fprintd-verify

Verify fingerprints against the database. More information: https://manned.org/fprintd-verify.

Verify all stored fingerprints for the current user:
fprintd-verify
Verify a specific fingerprint for the current user:
fprintd-verify --finger {{left-thumb|left-index-finger|left-middle-finger|left-ring-finger|left-little-finger|right-thumb|right-index-finger|right-middle-finger|right-ring-finger|right-little-finger}}
Verify fingerprints for a specific user:
fprint-verify {{username}}
Verify a specific fingerprint for a specific user:
fprintd-verify --finger {{finger_name}} {{username}}
Fail the process if a fingerprint doesn't match with ones stored in the database for the current user:
fprint-verify --g-fatal-warnings
Display help:
fprintd-verify --help

cfdisk

A program for managing partition tables and partitions on a hard disk using a curses UI. More information: https://manned.org/cfdisk.

Start the partition manipulator with a specific device:
cfdisk {{/dev/sdX}}
Create a new partition table for a specific device and manage it:
cfdisk --zero {{/dev/sdX}}

pkgfile

Tool for searching files from packages in the official repositories on arch-based systems. See also pacman files, describing the usage of pacman --files. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/pkgfile/pkgfile.1.

Synchronize the pkgfile database:
sudo pkgfile --update
Search for a package that owns a specific file:
pkgfile {{filename}}
List all files provided by a package:
pkgfile --list {{package}}
List executables provided by a package:
pkgfile --list --binaries {{package}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file using case-insensitive matching:
pkgfile --ignorecase {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file in the bin or sbin directory:
pkgfile --binaries {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file, displaying the package version:
pkgfile --verbose {{filename}}
Search for a package that owns a specific file in a specific repository:
pkgfile --repo {{repository_name}} {{filename}}

raspinfo

Display Raspberry Pi system information. More information: https://github.com/raspberrypi/utils/tree/master/raspinfo.

Display system information:
raspinfo

nordvpn

Command-line interface for NordVPN. More information: https://nordvpn.com/download/linux/.

Interactively log into a NordVPN account:
nordvpn login
Display the connection status:
nordvpn status
Connect to the nearest NordVPN server:
nordvpn connect
List all available countries:
nordvpn countries
Connect to a NordVPN server in a specific country:
nordvpn connect {{Germany}}
Connect to a NordVPN server in a specific country and city:
nordvpn connect {{Germany}} {{Berlin}}
Set autoconnect option:
nordvpn set autoconnect on

http-prompt

An interactive command-line HTTP client featuring autocomplete and syntax highlighting. More information: https://github.com/httpie/http-prompt.

Launch a session targeting the default URL of http://localhost:8000 or the previous session:
http-prompt
Launch a session with a given URL:
http-prompt {{http://example.com}}
Launch a session with some initial options:
http-prompt {{localhost:8000/api}} --auth {{username:password}}

alien

Convert different installation packages to other formats. More information: https://manned.org/alien.

Convert a specific installation file to Debian format (.deb extension):
sudo alien --to-deb {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to Red Hat format (.rpm extension):
sudo alien --to-rpm {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to a Slackware installation file (.tgz extension):
sudo alien --to-tgz {{path/to/file}}
Convert a specific installation file to Debian format and install on the system:
sudo alien --to-deb --install {{path/to/file}}

pdftoppm

Convert PDF document pages to portable Pixmap (image formats). More information: https://manned.org/pdftoppm.

Specify the range of pages to convert (N-first page, M-last page):
pdftoppm -f {{N}} -l {{M}} {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Convert only the first page of a PDF:
pdftoppm -singlefile {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a monochrome PBM file (instead of a color PPM file):
pdftoppm -mono {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a grayscale PGM file (instead of a color PPM file):
pdftoppm -gray {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}
Generate a PNG file instead a PPM file:
pdftoppm -png {{path/to/file.pdf}} {{image_name_prefix}}

phpquery

PHP extension manager for Debian-based OSes. More information: https://helpmanual.io/help/phpquery/.

List available PHP versions:
sudo phpquery -V
List available SAPIs for PHP 7.3:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -S
List enabled extensions for PHP 7.3 with the cli SAPI:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -s {{cli}} -M
Check if the JSON extension is enabled for PHP 7.3 with the apache2 SAPI:
sudo phpquery -v {{7.3}} -s {{apache2}} -m {{json}}

po4a-updatepo

Update the translation (in PO format) of a documentation. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a-updatepo.1.php.

Update a PO file according to the modification of its origin file:
po4a-updatepo --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --po {{path/to/result.po}}
Get a list of available formats:
po4a-updatepo --help-format
Update several PO files according to the modification of their origin file:
po4a-updatepo --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --po {{path/to/po1.po}} --po {{path/to/po2.po}}

lftp

Sophisticated file transfer program. More information: https://lftp.yar.ru/lftp-man.html.

Connect to an FTP server:
lftp --user {{username}} {{ftp.example.com}}
Download multiple files (glob expression):
mget {{path/to/*.png}}
Upload multiple files (glob expression):
mput {{path/to/*.zip}}
Delete multiple files on the remote server:
mrm {{path/to/*.txt}}
Rename a file on the remote server:
mv {{original_filename}} {{new_filename}}
Download or update an entire directory:
mirror {{path/to/remote_dir}} {{path/to/local_output_dir}}
Upload or update an entire directory:
mirror -R {{path/to/local_dir}} {{path/to/remote_output_dir}}

xmount

Convert on-the-fly between multiple input and output hard disk image types with optional write cache support. Creates a virtual file system using FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) that contains a virtual representation of the input image. More information: https://manned.org/xmount.

Mount a .raw image file into a DMG container file:
xmount --in {{raw}} {{path/to/image.dd}} --out {{dmg}} {{mountpoint}}
Mount an EWF image file with write-cache support into a VHD file to boot from:
xmount --cache {{path/to/cache.ovl}} --in {{ewf}} {{path/to/image.E??}} --out {{vhd}} {{mountpoint}}
Mount the first partition at sector 2048 into a new .raw image file:
xmount --offset {{2048}} --in {{raw}} {{path/to/image.dd}} --out {{raw}} {{mountpoint}}

qm template

Create a Proxmox VM template. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a template out of a specific virtual machine:
qm template {{vm_id}}

udisksctl

Interact with udisksd to query and manipulate storage devices. More information: http://storaged.org/doc/udisks2-api/latest/udisksctl.1.html.

Show high-level information about disk drives and block devices:
udisksctl status
Show detailed information about a device:
udisksctl info --block-device {{/dev/sdX}}
Show detailed information about a device partition:
udisksctl info --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Mount a device partition and prints the mount point:
udisksctl mount --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Unmount a device partition:
udisksctl unmount --block-device {{/dev/sdXN}}
Monitor the daemon for events:
udisksctl monitor

reflector

Arch script to fetch and sort mirrorlists. More information: https://manned.org/reflector.

Get all mirrors, sort for download speed and save them:
sudo reflector --sort {{rate}} --save {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}
Only get German HTTPS mirrors:
reflector --country {{Germany}} --protocol {{https}}
Only get the 10 recently sync'd mirrors:
reflector --latest {{10}}

shutdown

Shutdown and reboot the system. More information: https://manned.org/shutdown.8.

Power off (halt) immediately:
shutdown -h now
Reboot immediately:
shutdown -r now
Reboot in 5 minutes:
shutdown -r +{{5}} &
Shutdown at 1:00 pm (Uses 24h clock):
shutdown -h 13:00
Cancel a pending shutdown/reboot operation:
shutdown -c

toolbox init-container

Initialize a running toolbox container. This command should not be executed by the user, and cannot be run on the host. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-init-container.1.

Initialize a running toolbox:
toolbox init-container --gid {{gid}} --home {{home}} --home-link --media-link --mnt-link --monitor-host --shell {{shell}} --uid {{uid}} --user {{user}}

xcowsay

Display a cute cow and message on your Linux desktop. The cow is displayed for either a fixed amount of time, or an amount of time calculated from the size of the text. Click on the cow to dismiss it immediately. More information: https://www.doof.me.uk/xcowsay/.

