

Use the normal cat functionality over networks. More information: https://manned.org/ncat.

Listen for input on the specified port and write it to the specified file:
ncat -l {{port}} > {{path/to/file}}
Accept multiple connections and keep ncat open after they have been closed:
ncat -lk {{port}}
Write output of specified file to the specified host on the specified port:
ncat {{address}} {{port}} < {{path/to/file}}

instaloader

Download pictures, videos, captions, and other metadata from Instagram. Note: You will need to provide Instagram login information if you want high-quality media downloads. More information: https://instaloader.github.io.

Download a profile:
instaloader {{profile_name}}
Download highlights:
instaloader --highlights {{profile_name}}
Download posts with geotags (if available), suppressing any user interaction:
instaloader --quiet --geotags {{profile_name}}
Specify a user agent for HTTP requests:
instaloader --user-agent {{user_agent}} {{profile_name}}
Specify login info and download posts (useful for private profiles):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} {{profile_name}}
Skip a target if the first downloaded file has been found (useful for updating Instagram archives):
instaloader --fast-update {{profile_name}}
Download stories and IGTV videos (login required):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} --stories --igtv {{profile_name}}
Download all types of posts (login required):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} --stories --igtv --highlights {{profile_name}}

mkhomedir_helper

Create the user's home directory after creating the user. More information: https://manned.org/mkhomedir_helper.

Create a home directory for a user based on /etc/skel with umask 022:
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}}
Create a home directory for a user based on /etc/skel with all permissions for owner (0) and read permission for group (3):
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}} {{037}}
Create a home directory for a user based on a custom skeleton:
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}} {{umask}} {{path/to/skeleton_directory}}

emerge

Gentoo Linux package manager utility. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage#emerge.

Synchronize all packages:
emerge --sync
Update all packages, including dependencies:
emerge -uDNav @world
Resume a failed updated, skipping the failing package:
emerge --resume --skipfirst
Install a new package, with confirmation:
emerge -av {{package}}
Remove a package, with confirmation:
emerge -Cav {{package}}
Remove orphaned packages (that were installed only as dependencies):
emerge -avc
Search the package database for a keyword:
emerge -S {{keyword}}

rename

Rename multiple files. NOTE: this page refers to the command from the prename Fedora package. More information: https://manned.org/man/prename.

Rename files using a Perl Common Regular Expression (substitute 'foo' with 'bar' wherever found):
rename {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Dry-run - display which renames would occur without performing them:
rename -n {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Force renaming even if the operation would remove existing destination files:
rename -f {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Convert filenames to lower case (use -f in case-insensitive filesystems to prevent "already exists" errors):
rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {{*}}
Replace whitespace with underscores:
rename 's/\s+/_/g' {{*}}

qm status

Show virtual machine status. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Display the status of a specific virtual machine:
qm status {{vm_id}}
Display detailed status of a specific virtual machine:
qm status --verbose {{true}} {{vm_id}}

debootstrap

Create a basic Debian system. More information: https://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap.

Create a Debian stable release system inside the debian-root directory:
sudo debootstrap stable {{path/to/debian-root/}} http://deb.debian.org/debian
Create a minimal system including only required packages:
sudo debootstrap --variant=minbase stable {{path/to/debian-root/}}
Create an Ubuntu 20.04 system inside the focal-root directory with a local mirror:
sudo debootstrap focal {{path/to/focal-root/}} {{file:///path/to/mirror/}}
Switch to a bootstrapped system:
sudo chroot {{path/to/root}}
List available releases:
ls /usr/share/debootstrap/scripts/

mlabel

Set an MS-DOS volume label for FAT and VFAT filesystems. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/mtools/manual/mtools.html#mlabel.

Set a filesystem label:
mlabel -i /dev/{{sda}} ::"{{new_label}}"

po4a-translate

Convert a PO file back to documentation format. The provided PO file should be the translation of the POT file which was produced by po4a-gettextize. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a-translate.1.php.

Convert a translated PO file back to a document:
po4a-translate --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.doc}} --po {{path/to/result.po}} --localized {{path/to/translated.txt}}
Get a list of available formats:
po4a-translate --help-format

gnome-calculator

The official calculator for the GNOME desktop environment. More information: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Calculator.

Launch the GNOME Calculator GUI:
gnome-calculator
Solve the specified equation without launching the desktop application:
gnome-calculator --solve {{2^5 * 2 + 5}}
Display the version:
gnome-calculator --version

curlie

Curlie is a frontend to curl that adds the ease of use of httpie. More information: https://github.com/rs/curlie.

Send a GET request:
curlie {{httpbin.org/get}}
Send a POST request:
curlie post {{httpbin.org/post}} {{name=john}} {{age:=25}}
Send a GET request with query parameters (e.g. first_param=5&second_param=true):
curlie get {{httpbin.org/get}} {{first_param==5}} {{second_param==true}}
Send a GET request with a custom header:
curlie get {{httpbin.org/get}} {{header-name:header-value}}

trashy

An alternative to rm and trash-cli written in Rust. More information: https://github.com/oberblastmeister/trashy.

Move a specific file to the trash:
trash {{path/to/file}}
Move specific files to the trash:
trash {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
List items in the trash:
trash list
Restore a specific file from the trash:
trash restore {{file}}
Remove a specific file from the trash:
trash empty {{file}}
Restore all files from the trash:
trash restore --all
Remove all files from the trash:
trash empty --all

genkernel

Gentoo Linux utility to compile and install kernels. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Genkernel.

Automatically compile and install a generic kernel:
sudo genkernel all
Build and install the bzImage|initramfs|kernel|ramdisk only:
sudo genkernel {{bzImage|initramfs|kernel|ramdisk}}
Apply changes to the kernel configuration before compiling and installing:
sudo genkernel --menuconfig all
Generate a kernel with a custom name:
sudo genkernel --kernname={{custom_name}} all
Use a kernel source outside the default directory /usr/src/linux:
sudo genkernel --kerneldir={{path/to/directory}} all

rkhunter

Searches for rootkits and malware. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Rkhunter.

Check a system for rootkits and malware:
sudo rkhunter --check
Update rkhunter:
sudo rkhunter --update
Print all available tests:
sudo rkhunter --list
Display version:
sudo rkhunter --versioncheck
Display help:
sudo rkhunter --help

ark

KDE's archiving tool. More information: https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/ark/ark/.

Extract a specific archive into the current directory:
ark --batch {{path/to/archive}}
Extract an archive into a specific directory:
ark --batch --destination {{path/to/directory}} {{path/to/archive}}
Create an archive if it does not exist and add specific files to it:
ark --add-to {{path/to/archive}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}

speedometer

Python script that shows a network traffic graph in the terminal. More information: http://excess.org/speedometer.

Show graph for a specific interface:
speedometer -r {{eth0}} -t {{eth0}}

woeusb

Windows media creation tool. More information: https://github.com/WoeUSB/WoeUSB.

Format a USB then create a bootable Windows installation drive:
woeusb --device {{path/to/windows.iso}} {{/dev/sdX}}
Copy Windows files to an existing partition of a USB storage device and make it bootable, without erasing the current data:
woeusb --partition {{path/to/windows.iso}} {{/dev/sdXN}}

conky

Light-weight system monitor for X. More information: https://github.com/brndnmtthws/conky.

Launch with default, built-in config:
conky
Create a new default config:
conky -C > ~/.conkyrc
Launch Conky with a given config file:
conky -c {{path/to/config}}
Start in the background (daemonize):
conky -d
Align Conky on the desktop:
conky -a {{top|bottom|middle}}_{{left|right|middle}}
Pause for 5 seconds at startup before launching:
conky -p {{5}}

br

Navigate directory trees interactively. See also: broot. More information: https://github.com/Canop/broot.

Start and navigate the current directory tree interactively:
br
Start displaying the size of files and directories:
br --sizes
Start displaying permissions:
br --permissions
Start displaying directories only:
br --only-folders
Start displaying hidden files and directories:
br --hidden

pkgctl diff

Compare package files using different modes. See also: pkgctl. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-diff.1.

Compare package files in tar content [l]ist different mode (default):
pkgctl diff --list {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in [d]iffoscope different mode:
pkgctl diff --diffoscope {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in .PKGINFO different mode:
pkgctl diff --pkginfo {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in .BUILDINFO different mode:
pkgctl diff --buildinfo {{path/to/file|pkgname}}

pluma

Edit files in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/pluma.

Start the editor:
pluma
Open specific documents:
pluma {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Open documents using a specific encoding:
pluma --encoding {{WINDOWS-1252}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Print all supported encodings:
pluma --list-encodings
Open document and go to a specific line:
pluma +{{10}} {{path/to/file}}

btrfs scrub

Scrub btrfs filesystems to verify data integrity. It is recommended to run a scrub once a month. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-scrub.html.

Start a scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub start {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Show the status of an ongoing or last completed scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub status {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Cancel an ongoing scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub cancel {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Resume a previously cancelled scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub resume {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Start a scrub, but wait until the scrub finishes before exiting:
sudo btrfs scrub start -B {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Start a scrub in quiet mode (does not print errors or statistics):
sudo btrfs scrub start -q {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}

phar

Create, update or extract PHP archives (PHAR). More information: https://manned.org/phar.

Add space-separated files or directories to a Phar file:
phar add -f {{path/to/phar_file}} {{files_or_directories}}
Display the contents of a Phar file:
phar list -f {{path/to/phar_file}}
Delete the specified file or directory from a Phar file:
phar delete -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -e {{file_or_directory}}
Display full usage information and available hashing/compression algorithms:
phar help
Compress or uncompress files and directories in a Phar file:
phar compress -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -c {{algorithm}}
Get information about a Phar file:
phar info -f {{path/to/phar_file}}
Sign a Phar file with a specific hash algorithm:
phar sign -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -h {{algorithm}}
Sign a Phar file with an OpenSSL private key:
phar sign -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -h openssl -y {{path/to/private_key}}

wal-telegram

Generates themes for Telegram based the colors generated by pywal/wal. More information: https://github.com/guillaumeboehm/wal-telegram.

Generate with wal's palette and the current wallpaper (feh only):
wal-telegram
Generate with wal's palette and a specified background image:
wal-telegram --background={{path/to/image}}
Generate with wal's palette and a colored background based on the palette:
wal-telegram --tiled
Apply a gaussian blur on the background image:
wal-telegram -g
Specify a location for the generated theme (default is $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wal-telegram or ~/.cache/wal-telegram):
wal-telegram --destination={{path/to/destination}}
Restart the telegram app after generation:
wal-telegram --restart

sbatch

Submit a batch job to the SLURM scheduler. More information: https://manned.org/sbatch.

Submit a batch job:
sbatch {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a batch job with a custom name:
sbatch --job-name={{myjob}} {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a batch job with a time limit of 30 minutes:
sbatch --time={{00:30:00}} {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a job and request multiple nodes:
sbatch --nodes={{3}} {{path/to/job.sh}}

sleep

Delay for a specified amount of time. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sleep.

Delay in seconds:
sleep {{seconds}}
Delay in [m]inutes. (Other units [d]ay, [h]our, [s]econd, [inf]inity can also be used):
sleep {{minutes}}m
Delay for 1 [d]ay 3 [h]ours:
sleep 1d 3h
Execute a specific command after 20 [m]inutes delay:
sleep 20m && {{command}}

btrfs inspect-internal

Query internal information of a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-inspect-internal.html.