Display a cow saying "hello, world":
xcowsay "{{hello, world}}"
Display a cow with output from another command:
ls | xcowsay
Display a cow at the specified X and Y coordinates:
xcowsay --at={{X}},{{Y}}
Display a different sized cow:
xcowsay --cow-size={{small|med|large}}
Display a thought bubble instead of a speech bubble:
xcowsay --think
Display a different image instead of the default cow:
xcowsay --image={{path/to/file}}

hcitool

Monitor, configure connections, and send special commands to Bluetooth devices. More information: https://manned.org/hcitool.

Scan for Bluetooth devices:
hcitool scan
Output the name of a device, returning its MAC address:
hcitool name {{bdaddr}}
Fetch information about a remote Bluetooth device:
hcitool info {{bdaddr}}
Check the link quality to a Bluetooth device:
hcitool lq {{bdaddr}}
Modify the transmit power level:
hcitool tpl {{bdaddr}} {{0|1}}
Display the link policy:
hcitool lp
Request authentication with a specific device:
hcitool auth {{bdaddr}}
Display local devices:
hcitool dev

ruget

Alternative to wget written in Rust. More information: https://github.com/ksk001100/ruget.

Download the contents of a URL to a file:
ruget {{https://example.com/file}}
Download the contents of a URL to a specified [o]utput file:
ruget --output {{file_name}} {{https://example.com/file}}

toolbox enter

Enter a toolbox container for interactive use. See also: toolbox run. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-enter.1.

Enter a toolbox container using the default image of a specific distribution:
toolbox enter --distro {{distribution}}
Enter a toolbox container using the default image of a specific release of the current distribution:
toolbox enter --release {{release}}
Enter a toolbox container using the default image for Fedora 38:
toolbox enter --distro {{fedora}} --release {{f38}}

findfs

Finds a filesystem by label or UUID. More information: https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux.

Search block devices by filesystem label:
findfs LABEL={{label}}
Search by filesystem UUID:
findfs UUID={{uuid}}
Search by partition label (GPT or MAC partition table):
findfs PARTLABEL={{partition_label}}
Search by partition UUID (GPT partition table only):
findfs PARTUUID={{partition_uuid}}

lastcomm

Show last commands executed. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/acct/lastcomm.1.en.html.

Print information about all the commands in the acct (record file):
lastcomm
Display commands executed by a given user:
lastcomm --user {{user}}
Display information about a given command executed on the system:
lastcomm --command {{command}}
Display information about commands executed on a given terminal:
lastcomm --tty {{terminal_name}}

rofi

An application launcher and window switcher. More information: https://github.com/davatorium/rofi.

Show the list of apps:
rofi -show drun
Show the list of all commands:
rofi -show run
Switch between windows:
rofi -show window
Pipe a list of items to stdin and print the selected item to stdout:
printf "{{Choice1\nChoice2\nChoice3}}" | rofi -dmenu

lslogins

Show information about users on a Linux system. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/lslogins.1.html.

Display users in the system:
lslogins
Display users belonging to a specific group:
lslogins --groups={{groups}}
Display user accounts:
lslogins --user-accs
Display last logins:
lslogins --last
Display system accounts:
lslogins --system-accs
Display supplementary groups:
lslogins --supp-groups

dex

DesktopEntry Execution is a program to generate and execute DesktopEntry files of the Application type. More information: https://github.com/jceb/dex.

Execute all programs in the autostart folders:
dex --autostart
Execute all programs in the specified folders:
dex --autostart --search-paths {{path/to/directory1}}:{{path/to/directory2}}:{{path/to/directory3}}:
Preview the programs would be executed in a GNOME specific autostart:
dex --autostart --environment {{GNOME}}
Preview the programs would be executed in a regular autostart:
dex --autostart --dry-run
Preview the value of the DesktopEntry property Name:
dex --property {{Name}} {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Create a DesktopEntry for a program in the current directory:
dex --create {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Execute a single program (with Terminal=true in the desktop file) in the given terminal:
dex --term {{terminal}} {{path/to/file.desktop}}

uprecords

Displays a summary of historical uptime records. More information: https://manned.org/uprecords.

Display a summary of the top 10 historical uptime records:
uprecords
Display the top 25 records:
uprecords -m {{25}}
Display the downtime between reboots instead of the kernel version:
uprecords -d
Show the most recent reboots:
uprecords -B
Don't truncate information:
uprecords -w

snapper

Filesystem snapshot management tool. More information: http://snapper.io/manpages/snapper.html.

List snapshot configs:
snapper list-configs
Create snapper config:
snapper -c {{config}} create-config {{path/to/directory}}
Create a snapshot with a description:
snapper -c {{config}} create -d "{{snapshot_description}}"
List snapshots for a config:
snapper -c {{config}} list
Delete a snapshot:
snapper -c {{config}} delete {{snapshot_number}}
Delete a range of snapshots:
snapper -c {{config}} delete {{snapshot_X}}-{{snapshot_Y}}

runuser

Run commands as a specific user and group without asking for password (needs root privileges). More information: https://manned.org/runuser.

Run command as a different user:
runuser {{user}} -c '{{command}}'
Run command as a different user and group:
runuser {{user}} -g {{group}} -c '{{command}}'
Start a login shell as a specific user:
runuser {{user}} -l
Specify a shell for running instead of the default shell (also works for login):
runuser {{user}} -s {{/bin/sh}}
Preserve the entire environment of root (only if --login is not specified):
runuser {{user}} --preserve-environment -c '{{command}}'

lrzuntar

A wrapper for lrunzip to simplify decompression of directories. See also: lrztar, lrzip. More information: https://manned.org/lrzuntar.

Decompress from a file to the current directory:
lrzuntar {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}
Decompress from a file to the current directory using a specific number of processor threads:
lrzuntar -p {{8}} {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}
Decompress from a file to the current directory and silently overwrite items that already exist:
lrzuntar -f {{archive.tar.lrz}}
Specify the output path:
lrzuntar -O {{path/to/directory}} {{archive.tar.lrz}}
Delete the compressed file after decompression:
lrzuntar -D {{path/to/archive.tar.lrz}}

grub-file

Check if a file is of a specific bootable image type. More information: https://manned.org/grub-file.

Check if a file is an ARM EFI image:
grub-file --is-arm-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an i386 EFI image:
grub-file --is-i386-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86_64 EFI image:
grub-file --is-x86_64-efi {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an ARM image (Linux kernel):
grub-file --is-arm-linux {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86 image (Linux kernel):
grub-file --is-x86-linux {{path/to/file}}
Check if a file is an x86_64 XNU image (Mac OS X kernel):
grub-file --is-x86_64-xnu {{path/to/file}}

reportbug

Bug report tool of Debian distribution. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/reportbug/reportbug.html.

Generate a bug report about a specific package, then send it by e-mail:
reportbug {{package}}
Report a bug that is not about a specific package (general problem, infrastructure, etc.):
reportbug other
Write the bug report to a file instead of sending it by e-mail:
reportbug -o {{filename}} {{package}}

getopt

Parse command-line arguments. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt.html.

Parse optional verbose/version flags with shorthands:
getopt --options vV --longoptions verbose,version -- --version --verbose
Add a --file option with a required argument with shorthand -f:
getopt --options f: --longoptions file: -- --file=somefile
Add a --verbose option with an optional argument with shorthand -v, and pass a non-option parameter arg:
getopt --options v:: --longoptions verbose:: -- --verbose arg
Accept a -r and --verbose flag, a --accept option with an optional argument and add a --target with a required argument option with shorthands:
getopt --options rv::s::t: --longoptions verbose,source::,target: -- -v --target target

mkfs.exfat

Creates an exfat filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.exfat.

Create an exfat filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.exfat {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-name:
mkfs.exfat -n {{volume_name}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-id:
mkfs.exfat -i {{volume_id}} {{/dev/sdb1}}

sqfscat

Concatenate files from a squashfs filesystem and print them to stdout. More information: https://manned.org/sqfscat.

Display the contents of one or more files from a squashfs filesystem:
sqfscat {{filesystem.squashfs}} {{file1 file2 ...}}

mktemp

Create a temporary file or directory. Note that examples here all assume $TMPDIR is unset. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/autogen/mktemp.html.

Create an empty temporary file in /tmp/ and print its absolute path:
mktemp
Create a temporary directory in /tmp/ and print its absolute path:
mktemp --directory
Create an empty temporary file at the specified path, with Xs replaced with random alphanumeric characters, and print its path:
mktemp "{{path/to/file_XXXXX_name}}"
Create an empty temporary file in /tmp/ with the specified name, with Xs replaced with random alphanumeric characters, and print its path:
mktemp -t "{{file_XXXXX_name}}"

sa

Summarizes accounting information. Part of the acct package. Shows commands called by users, including basic info on CPU time spent processing and I/O rates. More information: https://manned.org/man/sa.8.

Display executable invocations per user (username not displayed):
sudo sa
Display executable invocations per user, showing responsible usernames:
sudo sa --print-users
List resources used recently per user:
sudo sa --user-summary

e2fsck

Check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. The partition should be unmounted. More information: https://manned.org/e2fsck.

Check filesystem, reporting any damaged blocks:
sudo e2fsck {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem and automatically repair any damaged blocks:
sudo e2fsck -p {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem in read only mode:
sudo e2fsck -c {{/dev/sdXN}}
Perform an exhaustive, non-destructive read-write test for bad blocks and blacklist them:
sudo e2fsck -fccky {{/dev/sdXN}}

ntpdate

Synchronize and set the date and time via NTP. More information: http://support.ntp.org/documentation.

Synchronize and set date and time:
sudo ntpdate {{host}}
Query the host without setting the time:
ntpdate -q {{host}}
Use an unprivileged port in case a firewall is blocking privileged ports:
sudo ntpdate -u {{host}}
Force time to be stepped using settimeofday instead of slewed:
sudo ntpdate -b {{host}}

st

A simple terminal emulator for the X Window System. More information: https://st.suckless.org.

Open a terminal:
st
Open a terminal with a specific title:
st -T {{title}}
Open a terminal, execute a given command, and write the output to a file:
st -o {{path/to/file}} -e {{command argument1 argument2}}
Increase/decrease the font size:
Ctrl + Shift + {{Page Up|Page Down}}
Copy/paste from the clipboard:
Ctrl + Shift + {{C|V}}

lastlog

Show the most recent login of all users or of a given user. More information: https://manned.org/lastlog.

Display the most recent login of all users:
lastlog
Display the lastlog record of the specified user:
lastlog --user {{username}}
Display records older than 7 days:
lastlog --before {{7}}
Display records more recent than 3 days:
lastlog -time {{3}}

btrfs

A filesystem based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle for Linux. Some subcommands such as btrfs device have their own usage documentation. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs.html.

Create subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume create {{path/to/subvolume}}
List subvolumes:
sudo btrfs subvolume list {{path/to/mount_point}}
Show space usage information:
sudo btrfs filesystem df {{path/to/mount_point}}
Enable quota:
sudo btrfs quota enable {{path/to/subvolume}}
Show quota:
sudo btrfs qgroup show {{path/to/subvolume}}

beep

A utility to beep the PC speaker. More information: https://github.com/spkr-beep/beep.

Play a beep:
beep
Play a beep that repeats:
beep -r {{repetitions}}
Play a beep at a specified frequency (Hz) and duration (milliseconds):
beep -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}}
Play each new frequency and duration as a distinct beep:
beep -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}} -n -f {{frequency}} -l {{duration}}
Play the C major scale:
beep -f {{262}} -n -f {{294}} -n -f {{330}} -n -f {{349}} -n -f {{392}} -n -f {{440}} -n -f {{494}} -n -f {{523}}

archinstall

Guided Arch Linux installer with a twist. More information: https://archinstall.readthedocs.io.

Start the interactive installer:
archinstall
Start a preset installer:
archinstall {{minimal|unattended}}

retroarch

RetroArch is a frontend for emulators, game engines and media players. It is the reference implementation of libretro API. More information: https://github.com/libretro/RetroArch.

Start in the menu mode:
retroarch
Start in full screen mode:
retroarch --fullscreen
List all compiled features:
retroarch --features
Set the path of a configuration file:
retroarch --config={{path/to/config_file}}
Display help:
retroarch --help
Display version:
retroarch --version

tcptraceroute

A traceroute implementation using TCP packets. More information: https://github.com/mct/tcptraceroute.

Trace the route to a host:
tcptraceroute {{host}}
Specify the destination port and packet length in bytes:
tcptraceroute {{host}} {{destination_port}} {{packet_length}}
Specify the local source port and source address:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -p {{source_port}} -s {{source_address}}
Set the first and maximum TTL:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -f {{first_ttl}} -m {{max_ttl}}
Specify the wait time and number of queries per hop:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -w {{wait_time}} -q {{number_of_queries}}
Specify the interface:
tcptraceroute {{host}} -i {{interface}}

ncat

Use the normal cat functionality over networks. More information: https://manned.org/ncat.

Listen for input on the specified port and write it to the specified file:
ncat -l {{port}} > {{path/to/file}}
Accept multiple connections and keep ncat open after they have been closed:
ncat -lk {{port}}
Write output of specified file to the specified host on the specified port:
ncat {{address}} {{port}} < {{path/to/file}}

instaloader

Download pictures, videos, captions, and other metadata from Instagram. Note: You will need to provide Instagram login information if you want high-quality media downloads. More information: https://instaloader.github.io.

Download a profile:
instaloader {{profile_name}}
Download highlights:
instaloader --highlights {{profile_name}}
Download posts with geotags (if available), suppressing any user interaction:
instaloader --quiet --geotags {{profile_name}}
Specify a user agent for HTTP requests:
instaloader --user-agent {{user_agent}} {{profile_name}}
Specify login info and download posts (useful for private profiles):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} {{profile_name}}
Skip a target if the first downloaded file has been found (useful for updating Instagram archives):
instaloader --fast-update {{profile_name}}
Download stories and IGTV videos (login required):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} --stories --igtv {{profile_name}}
Download all types of posts (login required):
instaloader --login {{username}} --password {{password}} --stories --igtv --highlights {{profile_name}}

mkhomedir_helper

Create the user's home directory after creating the user. More information: https://manned.org/mkhomedir_helper.

Create a home directory for a user based on /etc/skel with umask 022:
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}}
Create a home directory for a user based on /etc/skel with all permissions for owner (0) and read permission for group (3):
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}} {{037}}
Create a home directory for a user based on a custom skeleton:
sudo mkhomedir_helper {{username}} {{umask}} {{path/to/skeleton_directory}}

emerge

Gentoo Linux package manager utility. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage#emerge.

Synchronize all packages:
emerge --sync
Update all packages, including dependencies:
emerge -uDNav @world
Resume a failed updated, skipping the failing package:
emerge --resume --skipfirst
Install a new package, with confirmation:
emerge -av {{package}}
Remove a package, with confirmation:
emerge -Cav {{package}}
Remove orphaned packages (that were installed only as dependencies):
emerge -avc
Search the package database for a keyword:
emerge -S {{keyword}}

rename

Rename multiple files. NOTE: this page refers to the command from the prename Fedora package. More information: https://manned.org/man/prename.

Rename files using a Perl Common Regular Expression (substitute 'foo' with 'bar' wherever found):
rename {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Dry-run - display which renames would occur without performing them:
rename -n {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Force renaming even if the operation would remove existing destination files:
rename -f {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Convert filenames to lower case (use -f in case-insensitive filesystems to prevent "already exists" errors):
rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {{*}}
Replace whitespace with underscores:
rename 's/\s+/_/g' {{*}}

qm status

Show virtual machine status. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Display the status of a specific virtual machine:
qm status {{vm_id}}
Display detailed status of a specific virtual machine:
qm status --verbose {{true}} {{vm_id}}

debootstrap

Create a basic Debian system. More information: https://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap.

Create a Debian stable release system inside the debian-root directory:
sudo debootstrap stable {{path/to/debian-root/}} http://deb.debian.org/debian
Create a minimal system including only required packages:
sudo debootstrap --variant=minbase stable {{path/to/debian-root/}}
Create an Ubuntu 20.04 system inside the focal-root directory with a local mirror:
sudo debootstrap focal {{path/to/focal-root/}} {{file:///path/to/mirror/}}
Switch to a bootstrapped system:
sudo chroot {{path/to/root}}
List available releases:
ls /usr/share/debootstrap/scripts/

mlabel

Set an MS-DOS volume label for FAT and VFAT filesystems. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/mtools/manual/mtools.html#mlabel.