Print superblock's information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-super {{path/to/partition}}
Print superblock's and all of its copies' information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-super --all {{path/to/partition}}
Print filesystem's metadata information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-tree {{path/to/partition}}
Print list of files in inode n-th:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal inode-resolve {{n}} {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Print list of files at a given logical address:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal logical-resolve {{logical_address}} {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Print stats of root, extent, csum and fs trees:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal tree-stats {{path/to/partition}}

rdesktop

Remote Desktop Protocol client. It can be used to connect the remote computer using the RDP protocol. More information: https://manned.org/rdesktop.

Connect to a remote computer (default port is 3389):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} {{host:port}}
Simple Examples:
rdesktop -u Administrator -p passwd123 192.168.1.111:3389
Connect to a remote computer with full screen (press Ctrl + Alt + Enter to exist):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -f {{host:port}}
Use the customed resolution (use the letter 'x' between the number):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -g 1366x768 {{host:port}}
Connect to a remote computer using domain user:
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -d {{domainname}} {{host:port}}
Use the 16-bit color (speed up):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -a 16 {{host:port}}

timedatectl

Control the system time and date. More information: https://manned.org/timedatectl.

Check the current system clock time:
timedatectl
Set the local time of the system clock directly:
timedatectl set-time "{{yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss}}"
List available timezones:
timedatectl list-timezones
Set the system timezone:
timedatectl set-timezone {{timezone}}
Enable Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronization:
timedatectl set-ntp on
Change the hardware clock time standard to localtime:
timedatectl set-local-rtc 1

run-mailcap

Run MailCap Programs. Run mailcap view, see, edit, compose, print - execute programs via entries in the mailcap file (or any of its aliases) will use the given action to process each mime-type/file. More information: https://manned.org/run-mailcap.

Individual actions/programs on run-mailcap can be invoked with action flag:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION [--option[=value]]
In simple language:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION {{filename}}
Turn on extra information:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --debug {{filename}}
Ignore any "copiousoutput" directive and forward output to stdout:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --nopager {{filename}}
Display the found command without actually executing it:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --norun {{filename}}

thunar

Graphical file manager for XFCE desktop environments. More information: https://docs.xfce.org/xfce/thunar/start.

Open a new window showing the current directory:
thunar
Open the bulk rename utility:
thunar --bulk-rename
Close all open thunar windows:
thunar --quit

dd

Convert and copy a file. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dd.

Make a bootable USB drive from an isohybrid file (such like archlinux-xxx.iso) and show the progress:
dd if={{path/to/file.iso}} of={{/dev/usb_drive}} status=progress
Clone a drive to another drive with 4 MiB block, ignore error and show the progress:
dd if={{/dev/source_drive}} of={{/dev/dest_drive}} bs={{4M}} conv={{noerror}} status=progress
Generate a file of 100 random bytes by using kernel random driver:
dd if=/dev/urandom of={{path/to/random_file}} bs={{100}} count={{1}}
Benchmark the write performance of a disk:
dd if=/dev/zero of={{path/to/file_1GB}} bs={{1024}} count={{1000000}}
Generate a system backup into an IMG file and show the progress:
dd if={{/dev/drive_device}} of={{path/to/file.img}} status=progress
Restore a drive from an IMG file and show the progress:
dd if={{path/to/file.img}} of={{/dev/drive_device}} status=progress
Check the progress of an ongoing dd operation (run this command from another shell):
kill -USR1 $(pgrep ^dd)

certbot

The Let's Encrypt Agent for automatically obtaining and renewing TLS certificates. Successor to letsencrypt. More information: https://certbot.eff.org/docs/using.html.

Obtain a new certificate via webroot authorization, but do not install it automatically:
sudo certbot certonly --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Obtain a new certificate via nginx authorization, installing the new certificate automatically:
sudo certbot --nginx --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Obtain a new certificate via apache authorization, installing the new certificate automatically:
sudo certbot --apache --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Renew all Let's Encrypt certificates that expire in 30 days or less (don't forget to restart any servers that use them afterwards):
sudo certbot renew
Simulate the obtaining of a new certificate, but don't actually save any new certificates to disk:
sudo certbot --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}} --dry-run
Obtain an untrusted test certificate instead:
sudo certbot --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}} --test-cert

systemd-analyze

Analyze and debug system manager. Show timing details about the boot process of units (services, mount points, devices, sockets). More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-analyze.html.

List all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize:
systemd-analyze blame
Print a tree of the time-critical chain of units:
systemd-analyze critical-chain
Create an SVG file showing when each system service started, highlighting the time that they spent on initialization:
systemd-analyze plot > {{path/to/file.svg}}
Plot a dependency graph and convert it to an SVG file:
systemd-analyze dot | dot -T{{svg}} > {{path/to/file.svg}}
Show security scores of running units:
systemd-analyze security

blight

Utility for changing the display brightness. More information: https://github.com/gutjuri/blight.

Set display brightness to 50%:
blight set {{50}} -r
Show current display brightness:
blight show
Print maximum display brightness:
blight max
Increase display brightness in %:
blight inc {{number}} -r
Decrease display brightness with internal units:
blight dec {{number}}

mdbook

Create online books by writing Markdown files. More information: https://rust-lang.github.io/mdBook/.

Create an mdbook project in the current directory:
mdbook init
Create an mdbook project in a specific directory:
mdbook init {{path/to/directory}}
Clean the directory with the generated book:
mdbook clean
Serve a book at http://localhost:3000, auto build when file changes:
mdbook serve
Watch a set of Markdown files and automatically build when a file is changed:
mdbook watch

vnstati

PNG image output support for vnStat. More information: https://manned.org/vnstati.

Output a summary of the last 2: months, days, and all-time:
vnstati --summary --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output the 10 most traffic-intensive days of all time:
vnstati --top10 --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output monthly traffic statistics from the last 12 months:
vnstati --months --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output hourly traffic statistics from the last 24 hours:
vnstati --hours --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}

libreoffice

CLI for the powerful and free office suite LibreOffice. More information: https://www.libreoffice.org/.

Open a space-separated list of files in read-only mode:
libreoffice --view {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Display the content of specific files:
libreoffice --cat {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Print files to a specific printer:
libreoffice --pt {{printer_name}} {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Convert all .doc files in current directory to PDF:
libreoffice --convert-to {{pdf}} {{*.doc}}

lsb_release

Provides certain LSB (Linux Standard Base) and distribution-specific information. More information: https://manned.org/lsb_release.

Print all available information:
lsb_release -a
Print a description (usually the full name) of the operating system:
lsb_release -d
Print only the operating system name (ID), suppressing the field name:
lsb_release -i -s
Print the release number and codename of the distribution, suppressing the field names:
lsb_release -rcs

pdbedit

Edit the Samba user database. For simple user add/remove/password, you can also use smbpasswd. More information: https://manned.org/pdbedit.

List all Samba users (use verbose flag to show their settings):
sudo pdbedit --list --verbose
Add an existing Unix user to Samba (will prompt for password):
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --create
Remove a Samba user:
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --delete
Reset a Samba user's failed password counter:
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --bad-password-count-reset

netselect

Speed test for choosing a fast network server. More information: https://github.com/apenwarr/netselect.

Choose the server with the lowest latency:
sudo netselect {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Display nameserver resolution and statistics:
sudo netselect -vv {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Define maximum TTL (time to live):
sudo netselect -m {{10}} {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Print fastest N servers among the hosts:
sudo netselect -s {{N}} {{host_1}} {{host_2}} {{host_3}}
List available options:
netselect

pinout

View the current Raspberry Pi's GPIO pin-out information on the terminal with an ASCII diagram. More information: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/computers/os.html#gpio-pinout.

View the pinout information and GPIO header diagram for the current Raspberry Pi:
pinout
Open https://pinout.xyz/ in the default browser:
pinout -x

aurman

An Arch Linux utility to build and install packages from the Arch User Repository. See also pacman. More information: https://github.com/polygamma/aurman.

Synchronize and update all packages:
aurman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade
Synchronize and update all packages without show changes of PKGBUILD files:
aurman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade --noedit
Install a new package:
aurman --sync {{package}}
Install a new package without show changes of PKGBUILD files:
aurman --sync --noedit {{package}}
Install a new package without prompting:
aurman --sync --noedit --noconfirm {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword from the official repositories and AUR:
aurman --sync --search {{keyword}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
aurman --remove --recursive --nosave {{package}}
Clear the package cache (use two --clean flags to clean all packages):
aurman --sync --clean

iptables

Configure tables, chains and rules of the Linux kernel IPv4 firewall. Use ip6tables to set rules for IPv6 traffic. See also: iptables-save, iptables-restore. More information: https://manned.org/iptables.

View chains, rules, packet/byte counters and line numbers for the filter table:
sudo iptables --verbose --numeric --list --line-numbers
Set chain [P]olicy rule:
sudo iptables --policy {{chain}} {{rule}}
[A]ppend rule to chain policy for IP:
sudo iptables --append {{chain}} --source {{ip}} --jump {{rule}}
[A]ppend rule to chain policy for IP considering [p]rotocol and port:
sudo iptables --append {{chain}} --source {{ip}} --protocol {{tcp|udp|icmp|...}} --dport {{port}} --jump {{rule}}
Add a NAT rule to translate all traffic from the 192.168.0.0/24 subnet to the host's public IP:
sudo iptables --table {{nat}} --append {{POSTROUTING}} --source {{192.168.0.0/24}} --jump {{MASQUERADE}}
[D]elete chain rule:
sudo iptables --delete {{chain}} {{rule_line_number}}

i3-scrot

Wrapper script around the screenshot utility scrot for the i3 window manager. The default save location is ~/Pictures and can be changed in ~/.config/i3-scrot.conf. More information: https://gitlab.manjaro.org/packages/community/i3/i3-scrot.

Capture a screenshot of the whole screen and save it to the default directory:
i3-scrot
Capture a screenshot of the active window:
i3-scrot --window
Capture a screenshot of a specific rectangular selection:
i3-scrot --select
Capture a screenshot of the whole screen and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --desk-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of the active window and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --window-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of a specific selection and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --select-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of the active window after a delay of 5 seconds:
i3-scrot --window {{5}}

debugfs

An interactive ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem debugger. More information: https://manned.org/debugfs.

Open the filesystem in read only mode:
debugfs {{/dev/sdXN}}
Open the filesystem in read write mode:
debugfs -w {{/dev/sdXN}}
Read commands from a specified file, execute them and then exit:
debugfs -f {{path/to/cmd_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
View the filesystem stats in debugfs console:
stats
Close the filesystem:
close -a
List all available commands:
lr

inxi

Print a summary of system information and resources for debugging purposes. More information: https://manned.org/inxi.

Print a summary of CPU, memory, hard drive and kernel information:
inxi
Print a full description of CPU, memory, disk, network and process information:
inxi -Fz
Print information about the distribution's repository:
inxi -r

xclip

X11 clipboard manipulation tool, similar to xsel. Handles the X primary and secondary selections, plus the system clipboard (Ctrl + C/Ctrl + V). More information: https://manned.org/xclip.