Set a filesystem label:
mlabel -i /dev/{{sda}} ::"{{new_label}}"

po4a-translate

Convert a PO file back to documentation format. The provided PO file should be the translation of the POT file which was produced by po4a-gettextize. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a-translate.1.php.

Convert a translated PO file back to a document:
po4a-translate --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.doc}} --po {{path/to/result.po}} --localized {{path/to/translated.txt}}
Get a list of available formats:
po4a-translate --help-format

gnome-calculator

The official calculator for the GNOME desktop environment. More information: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Calculator.

Launch the GNOME Calculator GUI:
gnome-calculator
Solve the specified equation without launching the desktop application:
gnome-calculator --solve {{2^5 * 2 + 5}}
Display the version:
gnome-calculator --version

curlie

Curlie is a frontend to curl that adds the ease of use of httpie. More information: https://github.com/rs/curlie.

Send a GET request:
curlie {{httpbin.org/get}}
Send a POST request:
curlie post {{httpbin.org/post}} {{name=john}} {{age:=25}}
Send a GET request with query parameters (e.g. first_param=5&second_param=true):
curlie get {{httpbin.org/get}} {{first_param==5}} {{second_param==true}}
Send a GET request with a custom header:
curlie get {{httpbin.org/get}} {{header-name:header-value}}

trashy

An alternative to rm and trash-cli written in Rust. More information: https://github.com/oberblastmeister/trashy.

Move a specific file to the trash:
trash {{path/to/file}}
Move specific files to the trash:
trash {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
List items in the trash:
trash list
Restore a specific file from the trash:
trash restore {{file}}
Remove a specific file from the trash:
trash empty {{file}}
Restore all files from the trash:
trash restore --all
Remove all files from the trash:
trash empty --all

genkernel

Gentoo Linux utility to compile and install kernels. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Genkernel.

Automatically compile and install a generic kernel:
sudo genkernel all
Build and install the bzImage|initramfs|kernel|ramdisk only:
sudo genkernel {{bzImage|initramfs|kernel|ramdisk}}
Apply changes to the kernel configuration before compiling and installing:
sudo genkernel --menuconfig all
Generate a kernel with a custom name:
sudo genkernel --kernname={{custom_name}} all
Use a kernel source outside the default directory /usr/src/linux:
sudo genkernel --kerneldir={{path/to/directory}} all

rkhunter

Searches for rootkits and malware. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Rkhunter.

Check a system for rootkits and malware:
sudo rkhunter --check
Update rkhunter:
sudo rkhunter --update
Print all available tests:
sudo rkhunter --list
Display version:
sudo rkhunter --versioncheck
Display help:
sudo rkhunter --help

ark

KDE's archiving tool. More information: https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/ark/ark/.

Extract a specific archive into the current directory:
ark --batch {{path/to/archive}}
Extract an archive into a specific directory:
ark --batch --destination {{path/to/directory}} {{path/to/archive}}
Create an archive if it does not exist and add specific files to it:
ark --add-to {{path/to/archive}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}

speedometer

Python script that shows a network traffic graph in the terminal. More information: http://excess.org/speedometer.

Show graph for a specific interface:
speedometer -r {{eth0}} -t {{eth0}}

woeusb

Windows media creation tool. More information: https://github.com/WoeUSB/WoeUSB.

Format a USB then create a bootable Windows installation drive:
woeusb --device {{path/to/windows.iso}} {{/dev/sdX}}
Copy Windows files to an existing partition of a USB storage device and make it bootable, without erasing the current data:
woeusb --partition {{path/to/windows.iso}} {{/dev/sdXN}}

conky

Light-weight system monitor for X. More information: https://github.com/brndnmtthws/conky.

Launch with default, built-in config:
conky
Create a new default config:
conky -C > ~/.conkyrc
Launch Conky with a given config file:
conky -c {{path/to/config}}
Start in the background (daemonize):
conky -d
Align Conky on the desktop:
conky -a {{top|bottom|middle}}_{{left|right|middle}}
Pause for 5 seconds at startup before launching:
conky -p {{5}}

br

Navigate directory trees interactively. See also: broot. More information: https://github.com/Canop/broot.

Start and navigate the current directory tree interactively:
br
Start displaying the size of files and directories:
br --sizes
Start displaying permissions:
br --permissions
Start displaying directories only:
br --only-folders
Start displaying hidden files and directories:
br --hidden

pkgctl diff

Compare package files using different modes. See also: pkgctl. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-diff.1.

Compare package files in tar content [l]ist different mode (default):
pkgctl diff --list {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in [d]iffoscope different mode:
pkgctl diff --diffoscope {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in .PKGINFO different mode:
pkgctl diff --pkginfo {{path/to/file|pkgname}}
Compare package files in .BUILDINFO different mode:
pkgctl diff --buildinfo {{path/to/file|pkgname}}

pluma

Edit files in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/pluma.

Start the editor:
pluma
Open specific documents:
pluma {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Open documents using a specific encoding:
pluma --encoding {{WINDOWS-1252}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Print all supported encodings:
pluma --list-encodings
Open document and go to a specific line:
pluma +{{10}} {{path/to/file}}

btrfs scrub

Scrub btrfs filesystems to verify data integrity. It is recommended to run a scrub once a month. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-scrub.html.

Start a scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub start {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Show the status of an ongoing or last completed scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub status {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Cancel an ongoing scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub cancel {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Resume a previously cancelled scrub:
sudo btrfs scrub resume {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Start a scrub, but wait until the scrub finishes before exiting:
sudo btrfs scrub start -B {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Start a scrub in quiet mode (does not print errors or statistics):
sudo btrfs scrub start -q {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}

phar

Create, update or extract PHP archives (PHAR). More information: https://manned.org/phar.

Add space-separated files or directories to a Phar file:
phar add -f {{path/to/phar_file}} {{files_or_directories}}
Display the contents of a Phar file:
phar list -f {{path/to/phar_file}}
Delete the specified file or directory from a Phar file:
phar delete -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -e {{file_or_directory}}
Display full usage information and available hashing/compression algorithms:
phar help
Compress or uncompress files and directories in a Phar file:
phar compress -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -c {{algorithm}}
Get information about a Phar file:
phar info -f {{path/to/phar_file}}
Sign a Phar file with a specific hash algorithm:
phar sign -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -h {{algorithm}}
Sign a Phar file with an OpenSSL private key:
phar sign -f {{path/to/phar_file}} -h openssl -y {{path/to/private_key}}

wal-telegram

Generates themes for Telegram based the colors generated by pywal/wal. More information: https://github.com/guillaumeboehm/wal-telegram.

Generate with wal's palette and the current wallpaper (feh only):
wal-telegram
Generate with wal's palette and a specified background image:
wal-telegram --background={{path/to/image}}
Generate with wal's palette and a colored background based on the palette:
wal-telegram --tiled
Apply a gaussian blur on the background image:
wal-telegram -g
Specify a location for the generated theme (default is $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wal-telegram or ~/.cache/wal-telegram):
wal-telegram --destination={{path/to/destination}}
Restart the telegram app after generation:
wal-telegram --restart

sbatch

Submit a batch job to the SLURM scheduler. More information: https://manned.org/sbatch.

Submit a batch job:
sbatch {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a batch job with a custom name:
sbatch --job-name={{myjob}} {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a batch job with a time limit of 30 minutes:
sbatch --time={{00:30:00}} {{path/to/job.sh}}
Submit a job and request multiple nodes:
sbatch --nodes={{3}} {{path/to/job.sh}}

sleep

Delay for a specified amount of time. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sleep.

Delay in seconds:
sleep {{seconds}}
Delay in [m]inutes. (Other units [d]ay, [h]our, [s]econd, [inf]inity can also be used):
sleep {{minutes}}m
Delay for 1 [d]ay 3 [h]ours:
sleep 1d 3h
Execute a specific command after 20 [m]inutes delay:
sleep 20m && {{command}}

btrfs inspect-internal

Query internal information of a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-inspect-internal.html.

Print superblock's information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-super {{path/to/partition}}
Print superblock's and all of its copies' information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-super --all {{path/to/partition}}
Print filesystem's metadata information:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal dump-tree {{path/to/partition}}
Print list of files in inode n-th:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal inode-resolve {{n}} {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Print list of files at a given logical address:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal logical-resolve {{logical_address}} {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Print stats of root, extent, csum and fs trees:
sudo btrfs inspect-internal tree-stats {{path/to/partition}}

rdesktop

Remote Desktop Protocol client. It can be used to connect the remote computer using the RDP protocol. More information: https://manned.org/rdesktop.

Connect to a remote computer (default port is 3389):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} {{host:port}}
Simple Examples:
rdesktop -u Administrator -p passwd123 192.168.1.111:3389
Connect to a remote computer with full screen (press Ctrl + Alt + Enter to exist):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -f {{host:port}}
Use the customed resolution (use the letter 'x' between the number):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -g 1366x768 {{host:port}}
Connect to a remote computer using domain user:
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -d {{domainname}} {{host:port}}
Use the 16-bit color (speed up):
rdesktop -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -a 16 {{host:port}}

timedatectl

Control the system time and date. More information: https://manned.org/timedatectl.

Check the current system clock time:
timedatectl
Set the local time of the system clock directly:
timedatectl set-time "{{yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss}}"
List available timezones:
timedatectl list-timezones
Set the system timezone:
timedatectl set-timezone {{timezone}}
Enable Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronization:
timedatectl set-ntp on
Change the hardware clock time standard to localtime:
timedatectl set-local-rtc 1

run-mailcap

Run MailCap Programs. Run mailcap view, see, edit, compose, print - execute programs via entries in the mailcap file (or any of its aliases) will use the given action to process each mime-type/file. More information: https://manned.org/run-mailcap.

Individual actions/programs on run-mailcap can be invoked with action flag:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION [--option[=value]]
In simple language:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION {{filename}}
Turn on extra information:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --debug {{filename}}
Ignore any "copiousoutput" directive and forward output to stdout:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --nopager {{filename}}
Display the found command without actually executing it:
run-mailcap --action=ACTION --norun {{filename}}

thunar

Graphical file manager for XFCE desktop environments. More information: https://docs.xfce.org/xfce/thunar/start.

Open a new window showing the current directory:
thunar
Open the bulk rename utility:
thunar --bulk-rename
Close all open thunar windows:
thunar --quit

dd

Convert and copy a file. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dd.

Make a bootable USB drive from an isohybrid file (such like archlinux-xxx.iso) and show the progress:
dd if={{path/to/file.iso}} of={{/dev/usb_drive}} status=progress
Clone a drive to another drive with 4 MiB block, ignore error and show the progress:
dd if={{/dev/source_drive}} of={{/dev/dest_drive}} bs={{4M}} conv={{noerror}} status=progress
Generate a file of 100 random bytes by using kernel random driver:
dd if=/dev/urandom of={{path/to/random_file}} bs={{100}} count={{1}}
Benchmark the write performance of a disk:
dd if=/dev/zero of={{path/to/file_1GB}} bs={{1024}} count={{1000000}}
Generate a system backup into an IMG file and show the progress:
dd if={{/dev/drive_device}} of={{path/to/file.img}} status=progress
Restore a drive from an IMG file and show the progress:
dd if={{path/to/file.img}} of={{/dev/drive_device}} status=progress
Check the progress of an ongoing dd operation (run this command from another shell):
kill -USR1 $(pgrep ^dd)

certbot

The Let's Encrypt Agent for automatically obtaining and renewing TLS certificates. Successor to letsencrypt. More information: https://certbot.eff.org/docs/using.html.

Obtain a new certificate via webroot authorization, but do not install it automatically:
sudo certbot certonly --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Obtain a new certificate via nginx authorization, installing the new certificate automatically:
sudo certbot --nginx --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Obtain a new certificate via apache authorization, installing the new certificate automatically:
sudo certbot --apache --domain {{subdomain.example.com}}
Renew all Let's Encrypt certificates that expire in 30 days or less (don't forget to restart any servers that use them afterwards):
sudo certbot renew
Simulate the obtaining of a new certificate, but don't actually save any new certificates to disk:
sudo certbot --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}} --dry-run
Obtain an untrusted test certificate instead:
sudo certbot --webroot --webroot-path {{path/to/webroot}} --domain {{subdomain.example.com}} --test-cert

systemd-analyze

Analyze and debug system manager. Show timing details about the boot process of units (services, mount points, devices, sockets). More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-analyze.html.

List all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize:
systemd-analyze blame
Print a tree of the time-critical chain of units:
systemd-analyze critical-chain
Create an SVG file showing when each system service started, highlighting the time that they spent on initialization:
systemd-analyze plot > {{path/to/file.svg}}
Plot a dependency graph and convert it to an SVG file:
systemd-analyze dot | dot -T{{svg}} > {{path/to/file.svg}}
Show security scores of running units:
systemd-analyze security

blight

Utility for changing the display brightness. More information: https://github.com/gutjuri/blight.

Set display brightness to 50%:
blight set {{50}} -r
Show current display brightness:
blight show
Print maximum display brightness:
blight max
Increase display brightness in %:
blight inc {{number}} -r
Decrease display brightness with internal units:
blight dec {{number}}

mdbook

Create online books by writing Markdown files. More information: https://rust-lang.github.io/mdBook/.

Create an mdbook project in the current directory:
mdbook init
Create an mdbook project in a specific directory:
mdbook init {{path/to/directory}}
Clean the directory with the generated book:
mdbook clean
Serve a book at http://localhost:3000, auto build when file changes:
mdbook serve
Watch a set of Markdown files and automatically build when a file is changed:
mdbook watch

vnstati

PNG image output support for vnStat. More information: https://manned.org/vnstati.

Output a summary of the last 2: months, days, and all-time:
vnstati --summary --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output the 10 most traffic-intensive days of all time:
vnstati --top10 --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output monthly traffic statistics from the last 12 months:
vnstati --months --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}
Output hourly traffic statistics from the last 24 hours:
vnstati --hours --iface {{network_interface}} --output {{path/to/output.png}}

libreoffice

CLI for the powerful and free office suite LibreOffice. More information: https://www.libreoffice.org/.

Open a space-separated list of files in read-only mode:
libreoffice --view {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Display the content of specific files:
libreoffice --cat {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Print files to a specific printer:
libreoffice --pt {{printer_name}} {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Convert all .doc files in current directory to PDF:
libreoffice --convert-to {{pdf}} {{*.doc}}

lsb_release

Provides certain LSB (Linux Standard Base) and distribution-specific information. More information: https://manned.org/lsb_release.

Print all available information:
lsb_release -a
Print a description (usually the full name) of the operating system:
lsb_release -d
Print only the operating system name (ID), suppressing the field name:
lsb_release -i -s
Print the release number and codename of the distribution, suppressing the field names:
lsb_release -rcs

pdbedit

Edit the Samba user database. For simple user add/remove/password, you can also use smbpasswd. More information: https://manned.org/pdbedit.

List all Samba users (use verbose flag to show their settings):
sudo pdbedit --list --verbose
Add an existing Unix user to Samba (will prompt for password):
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --create
Remove a Samba user:
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --delete
Reset a Samba user's failed password counter:
sudo pdbedit --user {{username}} --bad-password-count-reset

netselect

Speed test for choosing a fast network server. More information: https://github.com/apenwarr/netselect.

Choose the server with the lowest latency:
sudo netselect {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Display nameserver resolution and statistics:
sudo netselect -vv {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Define maximum TTL (time to live):
sudo netselect -m {{10}} {{host_1}} {{host_2}}
Print fastest N servers among the hosts:
sudo netselect -s {{N}} {{host_1}} {{host_2}} {{host_3}}
List available options:
netselect

pinout

View the current Raspberry Pi's GPIO pin-out information on the terminal with an ASCII diagram. More information: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/computers/os.html#gpio-pinout.

View the pinout information and GPIO header diagram for the current Raspberry Pi:
pinout
Open https://pinout.xyz/ in the default browser:
pinout -x

aurman

An Arch Linux utility to build and install packages from the Arch User Repository. See also pacman. More information: https://github.com/polygamma/aurman.

Synchronize and update all packages:
aurman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade
Synchronize and update all packages without show changes of PKGBUILD files:
aurman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade --noedit
Install a new package:
aurman --sync {{package}}
Install a new package without show changes of PKGBUILD files:
aurman --sync --noedit {{package}}
Install a new package without prompting:
aurman --sync --noedit --noconfirm {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword from the official repositories and AUR:
aurman --sync --search {{keyword}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
aurman --remove --recursive --nosave {{package}}
Clear the package cache (use two --clean flags to clean all packages):
aurman --sync --clean

iptables

Configure tables, chains and rules of the Linux kernel IPv4 firewall. Use ip6tables to set rules for IPv6 traffic. See also: iptables-save, iptables-restore. More information: https://manned.org/iptables.