Copy the output from a command to the X11 primary selection area (clipboard):
echo 123 | xclip
Copy the output from a command to a given X11 selection area:
echo 123 | xclip -selection {{primary|secondary|clipboard}}
Copy the output from a command to the system clipboard, using short notation:
echo 123 | xclip -sel clip
Copy the contents of a file into the system clipboard:
xclip -sel clip {{input_file.txt}}
Copy the contents of a PNG into the system clipboard (can be pasted in other programs correctly):
xclip -sel clip -t image/png {{input_file.png}}
Copy the user input in the console into the system clipboard:
xclip -i
Paste the contents of the X11 primary selection area to the console:
xclip -o
Paste the contents of the system clipboard to the console:
xclip -o -sel clip

trust

Tool for operating on the trust policy store. More information: https://manned.org/trust.

List trust policy store items:
trust list
List information about specific items in the trust policy store:
trust list --filter={{blocklist|ca-anchors|certificates|trust-policy}}
Store a specific trust anchor in the trust policy store:
trust anchor {{path/to/certificate.crt}}
Remove a specific anchor from the trust policy store:
trust anchor --remove {{path/to/certificate.crt}}
Extract trust policy from the shared trust policy store:
trust extract --format=x509-directory --filter=ca-anchors {{path/to/directory}}
Display help for a subcommand:
trust {{subcommand}} --help

eject

Eject cds, floppy disks and tape drives. More information: https://manned.org/eject.

Display the default device:
eject -d
Eject the default device:
eject
Eject a specific device (the default order is cd-rom, scsi, floppy and tape):
eject {{/dev/cdrom}}
Toggle whether a device's tray is open or closed:
eject -T {{/dev/cdrom}}
Eject a cd drive:
eject -r {{/dev/cdrom}}
Eject a floppy drive:
eject -f {{/mnt/floppy}}
Eject a tape drive:
eject -q {{/mnt/tape}}

vmstat

Report information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, disks and CPU activity. More information: https://manned.org/vmstat.

Display virtual memory statistics:
vmstat
Display reports every 2 seconds for 5 times:
vmstat {{2}} {{5}}

zip

Package and compress (archive) files into zip file. See also: unzip. More information: https://manned.org/zip.

Add files/directories to a specific archive:
zip -r {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Remove files/directories from a specific archive:
zip --delete {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Archive files/directories e[x]cluding specified ones:
zip {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} --exclude {{path/to/excluded_files_or_directories}}
Archive files/directories with a specific compression level (0 - the lowest, 9 - the highest):
zip -r -{{0-9}} {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Create an encrypted archive with a specific password:
zip -r --encrypt {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Archive files/directories to a multi-part [s]plit zip file (e.g. 3 GB parts):
zip -r -s {{3g}} {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Print a specific archive contents:
zip -sf {{path/to/compressed.zip}}

goobook

Access Google contacts from mutt or the command-line. More information: https://manned.org/goobook.

Allow goobook to access Google contacts using OAuth2:
goobook authenticate
Dump all contacts to XML (stdout):
goobook dump_contacts

xwinwrap

Run a player or a program as desktop background. More information: https://github.com/ujjwal96/xwinwrap.

Run a video using mpv:
xwinwrap -b -nf -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video in fullscreen using mpv:
xwinwrap -b -nf -fs -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video using mpv with 80% opacity:
xwinwrap -b -nf -ov -o 0.8 --- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video using mpv in a second monitor 1600x900 with 1920 offset on X-axis:
xwinwrap -g 1600x900+1920 -b -nf -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mkv}}

lsattr

List file attributes on a Linux filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/lsattr.

Display the attributes of the files in the current directory:
lsattr
List the attributes of files in a particular path:
lsattr {{path}}
List file attributes recursively in the current and subsequent directories:
lsattr -R
Show attributes of all the files in the current directory, including hidden ones:
lsattr -a
Display attributes of directories in the current directory:
lsattr -d

quotacheck

Scan a filesystem for disk usage; create, check and repair quota files. It is best to run quota check with quotas turned off to prevent damage or loss to quota files. More information: https://manned.org/quotacheck.

Check quotas on all mounted non-NFS filesystems:
sudo quotacheck --all
Force check even if quotas are enabled (this can cause damage or loss to quota files):
sudo quotacheck --force {{mountpoint}}
Check quotas on a given filesystem in debug mode:
sudo quotacheck --debug {{mountpoint}}
Check quotas on a given filesystem, displaying the progress:
sudo quotacheck --verbose {{mountpoint}}
Check user quotas:
sudo quotacheck --user {{user}} {{mountpoint}}
Check group quotas:
sudo quotacheck --group {{group}} {{mountpoint}}

xbps-install

XBPS utility to (re)install and update packages. See also: xbps. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/xbps-install.1.

Install a new package:
xbps-install {{package}}
Synchronize and update all packages:
xbps-install --sync --update

ndctl

Utility for managing Non-Volatile DIMMs. More information: https://manned.org/ndctl.

Create an 'fsdax' mode namespace:
ndctl create-namespace --mode={{fsdax}}
Change the mode of a namespace to 'raw':
ndctl create-namespace --reconfigure={{namespaceX.Y}} --mode={{raw}}
Check a sector mode namespace for consistency, and repair if needed:
ndctl check-namespace --repair {{namespaceX.Y}}
List all namespaces, regions, and buses (including disabled ones):
ndctl list --namespaces --regions --buses --idle
List a specific namespace and include lots of additional information:
ndctl list -vvv --namespace={{namespaceX.Y}}
Run a monitor to watch for SMART health events for NVDIMMs on the 'ACPI.NFIT' bus:
ndctl monitor --bus={{ACPI.NFIT}}
Remove a namespace (when applicable) or reset it to an initial state:
ndctl destroy-namespace --force {{namespaceX.Y}}

uname

Uname prints information about the machine and operating system it is run on. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/uname-invocation.html.

Print all information:
uname --all
Print the current kernel name:
uname --kernel-name
Print the current network node host name:
uname --nodename
Print the current kernel release:
uname --kernel-release
Print the current kernel version:
uname --kernel-version
Print the current machine hardware name:
uname --machine
Print the current processor type:
uname --processor
Print the current operating system name:
uname --operating-system

htpdate

Synchronize local date and time via HTTP headers from web servers. More information: http://www.vervest.org/htp/.

Synchronize date and time:
sudo htpdate {{host}}
Perform simulation of synchronization, without any action:
htpdate -q {{host}}
Compensate the systematic clock drift:
sudo htpdate -x {{host}}
Set time immediate after the synchronization:
sudo htpdate -s {{host}}

btrfs balance

Balance block groups on a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-balance.html.

Show the status of a running or paused balance operation:
sudo btrfs balance status {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance all block groups (slow; rewrites all blocks in filesystem):
sudo btrfs balance start {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance data block groups which are less than 15% utilized, running the operation in the background:
sudo btrfs balance start --bg -dusage={{15}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance a max of 10 metadata chunks with less than 20% utilization and at least 1 chunk on a given device devid (see btrfs filesystem show):
sudo btrfs balance start -musage={{20}},limit={{10}},devid={{devid}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Convert data blocks to the raid6 and metadata to raid1c3 (see mkfs.btrfs(8) for profiles):
sudo btrfs balance start -dconvert={{raid6}} -mconvert={{raid1c3}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Convert data blocks to raid1, skipping already converted chunks (e.g. after a previous cancelled conversion operation):
sudo btrfs balance start -dconvert={{raid1}},soft {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Cancel, pause, or resume a running or paused balance operation:
sudo btrfs balance {{cancel|pause|resume}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}

pw-cat

Pipewire tool for playing and recording audio files. More information: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/QA:Testcase_PipeWire_PipeWire_CLI.

List all available playback targets:
pw-cat --playback --list-targets
Play a WAV file over the default target:
pw-cat --playback {{path/to/file.wav}}
List all available record targets:
pw-cat --record --list-targets
Record a sample recording at a different volume level:
pw-cat --record --volume={{0.1}} {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a sample recording using a different sample rate:
pw-cat --record --rate={{6000}} {{path/to/file.wav}}

modprobe

Add or remove modules from the Linux kernel. More information: https://manned.org/modprobe.

Pretend to load a module into the kernel, but don't actually do it:
sudo modprobe --dry-run {{module_name}}
Load a module into the kernel:
sudo modprobe {{module_name}}
Remove a module from the kernel:
sudo modprobe --remove {{module_name}}
Remove a module and those that depend on it from the kernel:
sudo modprobe --remove-dependencies {{module_name}}
Show a kernel module's dependencies:
sudo modprobe --show-depends {{module_name}}

ahost

DNS lookup utility to display the A or AAAA record linked with a hostname or IP address. More information: https://manned.org/ahost.

Print an A or AAAA record associated with a hostname or IP address:
ahost {{example.com}}
Display some extra debugging output:
ahost -d {{example.com}}
Display the record with a specified type:
ahost -t {{a|aaaa|u}} {{example.com}}

getent

Get entries from Name Service Switch libraries. More information: https://manned.org/getent.

Get list of all groups:
getent group
See the members of a group:
getent group {{group_name}}
Get list of all services:
getent services
Find a username by UID:
getent passwd 1000
Perform a reverse DNS lookup:
getent hosts {{host}}

f5fpc

A proprietary commercial SSL VPN client by BIG-IP Edge. More information: https://techdocs.f5.com/kb/en-us/products/big-ip_apm/manuals/product/apm-client-configuration-11-4-0/4.html.

Open a new VPN connection:
sudo f5fpc --start
Open a new VPN connection to a specific host:
sudo f5fpc --start --host {{host.example.com}}
Specify a username (user will be prompted for a password):
sudo f5fpc --start --host {{host.example.com}} --username {{user}}
Show the current VPN status:
sudo f5fpc --info
Shutdown the VPN connection:
sudo f5fpc --stop

genid

Generate IDs, such as snowflakes, UUIDs, and a new GAID. More information: https://github.com/bleonard252/genid.

Generate a UUIDv4:
genid uuid
Generate a UUIDv5 using a namespace UUID and a specific name:
genid uuidv5 {{{ce598faa-8dd0-49ee-8525-9e24fff71dca}}} {{name}}
Generate a Discord Snowflake, without a trailing newline (useful in shell scripts):
genid --script snowflake
Generate a Generic Anonymous ID with a specific "real ID":
genid gaid {{real_id}}
Generate a Snowflake with the epoch set to a specific date:
genid snowflake --epoch={{unix_epoch_time}}

apport-bug

File a bug report on Ubuntu. More information: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Apport.

Report a bug about the whole system:
apport-bug
Report a bug about a specific package:
apport-bug {{package}}
Report a bug about a specific executable:
apport-bug {{path/to/executable}}
Report a bug about a specific process:
apport-bug {{PID}}

qm create

Create or restore a virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a virtual machine:
qm create {{100}}
Automatically start the machine after creation:
qm create {{100}} --start 1
Specify the type of operating system on the machine:
qm create {{100}} --ostype {{win10}}
Replace an existing machine (requires archiving it):
qm create {{100}} --archive {{path/to/backup_file.tar}} --force 1
Specify a script that is executed automatically depending on the state of the virtual machine:
qm create {{100}} --hookscript {{path/to/script.pl}}

lnav

Advanced log file viewer to analyze logs with little to no setup. More information: https://docs.lnav.org/en/latest/cli.html.