View chains, rules, packet/byte counters and line numbers for the filter table:
sudo iptables --verbose --numeric --list --line-numbers
Set chain [P]olicy rule:
sudo iptables --policy {{chain}} {{rule}}
[A]ppend rule to chain policy for IP:
sudo iptables --append {{chain}} --source {{ip}} --jump {{rule}}
[A]ppend rule to chain policy for IP considering [p]rotocol and port:
sudo iptables --append {{chain}} --source {{ip}} --protocol {{tcp|udp|icmp|...}} --dport {{port}} --jump {{rule}}
Add a NAT rule to translate all traffic from the 192.168.0.0/24 subnet to the host's public IP:
sudo iptables --table {{nat}} --append {{POSTROUTING}} --source {{192.168.0.0/24}} --jump {{MASQUERADE}}
[D]elete chain rule:
sudo iptables --delete {{chain}} {{rule_line_number}}

i3-scrot

Wrapper script around the screenshot utility scrot for the i3 window manager. The default save location is ~/Pictures and can be changed in ~/.config/i3-scrot.conf. More information: https://gitlab.manjaro.org/packages/community/i3/i3-scrot.

Capture a screenshot of the whole screen and save it to the default directory:
i3-scrot
Capture a screenshot of the active window:
i3-scrot --window
Capture a screenshot of a specific rectangular selection:
i3-scrot --select
Capture a screenshot of the whole screen and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --desk-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of the active window and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --window-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of a specific selection and copy it to the clipboard:
i3-scrot --select-to-clipboard
Capture a screenshot of the active window after a delay of 5 seconds:
i3-scrot --window {{5}}

debugfs

An interactive ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem debugger. More information: https://manned.org/debugfs.

Open the filesystem in read only mode:
debugfs {{/dev/sdXN}}
Open the filesystem in read write mode:
debugfs -w {{/dev/sdXN}}
Read commands from a specified file, execute them and then exit:
debugfs -f {{path/to/cmd_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
View the filesystem stats in debugfs console:
stats
Close the filesystem:
close -a
List all available commands:
lr

inxi

Print a summary of system information and resources for debugging purposes. More information: https://manned.org/inxi.

Print a summary of CPU, memory, hard drive and kernel information:
inxi
Print a full description of CPU, memory, disk, network and process information:
inxi -Fz
Print information about the distribution's repository:
inxi -r

xclip

X11 clipboard manipulation tool, similar to xsel. Handles the X primary and secondary selections, plus the system clipboard (Ctrl + C/Ctrl + V). More information: https://manned.org/xclip.

Copy the output from a command to the X11 primary selection area (clipboard):
echo 123 | xclip
Copy the output from a command to a given X11 selection area:
echo 123 | xclip -selection {{primary|secondary|clipboard}}
Copy the output from a command to the system clipboard, using short notation:
echo 123 | xclip -sel clip
Copy the contents of a file into the system clipboard:
xclip -sel clip {{input_file.txt}}
Copy the contents of a PNG into the system clipboard (can be pasted in other programs correctly):
xclip -sel clip -t image/png {{input_file.png}}
Copy the user input in the console into the system clipboard:
xclip -i
Paste the contents of the X11 primary selection area to the console:
xclip -o
Paste the contents of the system clipboard to the console:
xclip -o -sel clip

trust

Tool for operating on the trust policy store. More information: https://manned.org/trust.

List trust policy store items:
trust list
List information about specific items in the trust policy store:
trust list --filter={{blocklist|ca-anchors|certificates|trust-policy}}
Store a specific trust anchor in the trust policy store:
trust anchor {{path/to/certificate.crt}}
Remove a specific anchor from the trust policy store:
trust anchor --remove {{path/to/certificate.crt}}
Extract trust policy from the shared trust policy store:
trust extract --format=x509-directory --filter=ca-anchors {{path/to/directory}}
Display help for a subcommand:
trust {{subcommand}} --help

eject

Eject cds, floppy disks and tape drives. More information: https://manned.org/eject.

Display the default device:
eject -d
Eject the default device:
eject
Eject a specific device (the default order is cd-rom, scsi, floppy and tape):
eject {{/dev/cdrom}}
Toggle whether a device's tray is open or closed:
eject -T {{/dev/cdrom}}
Eject a cd drive:
eject -r {{/dev/cdrom}}
Eject a floppy drive:
eject -f {{/mnt/floppy}}
Eject a tape drive:
eject -q {{/mnt/tape}}

vmstat

Report information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, disks and CPU activity. More information: https://manned.org/vmstat.

Display virtual memory statistics:
vmstat
Display reports every 2 seconds for 5 times:
vmstat {{2}} {{5}}

zip

Package and compress (archive) files into zip file. See also: unzip. More information: https://manned.org/zip.

Add files/directories to a specific archive:
zip -r {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Remove files/directories from a specific archive:
zip --delete {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Archive files/directories e[x]cluding specified ones:
zip {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} --exclude {{path/to/excluded_files_or_directories}}
Archive files/directories with a specific compression level (0 - the lowest, 9 - the highest):
zip -r -{{0-9}} {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Create an encrypted archive with a specific password:
zip -r --encrypt {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Archive files/directories to a multi-part [s]plit zip file (e.g. 3 GB parts):
zip -r -s {{3g}} {{path/to/compressed.zip}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Print a specific archive contents:
zip -sf {{path/to/compressed.zip}}

goobook

Access Google contacts from mutt or the command-line. More information: https://manned.org/goobook.

Allow goobook to access Google contacts using OAuth2:
goobook authenticate
Dump all contacts to XML (stdout):
goobook dump_contacts

xwinwrap

Run a player or a program as desktop background. More information: https://github.com/ujjwal96/xwinwrap.

Run a video using mpv:
xwinwrap -b -nf -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video in fullscreen using mpv:
xwinwrap -b -nf -fs -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video using mpv with 80% opacity:
xwinwrap -b -nf -ov -o 0.8 --- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mp4}}
Run a video using mpv in a second monitor 1600x900 with 1920 offset on X-axis:
xwinwrap -g 1600x900+1920 -b -nf -ov -- {{mpv}} -wid {{wid}} --loop --no-audio --no-resume-playback --panscan={{1.0}} {{path/to/video.mkv}}

lsattr

List file attributes on a Linux filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/lsattr.

Display the attributes of the files in the current directory:
lsattr
List the attributes of files in a particular path:
lsattr {{path}}
List file attributes recursively in the current and subsequent directories:
lsattr -R
Show attributes of all the files in the current directory, including hidden ones:
lsattr -a
Display attributes of directories in the current directory:
lsattr -d

quotacheck

Scan a filesystem for disk usage; create, check and repair quota files. It is best to run quota check with quotas turned off to prevent damage or loss to quota files. More information: https://manned.org/quotacheck.

Check quotas on all mounted non-NFS filesystems:
sudo quotacheck --all
Force check even if quotas are enabled (this can cause damage or loss to quota files):
sudo quotacheck --force {{mountpoint}}
Check quotas on a given filesystem in debug mode:
sudo quotacheck --debug {{mountpoint}}
Check quotas on a given filesystem, displaying the progress:
sudo quotacheck --verbose {{mountpoint}}
Check user quotas:
sudo quotacheck --user {{user}} {{mountpoint}}
Check group quotas:
sudo quotacheck --group {{group}} {{mountpoint}}

xbps-install

XBPS utility to (re)install and update packages. See also: xbps. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/xbps-install.1.

Install a new package:
xbps-install {{package}}
Synchronize and update all packages:
xbps-install --sync --update

ndctl

Utility for managing Non-Volatile DIMMs. More information: https://manned.org/ndctl.