View logs of a program, specifying log files, directories or URLs:
lnav {{path/to/log_or_directory|url}}
View logs of a specific remote host (SSH passwordless login required):
lnav {{ssh}} {{user}}@{{host1.example.com}}:{{/var/log/syslog.log}}
Validate the format of log files against the configuration and report any errors:
lnav -C {{path/to/log_directory}}

man

Format and display manual pages. More information: https://manned.org/man.

Display the man page for a command:
man {{command}}
Display the man page for a command from section 7:
man {{7}} {{command}}
List all available sections for a command:
man --whatis {{command}}
Display the path searched for manpages:
man --path
Display the location of a manpage rather than the manpage itself:
man --where {{command}}
Display the man page using a specific locale:
man --locale={{locale}} {{command}}
Search for manpages containing a search string:
man --apropos "{{search_string}}"

resolvectl

Resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services. Introspect and reconfigure the DNS resolver. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/resolvectl.html.

Show DNS settings:
resolvectl status
Resolve the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for one or more domains:
resolvectl query {{domain1 domain2 ...}}
Retrieve the domain of a specified IP address:
resolvectl query {{ip_address}}
Flush all local DNS caches:
resolvectl flush-caches
Display DNS statistics (transactions, cache, and DNSSEC verdicts):
resolvectl statistics
Retrieve an MX record of a domain:
resolvectl --legend={{no}} --type={{MX}} query {{domain}}
Resolve an SRV record, for example _xmpp-server._tcp gmail.com:
resolvectl service _{{service}}._{{protocol}} {{name}}
Retrieve a TLS key:
resolvectl tlsa tcp {{domain}}:443

ceph

A unified storage system. More information: https://ceph.io.

Check cluster health status:
ceph status
Check cluster usage stats:
ceph df
Get the statistics for the placement groups in a cluster:
ceph pg dump --format {{plain}}
Create a storage pool:
ceph osd pool create {{pool_name}} {{page_number}}
Delete a storage pool:
ceph osd pool delete {{pool_name}}
Rename a storage pool:
ceph osd pool rename {{current_name}} {{new_name}}
Self-repair pool storage:
ceph pg repair {{pool_name}}

kwrite

Text editor of the KDE Desktop project. See also kate. More information: https://apps.kde.org/kwrite/.

Open a text file:
kwrite {{path/to/file}}
Open multiple text files:
kwrite {{file1 file2 ...}}
Open a text file with a specific encoding:
kwrite --encoding={{UTF-8}} {{path/to/file}}
Open a text file and navigate to a specific line and column:
kwrite --line {{line_number}} --column {{column_number}} {{path/to/file}}

abbr

Manage abbreviations for the fish shell. User-defined words are replaced with longer phrases after they are entered. More information: https://fishshell.com/docs/current/cmds/abbr.html.

Add a new abbreviation:
abbr --add {{abbreviation_name}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Rename an existing abbreviation:
abbr --rename {{old_name}} {{new_name}}
Erase an existing abbreviation:
abbr --erase {{abbreviation_name}}
Import the abbreviations defined on another host over SSH:
ssh {{host_name}} abbr --show | source

utmpdump

Dump and load btmp, utmp and wtmp accounting files. More information: https://manned.org/utmpdump.

Dump the /var/log/wtmp file to stdout as plain text:
utmpdump {{/var/log/wtmp}}
Load a previously dumped file into /var/log/wtmp:
utmpdump -r {{dumpfile}} > {{/var/log/wtmp}}

drawing

Free basic raster image editor in GNOME desktop environment. More information: https://maoschanz.github.io/drawing/.

Start Drawing:
drawing
Open specific files:
drawing {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}
Open specific files in a new window:
drawing --new-window {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}

setcap

Set capabilities of specified file. See also: tldr getcap. More information: https://manned.org/setcap.

Set capability cap_net_raw (to use RAW and PACKET sockets) for a given file:
setcap '{{cap_net_raw}}' {{path/to/file}}
Set multiple capabilities on a file (ep behind the capability means "effective permitted"):
setcap '{{cap_dac_read_search,cap_sys_tty_config+ep}}' {{path/to/file}}
Remove all capabilities from a file:
setcap -r {{path/to/file}}
Verify that the specified capabilities are currently associated with the specified file:
setcap -v '{{cap_net_raw}}' {{path/to/file}}
The optional -n {{rootuid}} argument can be used to set the file capability for use only in a user namespace with this root user ID owner:
setcap -n {{rootuid}} '{{cap_net_admin}}' {{path/to/file}}

qm guest cmd

Execute QEMU Guest Agent commands. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Execute a specific QEMU Guest Agent command:
qm guest cmd {{virtual_machine_id}} {{fsfreeze-freeze|fsfreeze-status|fsfreeze-thaw|fstrim|get-fsinfo|...}}

flock

Manage locks from shell scripts. It can be used to ensure that only one process of a command is running. More information: https://manned.org/flock.

Run a command with a file lock as soon as the lock is not required by others:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --command "{{command}}"
Run a command with a file lock, and exit if the lock doesn't exist:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --nonblock --command "{{command}}"
Run a command with a file lock, and exit with a specific error code if the lock doesn't exist:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --nonblock --conflict-exit-code {{error_code}} -c "{{command}}"

tftp

Trivial File Transfer Protocol client. More information: https://manned.org/tftp.1.

Connect to a TFTP server specifying its IP address and port:
tftp {{server_ip}} {{port}}
Connect to a TFTP server and execute a TFTP [c]ommand:
tftp {{server_ip}} -c {{command}}
Connect to a TFTP server using IPv6 and force originating port to be in [R]ange:
tftp {{server_ip}} -6 -R {{port}}:{{port}}
Set the transfer mode to binary or ascii through the tftp client:
mode {{binary|ascii}}
Download file from a server through the tftp client:
get {{file}}
Upload file to a server through the tftp client:
put {{file}}
Exit the tftp client:
quit

veracrypt

Free and open source disk encryption software. More information: https://www.veracrypt.fr/code/VeraCrypt/plain/doc/html/Documentation.html.

Create a new volume through a text user interface and use /dev/urandom as a source of random data:
veracrypt --text --create --random-source={{/dev/urandom}}
Decrypt a volume interactively through a text user interface and mount it to a directory:
veracrypt --text {{path/to/volume}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Decrypt a partition using a keyfile and mount it to a directory:
veracrypt --keyfiles={{path/to/keyfile}} {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Dismount a volume on the directory it is mounted to:
veracrypt --dismount {{path/to/mounted_point}}

makepkg

Create a package which can be used with pacman. Uses the PKGBUILD file in the current working directory by default. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/makepkg.8.

Make a package:
makepkg
Make a package and install its dependencies:
makepkg --syncdeps
Make a package, install its dependencies then install it to the system:
makepkg --syncdeps --install
Make a package, but skip checking the source's hashes:
makepkg --skipchecksums
Clean up work directories after a successful build:
makepkg --clean
Verify the hashes of the sources:
makepkg --verifysource
Generate and save the source information into .SRCINFO:
makepkg --printsrcinfo > .SRCINFO

qm reboot

Reboot a virtual machine by shutting it down, and starting it again after applying pending changes. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Reboot a virtual machine:
qm reboot {{vm_id}}
Reboot a virtual machine after wait for at most 10 seconds:
qm reboot --timeout {{10}} {{vm_id}}

nmcli

Manage the network configuration using NetworkManager. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

View documentation for running nmcli as a NetworkManager secret/polkit agent:
tldr nmcli agent
View documentation for managing network connections:
tldr nmcli connection
View documentation for managing network interfaces and establishing new Wi-Fi connections:
tldr nmcli device
View documentation for managing general settings of NetworkManager:
tldr nmcli general
View documentation for NetworkManager's activity monitor:
tldr nmcli monitor
View documentation for enabling/disabling and checking the status of networking:
tldr nmcli networking
View documentation for managing radio switches:
tldr nmcli radio

lrzip

A large file compression program. See also lrunzip, lrztar, lrzuntar. More information: https://manned.org/lrzip.

Compress a file with LZMA - slow compression, fast decompression:
lrzip {{filename}}
Compress a file with BZIP2 - good middle ground for compression/speed:
lrzip -b {{filename}}
Compress with ZPAQ - extreme compression, but very slow:
lrzip -z {{filename}}
Compress with LZO - light compression, extremely fast decompression:
lrzip -l {{filename}}
Compress a file and password protect/encrypt it:
lrzip -e {{filename}}
Override the number of processor threads to use:
lrzip -p {{8}} {{filename}}

snmpwalk

SNMP query tool. More information: https://manned.org/snmpwalk.

Query the system information of a remote host using SNMPv1 and a community string:
snmpwalk -v1 -c {{community}} {{ip}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv2 on a specified port:
snmpwalk -v2c -c {{community}} {{ip}}:{{port}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3 and authentication without encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{authNoPriv}} -u {{username}} -a {{MD5|SHA}} -A {{passphrase}} {{ip}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3, authentication, and encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{authPriv}} -u {{username}} -a {{MD5|SHA}} -A {{auth_passphrase}} -x {{DES|AES}} -X {{enc_passphrase}} {{ip}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3 without authentication or encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{noAuthNoPriv}} -u {{username}} {{ip}} {{oid}}

slapt-get

An apt like system for Slackware package management. Package sources need to be configured in the slapt-getrc file. More information: https://software.jaos.org.

Update the list of available packages and versions:
slapt-get --update
Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
slapt-get --install {{package}}
Remove a package:
slapt-get --remove {{package}}
Upgrade all installed packages to their latest available versions:
slapt-get --upgrade
Locate packages by the package name, disk set, or version:
slapt-get --search {{query}}
Show information about a package:
slapt-get --show {{package}}

ipset

A tool to create IP sets for firewall rules. More information: https://manned.org/ipset.

Create an empty IP set which will contain IP addresses:
ipset create {{set_name}} hash:ip
Destroy a specific IP set:
ipset destroy {{set_name}}
Add an IP address to a specific set:
ipset add {{set_name}} {{192.168.1.25}}
Delete a specific IP address from a set:
ipset del {{set_name}} {{192.168.1.25}}
Save an IP set:
ipset save {{set_name}} > {{path/to/ip_set}}

dmidecode

Display the DMI (alternatively known as SMBIOS) table contents in a human-readable format. Requires root privileges. More information: https://manned.org/dmidecode.

Show all DMI table contents:
sudo dmidecode
Show the BIOS version:
sudo dmidecode -s bios-version
Show the system's serial number:
sudo dmidecode -s system-serial-number
Show BIOS information:
sudo dmidecode -t bios
Show CPU information:
sudo dmidecode -t processor
Show memory information:
sudo dmidecode -t memory

nmcli radio

Show the status of radio switches or enable/disable them using NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli r. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Show status of Wi-Fi:
nmcli radio wifi
Turn Wi-Fi on or off:
nmcli radio wifi {{on|off}}
Show status of WWAN:
nmcli radio wwan
Turn WWAN on or off:
nmcli radio wwan {{on|off}}
Show status of both switches:
nmcli radio all
Turn both switches on or off:
nmcli radio all {{on|off}}

ip route

IP Routing table management subcommand. More information: https://manned.org/ip-route.

Display the routing table:
ip route {{show|list}}
Add a default route using gateway forwarding:
sudo ip route add default via {{gateway_ip}}
Add a default route using eth0:
sudo ip route add default dev {{eth0}}
Add a static route:
sudo ip route add {{destination_ip}} via {{gateway_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Delete a static route:
sudo ip route del {{destination_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Change or replace a static route:
sudo ip route {{change|replace}} {{destination_ip}} via {{gateway_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Show which route will be used by the kernel to reach an IP address:
ip route get {{destination_ip}}

treetime

TreeTime provides routines for ancestral sequence reconstruction and inference of molecular-clock phylogenies. More information: https://treetime.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials.html.

Infer ancestral sequences maximizing the joint or marginal likelihood:
treetime ancestral
Analyze patterns of recurrent mutations aka homoplasies:
treetime homoplasy
Estimate molecular clock parameters and reroot the tree:
treetime clock
Map discrete character such as host or country to the tree:
treetime mugration

genfstab

Arch Linux install script to generate output suitable for addition to an fstab file. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/arch-install-scripts/genfstab.8.

Display an fstab compatible output based on a volume label:
genfstab -L {{path/to/mount_point}}
Display an fstab compatible output based on a volume UUID:
genfstab -U {{path/to/mount_point}}
A usual way to generate an fstab file, requires root permissions:
genfstab -U {{/mnt}} >> {{/mnt/etc/fstab}}
Append a volume into an fstab file to mount it automatically:
genfstab -U {{path/to/mount_point}} | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

unsquashfs

Uncompress, extract and list files in squashfs filesystems. More information: https://manned.org/unsquashfs.

Extract a squashfs filesystem to squashfs-root in the current working directory:
unsquashfs {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Extract a squashfs filesystem to the specified directory:
unsquashfs -dest {{path/to/directory}} {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Display the names of files as they are extracted:
unsquashfs -info {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Display the names of files and their attributes as they are extracted:
unsquashfs -linfo {{filesystem.squashfs}}
List files inside the squashfs filesystem (without extracting):
unsquashfs -ls {{filesystem.squashfs}}
List files and their attributes inside the squashfs filesystem (without extracting):
unsquashfs -lls {{filesystem.squashfs}}

distrobox-host-exec

Execute a command on the host from inside a distrobox container. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-host-exec.html.

Execute command on the host system from inside the distrobox container:
distrobox-host-exec "{{command}}"
Execute the ls command on the host system from inside the container:
distrobox-host-exec ls

calcurse

A text-based calendar and scheduling application for the command-line. More information: https://calcurse.org.

Start calcurse on interactive mode:
calcurse
Print the appointments and events for the current day and exit:
calcurse --appointment
Remove all local calcurse items and import remote objects:
calcurse-caldav --init=keep-remote
Remove all remote objects and push local calcurse items:
calcurse-caldav --init=keep-local
Copy local objects to the CalDAV server and vice versa:
calcurse-caldav --init=two-way

ifup

Tool used to enable network interfaces. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/ifupdown/ifup.8.html.

Enable interface eth0:
ifup {{eth0}}
Enable all the interfaces defined with "auto" in /etc/network/interfaces:
ifup -a

slapt-src

A utility to automate building of slackbuilds. SlackBuild sources need to be configured in the slapt-srcrc file. More information: https://github.com/jaos/slapt-src.

Update the list of available slackbuilds and versions:
slapt-src --update
List all available slackbuilds:
slapt-src --list
Fetch, build and install the specified slackbuild(s):
slapt-src --install {{slackbuild_name}}
Locate slackbuilds by their name or description:
slapt-src --search {{search_term}}
Display information about a slackbuild:
slapt-src --show {{slackbuild_name}}

urxvt

Rxvt-unicode. A customizable terminal emulator. More information: https://manned.org/urxvt.

Open a new urxvt window:
urxvt
Run in a specific directory:
urxvt -cd {{path/to/directory}}
Run a command in a new urxvt window:
urxvt -e {{command}}
Run a command and keep the window open:
urxvt --hold -e {{command}}
Run a command within the sh shell:
urxvt -e {{sh}} -c {{command}}

updpkgsums

Update the checksums of the sources in a PKGBUILD. Unless a preexisting hashing algorithm is used, SHA256 will be used. More information: https://manned.org/updpkgsums.

Update the checksums in a PKGBUILD:
updpkgsums
Display Version:
updpkgsums -v
Display help:
updpkgsums -h

qm snapshot

Create virtual machine snapshots. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a snapshot of a specific virtual machine:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}}
Create a snapshot with a specific description:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}} --description {{description}}
Create a snapshot including the vmstate:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}} --description {{description}} --vmstate 1

mate-search-tool

Search files in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/mate-search-tool.

Search files containing a specific string in their name in a specific directory:
mate-search-tool --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Search files without waiting a user confirmation:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Search files with name matching a specific regular expression:
mate-search-tool --start --regex={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Set a sorting order in search results:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}} --sortby={{name|folder|size|type|date}}
Set a descending sorting order:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}} --descending
Search files owned by a specific user/group:
mate-search-tool --start --{{user|group}}={{value}} --path={{path/to/directory}}

lsusb

Display information about USB buses and devices connected to them. More information: https://manned.org/lsusb.

List all the USB devices available:
lsusb
List the USB hierarchy as a tree:
lsusb -t
List verbose information about USB devices:
lsusb --verbose
List detailed information about a USB device:
lsusb --verbose -s {{bus}}:{{device number}}
List devices with a specified vendor and product ID only:
lsusb -d {{vendor}}:{{product}}

mkswap

Set up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file. Note: path/to/file can either point to a regular file or a swap partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkswap.

Set up a given swap area:
sudo mkswap {{path/to/file}}
Check a partition for bad blocks before creating the swap area:
sudo mkswap -c {{path/to/file}}
Specify a label for the partition (to allow swapon to use the label):
sudo mkswap -L {{label}} {{/dev/sda1}}

efibootmgr

Manipulate the UEFI Boot Manager. More information: https://manned.org/efibootmgr.

List the current settings then bootnums with their name:
efibootmgr
List the filepaths:
efibootmgr -v
Add UEFI Shell v2 as a boot option:
sudo efibootmgr -c -d {{/dev/sda1}} -l {{\EFI\tools\Shell.efi}} -L "{{UEFI Shell}}"
Change the current boot order:
sudo efibootmgr -o {{0002,0008,0001,0005}}
Delete a boot option:
sudo efibootmgr -b {{0008}} --delete-bootnum

repo-add

Package database maintenance utility which enables installation of said package via Pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/repo-add.

Add all package binaries in the current directory and remove the old database file:
repo-add --remove {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}
Add all package binaries in the current directory in silent mode except for warning and error messages:
repo-add --quiet {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}
Add all package binaries in the current directory without showing color:
repo-add --nocolor {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}

anbox

Run Android applications on any GNU/Linux operating system. More information: https://manned.org/anbox.

Launch Anbox into the app manager:
anbox launch --package={{org.anbox.appmgr}} --component={{org.anbox.appmgr.AppViewActivity}}

ip6tables

This command is an alias of iptables for the IPv6 firewall.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr iptables

nala

Package management Utility. Wrapper for the apt package manager. More information: https://gitlab.com/volian/nala.

Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
sudo nala install {{package}}
Remove a package:
sudo nala remove {{package}}
Remove a package and its configuration files:
nala purge {{package}}
Search package names and descriptions using a word, regex (default) or glob:
nala search "{{pattern}}"
Update the list of available packages and upgrade the system:
sudo nala upgrade
Remove all unused packages and dependencies from your system:
sudo nala autoremove
Fetch fast mirrors to improve download speeds:
sudo nala fetch
Display the history of all transactions:
nala history

cpufreq-set

A tool to modify CPU frequency settings. The frequency value should range between the output of command cpufreq-info -l. More information: https://manned.org/cpufreq-set.

Set the CPU frequency policy of CPU 1 to "userspace":
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} -g {{userspace}}
Set the current minimum CPU frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} --min {{min_frequency}}
Set the current maximum CPU frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} --max {{max_frequency}}
Set the current work frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} -f {{work_frequency}}

apt-add-repository

Manages apt repository definitions. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/software-properties-common/apt-add-repository.1.html.

Add a new apt repository:
apt-add-repository {{repository_spec}}
Remove an apt repository:
apt-add-repository --remove {{repository_spec}}
Update the package cache after adding a repository:
apt-add-repository --update {{repository_spec}}
Enable source packages:
apt-add-repository --enable-source {{repository_spec}}

ipcmk

Create IPC (Inter-process Communication) resources. More information: https://manned.org/ipcmk.

Create a shared memory segment:
ipcmk --shmem {{segment_size_in_bytes}}
Create a semaphore:
ipcmk --semaphore {{element_size}}
Create a message queue:
ipcmk --queue
Create a shared memory segment with specific permissions (default is 0644):
ipcmk --shmem {{segment_size_in_bytes}} {{octal_permissions}}

updatedb

Create or update the database used by locate. It is usually run daily by cron. More information: https://manned.org/updatedb.

Refresh database content:
sudo updatedb
Display file names as soon as they are found:
sudo updatedb --verbose

btrfs check

Check or repair a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-check.html.

Check a btrfs filesystem:
sudo btrfs check {{path/to/partition}}
Check and repair a btrfs filesystem (dangerous):
sudo btrfs check --repair {{path/to/partition}}
Show the progress of the check:
sudo btrfs check --progress {{path/to/partition}}
Verify the checksum of each data block (if the filesystem is good):
sudo btrfs check --check-data-csum {{path/to/partition}}
Use the n-th superblock (n can be 0, 1 or 2):
sudo btrfs check --super {{n}} {{path/to/partition}}
Rebuild the checksum tree:
sudo btrfs check --repair --init-csum-tree {{path/to/partition}}
Rebuild the extent tree:
sudo btrfs check --repair --init-extent-tree {{path/to/partition}}

rpmbuild

RPM Package Build tool. More information: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/creating-rpm-packages/.

Build binary and source packages:
rpmbuild -ba {{path/to/spec_file}}
Build a binary package without source package:
rpmbuild -bb {{path/to/spec_file}}
Specify additional variables when building a package:
rpmbuild -bb {{path/to/spec_file}} --define "{{variable1}} {{value1}}" --define "{{variable2}} {{value2}}"

burpsuite

A GUI based application mainly used in web application penetration testing. More information: https://portswigger.net/burp/documentation/desktop/getting-started/launch-from-command-line.

Start Burp Suite:
burpsuite
Start Burp Suite using the default configuration:
burpsuite --use-defaults
Open a specific project file:
burpsuite --project-file={{path/to/file}}
Load a specific configuration file:
burpsuite --config-file={{path/to/file}}
Start without extensions:
burpsuite --disable-extensions

hostnamectl

Get or set the hostname of the computer. More information: https://manned.org/hostnamectl.

Get the hostname of the computer:
hostnamectl
Set the hostname of the computer:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "{{hostname}}"
Set a pretty hostname for the computer:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --static "{{hostname.example.com}}" && sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --pretty "{{hostname}}"
Reset hostname to its default value:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --pretty ""

mons

A tool to quickly manage two displays. More information: https://github.com/Ventto/mons.