Create an 'fsdax' mode namespace:
ndctl create-namespace --mode={{fsdax}}
Change the mode of a namespace to 'raw':
ndctl create-namespace --reconfigure={{namespaceX.Y}} --mode={{raw}}
Check a sector mode namespace for consistency, and repair if needed:
ndctl check-namespace --repair {{namespaceX.Y}}
List all namespaces, regions, and buses (including disabled ones):
ndctl list --namespaces --regions --buses --idle
List a specific namespace and include lots of additional information:
ndctl list -vvv --namespace={{namespaceX.Y}}
Run a monitor to watch for SMART health events for NVDIMMs on the 'ACPI.NFIT' bus:
ndctl monitor --bus={{ACPI.NFIT}}
Remove a namespace (when applicable) or reset it to an initial state:
ndctl destroy-namespace --force {{namespaceX.Y}}

uname

Uname prints information about the machine and operating system it is run on. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/uname-invocation.html.

Print all information:
uname --all
Print the current kernel name:
uname --kernel-name
Print the current network node host name:
uname --nodename
Print the current kernel release:
uname --kernel-release
Print the current kernel version:
uname --kernel-version
Print the current machine hardware name:
uname --machine
Print the current processor type:
uname --processor
Print the current operating system name:
uname --operating-system

htpdate

Synchronize local date and time via HTTP headers from web servers. More information: http://www.vervest.org/htp/.

Synchronize date and time:
sudo htpdate {{host}}
Perform simulation of synchronization, without any action:
htpdate -q {{host}}
Compensate the systematic clock drift:
sudo htpdate -x {{host}}
Set time immediate after the synchronization:
sudo htpdate -s {{host}}

btrfs balance

Balance block groups on a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-balance.html.

Show the status of a running or paused balance operation:
sudo btrfs balance status {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance all block groups (slow; rewrites all blocks in filesystem):
sudo btrfs balance start {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance data block groups which are less than 15% utilized, running the operation in the background:
sudo btrfs balance start --bg -dusage={{15}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Balance a max of 10 metadata chunks with less than 20% utilization and at least 1 chunk on a given device devid (see btrfs filesystem show):
sudo btrfs balance start -musage={{20}},limit={{10}},devid={{devid}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Convert data blocks to the raid6 and metadata to raid1c3 (see mkfs.btrfs(8) for profiles):
sudo btrfs balance start -dconvert={{raid6}} -mconvert={{raid1c3}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Convert data blocks to raid1, skipping already converted chunks (e.g. after a previous cancelled conversion operation):
sudo btrfs balance start -dconvert={{raid1}},soft {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Cancel, pause, or resume a running or paused balance operation:
sudo btrfs balance {{cancel|pause|resume}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}

pw-cat

Pipewire tool for playing and recording audio files. More information: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/QA:Testcase_PipeWire_PipeWire_CLI.

List all available playback targets:
pw-cat --playback --list-targets
Play a WAV file over the default target:
pw-cat --playback {{path/to/file.wav}}
List all available record targets:
pw-cat --record --list-targets
Record a sample recording at a different volume level:
pw-cat --record --volume={{0.1}} {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a sample recording using a different sample rate:
pw-cat --record --rate={{6000}} {{path/to/file.wav}}

modprobe

Add or remove modules from the Linux kernel. More information: https://manned.org/modprobe.

Pretend to load a module into the kernel, but don't actually do it:
sudo modprobe --dry-run {{module_name}}
Load a module into the kernel:
sudo modprobe {{module_name}}
Remove a module from the kernel:
sudo modprobe --remove {{module_name}}
Remove a module and those that depend on it from the kernel:
sudo modprobe --remove-dependencies {{module_name}}
Show a kernel module's dependencies:
sudo modprobe --show-depends {{module_name}}

ahost

DNS lookup utility to display the A or AAAA record linked with a hostname or IP address. More information: https://manned.org/ahost.

Print an A or AAAA record associated with a hostname or IP address:
ahost {{example.com}}
Display some extra debugging output:
ahost -d {{example.com}}
Display the record with a specified type:
ahost -t {{a|aaaa|u}} {{example.com}}

getent

Get entries from Name Service Switch libraries. More information: https://manned.org/getent.

Get list of all groups:
getent group
See the members of a group:
getent group {{group_name}}
Get list of all services:
getent services
Find a username by UID:
getent passwd 1000
Perform a reverse DNS lookup:
getent hosts {{host}}

f5fpc

A proprietary commercial SSL VPN client by BIG-IP Edge. More information: https://techdocs.f5.com/kb/en-us/products/big-ip_apm/manuals/product/apm-client-configuration-11-4-0/4.html.

Open a new VPN connection:
sudo f5fpc --start
Open a new VPN connection to a specific host:
sudo f5fpc --start --host {{host.example.com}}
Specify a username (user will be prompted for a password):
sudo f5fpc --start --host {{host.example.com}} --username {{user}}
Show the current VPN status:
sudo f5fpc --info
Shutdown the VPN connection:
sudo f5fpc --stop

genid

Generate IDs, such as snowflakes, UUIDs, and a new GAID. More information: https://github.com/bleonard252/genid.

Generate a UUIDv4:
genid uuid
Generate a UUIDv5 using a namespace UUID and a specific name:
genid uuidv5 {{{ce598faa-8dd0-49ee-8525-9e24fff71dca}}} {{name}}
Generate a Discord Snowflake, without a trailing newline (useful in shell scripts):
genid --script snowflake
Generate a Generic Anonymous ID with a specific "real ID":
genid gaid {{real_id}}
Generate a Snowflake with the epoch set to a specific date:
genid snowflake --epoch={{unix_epoch_time}}

apport-bug

File a bug report on Ubuntu. More information: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Apport.

Report a bug about the whole system:
apport-bug
Report a bug about a specific package:
apport-bug {{package}}
Report a bug about a specific executable:
apport-bug {{path/to/executable}}
Report a bug about a specific process:
apport-bug {{PID}}

qm create

Create or restore a virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a virtual machine:
qm create {{100}}
Automatically start the machine after creation:
qm create {{100}} --start 1
Specify the type of operating system on the machine:
qm create {{100}} --ostype {{win10}}
Replace an existing machine (requires archiving it):
qm create {{100}} --archive {{path/to/backup_file.tar}} --force 1
Specify a script that is executed automatically depending on the state of the virtual machine:
qm create {{100}} --hookscript {{path/to/script.pl}}

lnav

Advanced log file viewer to analyze logs with little to no setup. More information: https://docs.lnav.org/en/latest/cli.html.

View logs of a program, specifying log files, directories or URLs:
lnav {{path/to/log_or_directory|url}}
View logs of a specific remote host (SSH passwordless login required):
lnav {{ssh}} {{user}}@{{host1.example.com}}:{{/var/log/syslog.log}}
Validate the format of log files against the configuration and report any errors:
lnav -C {{path/to/log_directory}}

man

Format and display manual pages. More information: https://manned.org/man.

Display the man page for a command:
man {{command}}
Display the man page for a command from section 7:
man {{7}} {{command}}
List all available sections for a command:
man --whatis {{command}}
Display the path searched for manpages:
man --path
Display the location of a manpage rather than the manpage itself:
man --where {{command}}
Display the man page using a specific locale:
man --locale={{locale}} {{command}}
Search for manpages containing a search string:
man --apropos "{{search_string}}"

resolvectl

Resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services. Introspect and reconfigure the DNS resolver. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/resolvectl.html.

Show DNS settings:
resolvectl status
Resolve the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for one or more domains:
resolvectl query {{domain1 domain2 ...}}
Retrieve the domain of a specified IP address:
resolvectl query {{ip_address}}
Flush all local DNS caches:
resolvectl flush-caches
Display DNS statistics (transactions, cache, and DNSSEC verdicts):
resolvectl statistics
Retrieve an MX record of a domain:
resolvectl --legend={{no}} --type={{MX}} query {{domain}}
Resolve an SRV record, for example _xmpp-server._tcp gmail.com:
resolvectl service _{{service}}._{{protocol}} {{name}}
Retrieve a TLS key:
resolvectl tlsa tcp {{domain}}:443

ceph

A unified storage system. More information: https://ceph.io.

Check cluster health status:
ceph status
Check cluster usage stats:
ceph df
Get the statistics for the placement groups in a cluster:
ceph pg dump --format {{plain}}
Create a storage pool:
ceph osd pool create {{pool_name}} {{page_number}}
Delete a storage pool:
ceph osd pool delete {{pool_name}}
Rename a storage pool:
ceph osd pool rename {{current_name}} {{new_name}}
Self-repair pool storage:
ceph pg repair {{pool_name}}

kwrite

Text editor of the KDE Desktop project. See also kate. More information: https://apps.kde.org/kwrite/.