Enable only the primary monitor:
mons -o
Enable only the secondary monitor:
mons -s
Duplicate the primary monitor onto the secondary monitor, using the resolution of the primary monitor:
mons -d
Mirror the primary monitor onto the secondary monitor, using the resolution of the secondary monitor:
mons -m

loginctl

Manage the systemd login manager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/loginctl.html.

Print all current sessions:
loginctl list-sessions
Print all properties of a specific session:
loginctl show-session {{session_id}} --all
Print all properties of a specific user:
loginctl show-user {{username}}
Print a specific property of a user:
loginctl show-user {{username}} --property={{property_name}}
Execute a loginctl operation on a remote host:
loginctl list-users -H {{hostname}}

lrunzip

A large file decompression program. See also lrzip, lrztar, lrzuntar. More information: https://manned.org/lrunzip.

Decompress a file:
lrunzip {{filename.lrz}}
Decompress a file using a specific number of processor threads:
lrunzip -p {{8}} {{filename.lrz}}
Decompress a file and silently overwrite files if they exist:
lrunzip -f {{filename.lrz}}
Keep broken or damaged files instead of deleting them when decompressing:
lrunzip -K {{filename.lrz}}
Specify output file name and/or path:
lrunzip -o {{outfilename}} {{filename.lrz}}

disown

Allow sub-processes to live beyond the shell that they are attached to. See also the jobs command. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-disown.

Disown the current job:
disown
Disown a specific job:
disown %{{job_number}}
Disown all jobs:
disown -a
Keep job (do not disown it), but mark it so that no future SIGHUP is received on shell exit:
disown -h %{{job_number}}

ubuntu-bug

This command is an alias of apport-bug. More information: https://manned.org/ubuntu-bug.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr apport-bug

findmnt

Find your filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/findmnt.

List all mounted filesystems:
findmnt
Search for a device:
findmnt {{/dev/sdb1}}
Search for a mountpoint:
findmnt {{/}}
Find filesystems in specific type:
findmnt -t {{ext4}}
Find filesystems with specific label:
findmnt LABEL={{BigStorage}}

duperemove

Finds duplicate filesystem extents and optionally schedule them for deduplication. An extent is small part of a file inside the filesystem. On some filesystems one extent can be referenced multiple times, when parts of the content of the files are identical. More information: https://markfasheh.github.io/duperemove/.

Search for duplicate extents in a directory and show them:
duperemove -r {{path/to/directory}}
Deduplicate duplicate extents on a Btrfs or XFS (experimental) filesystem:
duperemove -r -d {{path/to/directory}}
Use a hash file to store extent hashes (less memory usage and can be reused on subsequent runs):
duperemove -r -d --hashfile={{path/to/hashfile}} {{path/to/directory}}
Limit I/O threads (for hashing and dedupe stage) and CPU threads (for duplicate extent finding stage):
duperemove -r -d --hashfile={{path/to/hashfile}} --io-threads={{N}} --cpu-threads={{N}} {{path/to/directory}}

bluetoothctl

Manage Bluetooth devices. More information: https://bitbucket.org/serkanp/bluetoothctl.

Enter the bluetoothctl shell:
bluetoothctl
List all known devices:
bluetoothctl devices
Power the Bluetooth controller on or off:
bluetoothctl power {{on|off}}
Pair with a device:
bluetoothctl pair {{mac_address}}
Remove a device:
bluetoothctl remove {{mac_address}}
Connect to a paired device:
bluetoothctl connect {{mac_address}}
Disconnect from a paired device:
bluetoothctl disconnect {{mac_address}}
Display help:
bluetoothctl help

runcon

Run a program in a different SELinux security context. With neither context nor command, print the current security context. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/runcon.

Determine the current domain:
runcon
Specify the domain to run a command in:
runcon -t {{domain}}_t {{command}}
Specify the context role to run a command with:
runcon -r {{role}}_r {{command}}
Specify the full context to run a command with:
runcon {{user}}_u:{{role}}_r:{{domain}}_t {{command}}

unset

Remove shell variables or functions. More information: https://manned.org/unset.

Remove the variable foo, or if the variable doesn't exist, remove the function foo:
unset {{foo}}
Remove the variables foo and bar:
unset -v {{foo}} {{bar}}
Remove the function my_func:
unset -f {{my_func}}

chkconfig

Manage the runlevel of services on CentOS 6. More information: https://manned.org/chkconfig.

List services with runlevel:
chkconfig --list
Show a service's runlevel:
chkconfig --list {{ntpd}}
Enable service at boot:
chkconfig {{sshd}} on
Enable service at boot for runlevels 2, 3, 4, and 5:
chkconfig --level {{2345}} {{sshd}} on
Disable service at boot:
chkconfig {{ntpd}} off
Disable service at boot for runlevel 3:
chkconfig --level {{3}} {{ntpd}} off

qm listsnapshot

List snapshots of virtual machines. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

List all snapshots of a specific virtual machine:
qm listsnapshot {{vm_id}}

maim

Screenshot utility. More information: https://github.com/naelstrof/maim.

Capture a screenshot and save it to the given path:
maim {{path/to/screenshot.png}}
Capture a screenshot of the selected region:
maim --select {{path/to/screenshot.png}}
Capture a screenshot of the selected region and save it in the clipboard (requires xclip):
maim --select | xclip -selection clipboard -target image/png
Capture a screenshot of the current active window (requires xdotool):
maim --window $(xdotool getactivewindow) {{path/to/screenshot.png}}

toolbox run

Run a command in an existing toolbox container. See also: toolbox enter. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-run.

Run a command inside a specific toolbox container:
toolbox run --container {{container_name}} {{command}}
Run a command inside a toolbox container for a specific release of a distribution:
toolbox run --distro {{distribution}} --release {{release}} {{command}}
Run emacs inside a toolbox container using the default image for Fedora 38:
toolbox run --distro {{fedora}} --release {{f38}} {{emacs}}

readelf

Displays information about ELF files. More information: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/readelf.1.html.

Display all information about the ELF file:
readelf -all {{path/to/binary}}
Display all the headers present in the ELF file:
readelf --headers {{path/to/binary}}
Display the entries in symbol table section of the ELF file, if it has one:
readelf --symbols {{path/to/binary}}
Display the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the file:
readelf --file-header {{path/to/binary}}

mpg123

Console MPEG audio player. More information: https://manned.org/mpg123.

Play the specified mp3 files:
mpg123 {{path/to/file1.mp3 path/to/file2.mp3 ...}}
Play the mp3 from stdin:
cat {{file.mp3}} | mpg123 -
Jump forward to the next song:
f
Jump back to the beginning for the song:
b
Stop or replay the current file:
s
Fast forward:
.
Quit:
q

blkdiscard

Discards device sectors on storage devices. Useful for SSDs. More information: https://manned.org/blkdiscard.

Discard all sectors on a device, removing all data:
blkdiscard /dev/{{device}}
Securely discard all blocks on a device, removing all data:
blkdiscard --secure /dev/{{device}}
Discard the first 100 MB of a device:
blkdiscard --length {{100MB}} /dev/{{device}}

as

Portable GNU assembler. Primarily intended to assemble output from gcc to be used by ld. More information: https://manned.org/as.

Assemble a file, writing the output to a.out:
as {{file.s}}
Assemble the output to a given file:
as {{file.s}} -o {{out.o}}
Generate output faster by skipping whitespace and comment preprocessing. (Should only be used for trusted compilers):
as -f {{file.s}}
Include a given path to the list of directories to search for files specified in .include directives:
as -I {{path/to/directory}} {{file.s}}

userdel

Remove a user account or remove a user from a group. See also: users, useradd, usermod. More information: https://manned.org/userdel.

Remove a user:
sudo userdel {{username}}
Remove a user in other root directory:
sudo userdel --root {{path/to/other/root}} {{username}}
Remove a user along with the home directory and mail spool:
sudo userdel --remove {{username}}

sysctl

List and change kernel runtime variables. More information: https://manned.org/sysctl.8.

Show all available variables and their values:
sysctl -a
Set a changeable kernel state variable:
sysctl -w {{section.tunable}}={{value}}
Get currently open file handlers:
sysctl fs.file-nr
Get limit for simultaneous open files:
sysctl fs.file-max
Apply changes from /etc/sysctl.conf:
sysctl -p

register_new_matrix_user

Used to register new users with a given home server when registration has been disabled. More information: https://manned.org/register_new_matrix_user.

Create a user interactively:
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}}
Create an admin user interactively:
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}} --admin
Create an admin user non-interactively (not recommended):
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}} --user {{username}} --password {{password}} --admin

kde-inhibit

Inhibit various desktop functions while a command runs. More information: https://invent.kde.org/plasma/kde-cli-tools/-/blob/master/kdeinhibit/main.cpp.

Inhibit power management:
kde-inhibit --power {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Inhibit screen saver:
kde-inhibit --screenSaver {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Launch VLC, and inhibit color correction (night mode) while it's running:
kde-inhibit --colorCorrect {{vlc}}

tshark

Packet analysis tool, CLI version of Wireshark. More information: https://tshark.dev/.

Monitor everything on localhost:
tshark
Only capture packets matching a specific capture filter:
tshark -f '{{udp port 53}}'
Only show packets matching a specific output filter:
tshark -Y '{{http.request.method == "GET"}}'
Decode a TCP port using a specific protocol (e.g. HTTP):
tshark -d tcp.port=={{8888}},{{http}}
Specify the format of captured output:
tshark -T {{json|text|ps|…}}
Select specific fields to output:
tshark -T {{fields|ek|json|pdml}} -e {{http.request.method}} -e {{ip.src}}
Write captured packet to a file:
tshark -w {{path/to/file}}
Analyze packets from a file:
tshark -r {{path/to/file.pcap}}

ascii

Show ASCII character aliases. More information: http://www.catb.org/~esr/ascii/.

Show ASCII aliases of a character:
ascii {{a}}
Show ASCII aliases in short, script-friendly mode:
ascii -t {{a}}
Show ASCII aliases of multiple characters:
ascii -s {{tldr}}
Show ASCII table in decimal:
ascii -d
Show ASCII table in hexadecimal:
ascii -x
Show ASCII table in octal:
ascii -o
Show ASCII table in binary:
ascii -b
Show options summary and complete ASCII table:
ascii

wifi-menu

Interactively connect to a wireless network. More information: https://manned.org/wifi-menu.

Set up a wireless connection interactively:
wifi-menu
Interactively set up a connection to a network and obscure the password:
wifi-menu --obscure
Display help:
wifi-menu --help

wg-quick

Quickly set up WireGuard tunnels based on config files. More information: https://www.wireguard.com/quickstart/.

Set up a VPN tunnel:
wg-quick up {{interface_name}}
Delete a VPN tunnel:
wg-quick down {{interface_name}}

dkms

A framework that allows for dynamic building of kernel modules. More information: https://github.com/dell/dkms.

List currently installed modules:
dkms status
Rebuild all modules for the currently running kernel:
dkms autoinstall
Install version 1.2.1 of the acpi_call module for the currently running kernel:
dkms install -m {{acpi_call}} -v {{1.2.1}}
Remove version 1.2.1 of the acpi_call module from all kernels:
dkms remove -m {{acpi_call}} -v {{1.2.1}} --all

ufw

Uncomplicated Firewall. Frontend for iptables aiming to make configuration of a firewall easier. More information: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UncomplicatedFirewall.

Enable ufw:
ufw enable
Disable ufw:
ufw disable
Show ufw rules, along with their numbers:
ufw status numbered
Allow incoming traffic on port 5432 on this host with a comment identifying the service:
ufw allow {{5432}} comment "{{Service}}"
Allow only TCP traffic from 192.168.0.4 to any address on this host, on port 22:
ufw allow proto {{tcp}} from {{192.168.0.4}} to {{any}} port {{22}}
Deny traffic on port 80 on this host:
ufw deny {{80}}
Deny all UDP traffic to ports in range 8412:8500:
ufw deny proto {{udp}} from {{any}} to {{any}} port {{8412:8500}}
Delete a particular rule. The rule number can be retrieved from the ufw status numbered command:
ufw delete {{rule_number}}

compose

An alias to a run-mailcap's action compose. Originally run-mailcap is used to mime-type/file. More information: https://manned.org/compose.

Compose action can be used to compose any existing file or new on default mailcap edit tool:
compose {{filename}}
With run-mailcap:
run-mailcap --action=compose {{filename}}

pi

Compute decimal Archimedes' constant Pi. More information: https://manned.org/pi.

Display 100 decimal digits of Archimedes' constant Pi:
pi
Display a specified number of decimal digits of Archimedes' constant Pi:
pi {{number}}
Display help:
pi --help
Display version:
pi --version
Display recommended readings:
pi --bibliography

lvm

Manage physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) interactive shell. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvm.8.html.

Start the Logical Volume Manager interactive shell:
sudo lvm
List the Logical Volume Manager commands:
sudo lvm help
Initialize a drive or partition to be used as a physical volume:
sudo lvm pvcreate {{/dev/sdXY}}
Display information about physical volumes:
sudo lvm pvdisplay
Create a volume group called vg1 from the physical volume on /dev/sdXY:
sudo lvm vgcreate {{vg1}} {{/dev/sdXY}}
Display information about volume groups:
sudo lvm vgdisplay
Create a logical volume with size 10G from volume group vg1:
sudo lvm lvcreate -L {{10G}} {{vg1}}
Display information about logical volumes:
sudo lvm lvdisplay

chcpu

Enable/disable a system's CPUs. More information: https://manned.org/chcpu.

Disable CPUs via a list of CPU ID numbers:
chcpu -d {{1,3}}
Enable a set of CPUs via a range of CPU ID numbers:
chcpu -e {{1-10}}

tlp

Advanced power management for Linux. See also tlp-stat. More information: https://linrunner.de/tlp/.

Apply settings (according to the actual power source):
sudo tlp start
Apply battery settings (ignoring the actual power source):
sudo tlp bat
Apply AC settings (ignoring the actual power source):
sudo tlp ac

x11vnc

A VNC server that will enable VNC on an existing display server. By default, the server will automatically terminate once all clients disconnect from it. More information: https://manned.org/x11vnc.

Launch a VNC server that allows multiple clients to connect:
x11vnc -shared
Launch a VNC server in view-only mode, and which won't terminate once the last client disconnects:
x11vnc -forever -viewonly
Launch a VNC server on a specific display and screen (both starting at index zero):
x11vnc -display :{{display}}.{{screen}}
Launch a VNC server on the third display's default screen:
x11vnc -display :{{2}}
Launch a VNC server on the first display's second screen:
x11vnc -display :{{0}}.{{1}}

acountry

Print the country where an IPv4 address or hostname is located. More information: https://manned.org/acountry.

Print a country where an IPv4 address or host is located:
acountry {{example.com}}
Print extra [d]ebugging output:
acountry -d {{example.com}}
Print more [v]erbose information:
acountry -v {{example.com}}

update-alternatives

A convenient tool for maintaining symbolic links to determine default commands. More information: https://manned.org/update-alternatives.

Add a symbolic link:
sudo update-alternatives --install {{path/to/symlink}} {{command_name}} {{path/to/command_binary}} {{priority}}
Configure a symbolic link for java:
sudo update-alternatives --config {{java}}
Remove a symbolic link:
sudo update-alternatives --remove {{java}} {{/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_102/bin/java}}
Display information about a specified command:
update-alternatives --display {{java}}
Display all commands and their current selection:
update-alternatives --get-selections

uvcdynctrl

A libwebcam command-line tool to manage dynamic controls in uvcvideo. More information: https://manned.org/uvcdynctrl.

List all available cameras:
uvcdynctrl -l
Specify the device to use (defaults to video0):
uvcdynctrl -d {{device_name}}
List available controls:
uvcdynctrl -c
Set a new control value (for negative values, add -- before {{-value}}):
uvcdynctrl -s {{control_name}} {{value}}
Get the current control value:
uvcdynctrl -g {{control_name}}
Save the state of the current controls to a file:
uvcdynctrl -W {{filename}}
Load the state of the controls from a file:
uvcdynctrl -L {{filename}}

qrcp

A file transfer tool. More information: https://github.com/claudiodangelis/qrcp.

Send a file or directories:
qrcp send {{path/to/file_or_directory path/to/file_directory ...}}
Receive files:
qrcp receive
Compress content before transferring:
qrcp send --zip {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Specify a [p]ort to use:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --port {{port_number}}
Specify the network [i]nterface to use:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --interface interface
Keep the server alive:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --keep-alive

handlr

Manage your default applications. More information: https://github.com/chmln/handlr.

Open a URL in the default application:
handlr open {{https://example.com}}
Open a PDF in the default PDF viewer:
handlr open {{path/to/file.pdf}}
Set imv as the default application for PNG files:
handlr set {{.png}} {{imv.desktop}}
Set MPV as the default application for all audio files:
handlr set {{'audio/*'}} {{mpv.desktop}}
List all default apps:
handlr list
Print the default application for PNG files:
handlr get {{.png}}

kdialog

Show KDE dialog boxes from within shell scripts. More information: https://develop.kde.org/deploy/kdialog/.

Open a dialog box displaying a specific message:
kdialog --msgbox "{{message}}" "{{optional_detailed_message}}"
Open a question dialog with a yes and no button, returning 0 and 1, respectively:
kdialog --yesno "{{message}}"
Open a warning dialog with a yes, no, and cancel button, returning 0, 1, or 2 respectively:
kdialog --warningyesnocancel "{{message}}"
Open an input dialog box and print the input to stdout when OK is pressed:
kdialog --inputbox "{{message}}" "{{optional_default_text}}"
Open a dialog to prompt for a specific password and print it to stdout:
kdialog --password "{{message}}"
Open a dialog containing a specific dropdown menu and print the selected item to stdout:
kdialog --combobx "{{message}}" "{{item1}}" "{{item2}}" "{{...}}"
Open a file chooser dialog and print the selected file's path to stdout:
kdialog --getopenfilename
Open a progressbar dialog and print a DBUS reference for communication to stdout:
kdialog --progressbar "{{message}}"

pulseaudio

The PulseAudio sound system daemon and manager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/.

Check if PulseAudio is running (a non-zero exit code means it is not running):
pulseaudio --check
Start the PulseAudio daemon in the background:
pulseaudio --start
Kill the running PulseAudio daemon:
pulseaudio --kill
List available modules:
pulseaudio --dump-modules
Load a module into the currently running daemon with the specified arguments:
pulseaudio --load="{{module_name}} {{arguments}}"

fallocate

Reserve or deallocate disk space to files. The utility allocates space without zeroing. More information: https://manned.org/fallocate.

Reserve a file taking up 700 MiB of disk space:
fallocate --length {{700M}} {{path/to/file}}
Shrink an already allocated file by 200 MiB:
fallocate --collapse-range --length {{200M}} {{path/to/file}}
Shrink 20 MB of space after 100 MiB in a file:
fallocate --collapse-range --offset {{100M}} --length {{20M}} {{path/to/file}}

rpm2cpio

Convert an RPM package to a cpio archive. More information: http://ftp.rpm.org/max-rpm/s1-rpm-miscellania-rpm2cpio.html.

Convert an RPM package to a cpio archive and save it as file.cpio in the current directory:
rpm2cpio {{path/to/file.rpm}}}

timeshift

System restore utility. More information: https://github.com/teejee2008/timeshift.

List snapshots:
sudo timeshift --list
Create a new snapshot (if scheduled):
sudo timeshift --check
Create a new snapshot (even if not scheduled):
sudo timeshift --create
Restore a snapshot (selecting which snapshot to restore interactively):
sudo timeshift --restore
Restore a specific snapshot:
sudo timeshift --restore --snapshot '{{snapshot}}'
Delete a specific snapshot:
sudo timeshift --delete --snapshot '{{snapshot}}'

cuyo

Tetris like game. More information: https://www.karimmi.de/cuyo/.

Start a new game:
cuyo
Navigate the piece horizontally:
{{A|D}} OR {{Left|Right}} arrow key
Turn the piece:
{{W|Up arrow key}}
Hard drop the piece:
{{S|Down arrow key}}

xrandr

Set the size, orientation and/or reflection of the outputs for a screen. More information: https://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man1/xrandr.1.xhtml.

Display the current state of the system (known screens, resolutions, ...):
xrandr --query
Disable disconnected outputs and enable connected ones with default settings:
xrandr --auto
Change the resolution and update frequency of DisplayPort 1 to 1920x1080, 60Hz:
xrandr --output {{DP1}} --mode {{1920x1080}} --rate {{60}}
Set the resolution of HDMI2 to 1280x1024 and put it on the right of DP1:
xrandr --output {{HDMI2}} --mode {{1280x1024}} --right-of {{DP1}}
Disable the VGA1 output:
xrandr --output {{VGA1}} --off
Set the brightness for LVDS1 to 50%:
xrandr --output {{LVDS1}} --brightness {{0.5}}

yetris

Clone of the game Tetris in the terminal. More information: https://github.com/alexdantas/yetris.

Start a Tetris game:
yetris
Navigate the piece horizontally:
{{Left|Right}} arrow key
Rotate the piece clockwise or counterclockwise:
{{x|z}}
Hold a piece (only one allowed at a time):
c
Soft drop the piece:
Down arrow key
Hard drop the piece:
Spacebar
Pause/unpause the game:
p
Quit the game:
q

guix package

Install, upgrade and remove Guix packages, or rollback to previous configurations. More information: https://guix.gnu.org/manual/html_node/Invoking-guix-package.html.

Install a new package:
guix package -i {{package}}
Remove a package:
guix package -r {{package}}
Search the package database for a regular expression:
guix package -s "{{search_pattern}}"
List installed packages:
guix package -I
List generations:
guix package -l
Roll back to the previous generation:
guix package --roll-back

mashtree

Makes a fast tree from genomes. Does not make a phylogeny. More information: https://github.com/lskatz/mashtree.

Fastest method in mashtree to create a tree from fastq and/or fasta files using multiple threads, piping into a newick file:
mashtree --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} {{*.fasta}} > {{mashtree.dnd}}
Most accurate method in mashtree to create a tree from fastq and/or fasta files using multiple threads, piping into a newick file:
mashtree --mindepth {{0}} --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} {{*.fasta}} > {{mashtree.dnd}}
Most accurate method to create a tree with confidence values (note that any options for mashtree itself has to be on the right side of the --):
mashtree_bootstrap.pl --reps {{100}} --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} -- --min-depth {{0}} > {{mashtree.bootstrap.dnd}}

qm sendkey

Send QEMU monitor encoding key event to a virtual machine. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Send the specified key event to a specific virtual machine:
qm sendkey {{vm_id}} {{key}}
Allow root user to send key event and ignore locks:
qm sendkey --skiplock {{true}} {{vm_id}} {{key}}

qtchooser

A wrapper used to select between Qt development binary versions. More information: https://manned.org/qtchooser.

List available Qt versions from the configuration files:
qtchooser --list-versions
Print environment information:
qtchooser --print-env
Run the specified tool using the specified Qt version:
qtchooser --run-tool={{tool}} --qt={{version_name}}
Add a Qt version entry to be able to choose from:
qtchooser --install {{version_name}} {{path/to/qmake}}
Display all available options:
qtchooser --help

extundelete

Recover deleted files from ext3 or ext4 partitions by parsing the journal. See also date for Unix time information and umount for unmounting partitions. More information: http://extundelete.sourceforge.net.

Restore all deleted files inside partition N on device X:
sudo extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-all
Restore a file from a path relative to root (Do not start the path with /):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-file {{path/to/file}}
Restore a directory from a path relative to root (Do not start the path with /):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-directory {{path/to/directory}}
Restore all files deleted after January 1st, 2020 (in Unix time):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-all --after {{1577840400}}

nsenter

Run a new command in a running process' namespace. Particularly useful for docker images or chroot jails. More information: https://manned.org/nsenter.

Run a specific command using the same namespaces as an existing process:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --all {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's network namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --net {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's PID namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --pid {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's IPC namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --ipc {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's UTS, time, and IPC namespaces:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --uts --time --ipc -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's namespace by referencing procfs:
nsenter --pid=/proc/{{pid}}/pid/net -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

keyctl

Manipulate the Linux kernel keyring. More information: https://manned.org/keyctl.

List keys in a specific keyring:
keyctl list {{target_keyring}}
List current keys in the user default session:
keyctl list {{@us}}
Store a key in a specific keyring:
keyctl add {{type_keyring}} {{key_name}} {{key_value}} {{target_keyring}}
Store a key with its value from stdin:
echo -n {{key_value}} | keyctl padd {{type_keyring}} {{key_name}} {{target_keyring}}
Put a timeout on a key:
keyctl timeout {{key_name}} {{timeout_in_seconds}}
Read a key and format it as a hex-dump if not printable:
keyctl read {{key_name}}
Read a key and format as-is:
keyctl pipe {{key_name}}
Revoke a key and prevent any further action on it:
keyctl revoke {{key_name}}

ip neighbour

Neighbour/ARP tables management IP subcommand. More information: https://manned.org/ip-neighbour.8.

Display the neighbour/ARP table entries:
ip neighbour
Remove entries in the neighbour table on device eth0:
sudo ip neighbour flush dev {{eth0}}
Perform a neighbour lookup and return a neighbour entry:
ip neighbour get {{lookup_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Add or delete an ARP entry for the neighbour IP address to eth0:
sudo ip neighbour {{add|del}} {{ip_address}} lladdr {{mac_address}} dev {{eth0}} nud reachable
Change or replace an ARP entry for the neighbour IP address to eth0:
sudo ip neighbour {{change|replace}} {{ip_address}} lladdr {{new_mac_address}} dev {{eth0}}

dconf reset

Reset key values in dconf databases. See also: dconf. More information: https://manned.org/dconf.

Reset a specific key value:
dconf read {{/path/to/key}}
Reset a specific directory:
dconf read -d {{/path/to/directory/}}

wpa_cli

Add and configure wlan interfaces. More information: https://manned.org/wpa_cli.

Scan for available networks:
wpa_cli scan
Show scan results:
wpa_cli scan_results
Add a network:
wpa_cli add_network {{number}}
Set a network's SSID:
wpa_cli set_network {{number}} ssid "{{SSID}}"
Enable network:
wpa_cli enable_network {{number}}
Save config:
wpa_cli save_config

check-language-support

Display a list of missing language packages on Ubuntu. More information: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/latest/man1/check-language-support.html.

Display a list of missing language packages based on installed software and enabled locales:
check-language-support
List packages for a specific locale:
check-language-support --language {{en}}
Display installed packages as well as missing ones:
check-language-support --show-installed

localectl

Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/localectl.html.

Show the current settings of the system locale and keyboard mapping:
localectl
List available locales:
localectl list-locales
Set a system locale variable:
localectl set-locale {{LANG}}={{en_US.UTF-8}}
List available keymaps:
localectl list-keymaps
Set the system keyboard mapping for the console and X11:
localectl set-keymap {{us}}

uuidgen

Generate unique identifiers (UUIDs). See also uuid. More information: https://manned.org/uuidgen.

Create a random UUIDv4:
uuidgen --random
Create a UUIDv1 based on the current time:
uuidgen --time
Create a UUIDv5 of the name with a specified namespace prefix:
uuidgen --sha1 --namespace {{@dns|@url|@oid|@x500}} --name {{object_name}}

xdg-open

Opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application. More information: https://portland.freedesktop.org/doc/xdg-open.html.

Open the current directory in the default file explorer:
xdg-open .
Open a URL in the default browser:
xdg-open {{https://example.com}}
Open an image in the default image viewer:
xdg-open {{path/to/image}}
Open a PDF in the default PDF viewer:
xdg-open {{path/to/pdf}}
Display help:
xdg-open --help

kscreen-console

Command-line tool to query KScreen's status. More information: https://manned.org/kscreen-console.

Show all outputs and configuration files to attach to a bug report:
kscreen-console bug
Show paths to KScreen configuration files:
kscreen-console config
Show KScreen output information and configuration:
kscreen-console outputs
Monitor for changes:
kscreen-console monitor
Show the current KScreen configuration as JSON:
kscreen-console json
Display help:
kscreen-console --help
Display help including Qt specific command-line options:
kscreen-console --help-all

xbps-remove

XBPS utility to remove packages. See also: xbps. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/xbps-remove.1.

Remove a package:
xbps-remove {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
xbps-remove --recursive {{package}}
Remove orphan packages (installed as dependencies but no longer required by any package):
xbps-remove --remove-orphans
Remove obsolete packages from the cache:
xbps-remove --clean-cache

vpnc

A VPN client for the Cisco 3000 VPN Concentrator. More information: https://manned.org/vpnc.

Connect with a defined configuration file:
sudo vpnc {{config_file}}
Terminate the previously created connection:
sudo vpnc-disconnect

nemo

Manages files and directories in Cinnamon desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/nemo.

Open the current user home directory:
nemo
Open specific directories in separate windows:
nemo {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open specific directories in tabs:
nemo --tabs {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open a directory with a specific window size:
nemo --geometry={{600}}x{{400}} {{path/to/directory}}
Close all windows:
nemo --quit

megatools-dl

Download files from mega.nz. Part of the megatools suite. More information: https://megatools.megous.com/man/megatools-dl.html.

Download files from a mega.nz link into the current directory:
megatools-dl {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Download files from a mega.nz link into a specific directory:
megatools-dl --path {{path/to/directory}} {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Interactively choose which files to download:
megatools-dl --choose-files {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Limit the download speed in KiB/s:
megatools-dl --limit-speed {{speed}} {{https://mega.nz/...}}

lvextend

Increase the size of a logical volume. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvextend.8.html.

Increase a volume's size to 120 GB:
lvextend --size {{120G}} {{logical_volume}}
Increase a volume's size by 40 GB as well as the underlying filesystem:
lvextend --size +{{40G}} -r {{logical_volume}}
Increase a volume's size to 100% of the free physical volume space:
lvextend --size {{100}}%FREE {{logical_volume}}

pacstall

An AUR package manager for Ubuntu. More information: https://github.com/pacstall/pacstall.

Search the package database for a package name:
pacstall --search {{query}}
Install a package:
pacstall --install {{package}}
Remove a package:
pacstall --remove {{package}}
Add a repository to the database (only GitHub and GitLab are supported):
pacstall --add-repo {{remote_repository_location}}
Update pacstall's scripts:
pacstall --update
Update all packages:
pacstall --upgrade
Display information about a package:
pacstall --query-info {{package}}
List all installed packages:
pacstall --list

apt-file

Search for files in apt packages, including ones not yet installed. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt-file/apt-file.1.html.

Update the metadata database:
sudo apt update
Search for packages that contain the specified file or path:
apt-file {{search|find}} {{partial_path/to/file}}
List the contents of a specific package:
apt-file {{show|list}} {{package}}
Search for packages that match the regular_expression:
apt-file {{search|find}} --regexp {{regular_expression}}

qm guest exec-status

Print the status of the given pid started by the guest-agent on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Print the status of a specific PID:
qm guest exec-status {{vm_id}} {{pid}}

resolveip

Resolve hostnames to their IP addresses and vice versa. More information: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/resolveip/.

Resolve a hostname to an IP address:
resolveip {{example.org}}
Resolve an IP address to a hostname:
resolveip {{1.1.1.1}}
Silent mode. Produces less output:
resolveip --silent {{example.org}}

ip link

Manage network interfaces. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip-link.8.html.

Show information about all network interfaces:
ip link
Show information about a specific network interface:
ip link show {{ethN}}
Bring a network interface up or down:
ip link set {{ethN}} {{up|down}}
Give a meaningful name to a network interface:
ip link set {{ethN}} alias "{{LAN Interface}}"
Change the MAC address of a network interface:
ip link set {{ethN}} address {{ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}
Change the MTU size for a network interface to use jumbo frames:
ip link set {{ethN}} mtu {{9000}}

pkgctl auth

Authenticate pkgctl with services like GitLab. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-auth.1.

Authenticate pkgctl with the GitLab instance:
pkgctl auth login
View authentication status:
pkgctl auth status

apache2ctl

Administrate the Apache HTTP web server. This command comes with Debian based OSes, for RHEL based ones see httpd. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/apache2ctl.8.en.html.

Start the Apache daemon. Throw a message if it is already running:
sudo apache2ctl start
Stop the Apache daemon:
sudo apache2ctl stop
Restart the Apache daemon:
sudo apache2ctl restart
Test syntax of the configuration file:
sudo apache2ctl -t
List loaded modules:
sudo apache2ctl -M

wg

Manage the configuration of WireGuard interfaces. More information: https://www.wireguard.com/quickstart/.

Check status of currently active interfaces:
sudo wg
Generate a new private key:
wg genkey
Generate a public key from a private key:
wg pubkey < {{path/to/private_key}} > {{path/to/public_key}}
Generate a public and private key:
wg genkey | tee {{path/to/private_key}} | wg pubkey > {{path/to/public_key}}
Show the current configuration of a wireguard interface:
sudo wg showconf {{wg0}}

finch

Console-based modular messaging client. More information: https://developer.pidgin.im/wiki/Using%20Finch.

Launch finch:
finch
Quit:
alt + q or ctrl + c