Open a text file:
kwrite {{path/to/file}}
Open multiple text files:
kwrite {{file1 file2 ...}}
Open a text file with a specific encoding:
kwrite --encoding={{UTF-8}} {{path/to/file}}
Open a text file and navigate to a specific line and column:
kwrite --line {{line_number}} --column {{column_number}} {{path/to/file}}

abbr

Manage abbreviations for the fish shell. User-defined words are replaced with longer phrases after they are entered. More information: https://fishshell.com/docs/current/cmds/abbr.html.

Add a new abbreviation:
abbr --add {{abbreviation_name}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Rename an existing abbreviation:
abbr --rename {{old_name}} {{new_name}}
Erase an existing abbreviation:
abbr --erase {{abbreviation_name}}
Import the abbreviations defined on another host over SSH:
ssh {{host_name}} abbr --show | source

utmpdump

Dump and load btmp, utmp and wtmp accounting files. More information: https://manned.org/utmpdump.

Dump the /var/log/wtmp file to stdout as plain text:
utmpdump {{/var/log/wtmp}}
Load a previously dumped file into /var/log/wtmp:
utmpdump -r {{dumpfile}} > {{/var/log/wtmp}}

drawing

Free basic raster image editor in GNOME desktop environment. More information: https://maoschanz.github.io/drawing/.

Start Drawing:
drawing
Open specific files:
drawing {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}
Open specific files in a new window:
drawing --new-window {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}

setcap

Set capabilities of specified file. See also: tldr getcap. More information: https://manned.org/setcap.

Set capability cap_net_raw (to use RAW and PACKET sockets) for a given file:
setcap '{{cap_net_raw}}' {{path/to/file}}
Set multiple capabilities on a file (ep behind the capability means "effective permitted"):
setcap '{{cap_dac_read_search,cap_sys_tty_config+ep}}' {{path/to/file}}
Remove all capabilities from a file:
setcap -r {{path/to/file}}
Verify that the specified capabilities are currently associated with the specified file:
setcap -v '{{cap_net_raw}}' {{path/to/file}}
The optional -n {{rootuid}} argument can be used to set the file capability for use only in a user namespace with this root user ID owner:
setcap -n {{rootuid}} '{{cap_net_admin}}' {{path/to/file}}

qm guest cmd

Execute QEMU Guest Agent commands. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Execute a specific QEMU Guest Agent command:
qm guest cmd {{virtual_machine_id}} {{fsfreeze-freeze|fsfreeze-status|fsfreeze-thaw|fstrim|get-fsinfo|...}}

flock

Manage locks from shell scripts. It can be used to ensure that only one process of a command is running. More information: https://manned.org/flock.

Run a command with a file lock as soon as the lock is not required by others:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --command "{{command}}"
Run a command with a file lock, and exit if the lock doesn't exist:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --nonblock --command "{{command}}"
Run a command with a file lock, and exit with a specific error code if the lock doesn't exist:
flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --nonblock --conflict-exit-code {{error_code}} -c "{{command}}"

tftp

Trivial File Transfer Protocol client. More information: https://manned.org/tftp.1.

Connect to a TFTP server specifying its IP address and port:
tftp {{server_ip}} {{port}}
Connect to a TFTP server and execute a TFTP [c]ommand:
tftp {{server_ip}} -c {{command}}
Connect to a TFTP server using IPv6 and force originating port to be in [R]ange:
tftp {{server_ip}} -6 -R {{port}}:{{port}}
Set the transfer mode to binary or ascii through the tftp client:
mode {{binary|ascii}}
Download file from a server through the tftp client:
get {{file}}
Upload file to a server through the tftp client:
put {{file}}
Exit the tftp client:
quit

veracrypt

Free and open source disk encryption software. More information: https://www.veracrypt.fr/code/VeraCrypt/plain/doc/html/Documentation.html.

Create a new volume through a text user interface and use /dev/urandom as a source of random data:
veracrypt --text --create --random-source={{/dev/urandom}}
Decrypt a volume interactively through a text user interface and mount it to a directory:
veracrypt --text {{path/to/volume}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Decrypt a partition using a keyfile and mount it to a directory:
veracrypt --keyfiles={{path/to/keyfile}} {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Dismount a volume on the directory it is mounted to:
veracrypt --dismount {{path/to/mounted_point}}

makepkg

Create a package which can be used with pacman. Uses the PKGBUILD file in the current working directory by default. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/makepkg.8.

Make a package:
makepkg
Make a package and install its dependencies:
makepkg --syncdeps
Make a package, install its dependencies then install it to the system:
makepkg --syncdeps --install
Make a package, but skip checking the source's hashes:
makepkg --skipchecksums
Clean up work directories after a successful build:
makepkg --clean
Verify the hashes of the sources:
makepkg --verifysource
Generate and save the source information into .SRCINFO:
makepkg --printsrcinfo > .SRCINFO

qm reboot

Reboot a virtual machine by shutting it down, and starting it again after applying pending changes. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Reboot a virtual machine:
qm reboot {{vm_id}}
Reboot a virtual machine after wait for at most 10 seconds:
qm reboot --timeout {{10}} {{vm_id}}

nmcli

Manage the network configuration using NetworkManager. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

View documentation for running nmcli as a NetworkManager secret/polkit agent:
tldr nmcli agent
View documentation for managing network connections:
tldr nmcli connection
View documentation for managing network interfaces and establishing new Wi-Fi connections:
tldr nmcli device
View documentation for managing general settings of NetworkManager:
tldr nmcli general
View documentation for NetworkManager's activity monitor:
tldr nmcli monitor
View documentation for enabling/disabling and checking the status of networking:
tldr nmcli networking
View documentation for managing radio switches:
tldr nmcli radio

lrzip

A large file compression program. See also lrunzip, lrztar, lrzuntar. More information: https://manned.org/lrzip.

Compress a file with LZMA - slow compression, fast decompression:
lrzip {{filename}}
Compress a file with BZIP2 - good middle ground for compression/speed:
lrzip -b {{filename}}
Compress with ZPAQ - extreme compression, but very slow:
lrzip -z {{filename}}
Compress with LZO - light compression, extremely fast decompression:
lrzip -l {{filename}}
Compress a file and password protect/encrypt it:
lrzip -e {{filename}}
Override the number of processor threads to use:
lrzip -p {{8}} {{filename}}

snmpwalk

SNMP query tool. More information: https://manned.org/snmpwalk.

Query the system information of a remote host using SNMPv1 and a community string:
snmpwalk -v1 -c {{community}} {{ip}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv2 on a specified port:
snmpwalk -v2c -c {{community}} {{ip}}:{{port}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3 and authentication without encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{authNoPriv}} -u {{username}} -a {{MD5|SHA}} -A {{passphrase}} {{ip}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3, authentication, and encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{authPriv}} -u {{username}} -a {{MD5|SHA}} -A {{auth_passphrase}} -x {{DES|AES}} -X {{enc_passphrase}} {{ip}} {{oid}}
Query system information on a remote host by OID using SNMPv3 without authentication or encryption:
snmpwalk -v3 -l {{noAuthNoPriv}} -u {{username}} {{ip}} {{oid}}

slapt-get

An apt like system for Slackware package management. Package sources need to be configured in the slapt-getrc file. More information: https://software.jaos.org.

Update the list of available packages and versions:
slapt-get --update
Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
slapt-get --install {{package}}
Remove a package:
slapt-get --remove {{package}}
Upgrade all installed packages to their latest available versions:
slapt-get --upgrade
Locate packages by the package name, disk set, or version:
slapt-get --search {{query}}
Show information about a package:
slapt-get --show {{package}}

ipset

A tool to create IP sets for firewall rules. More information: https://manned.org/ipset.

Create an empty IP set which will contain IP addresses:
ipset create {{set_name}} hash:ip
Destroy a specific IP set:
ipset destroy {{set_name}}
Add an IP address to a specific set:
ipset add {{set_name}} {{192.168.1.25}}
Delete a specific IP address from a set:
ipset del {{set_name}} {{192.168.1.25}}
Save an IP set:
ipset save {{set_name}} > {{path/to/ip_set}}

dmidecode

Display the DMI (alternatively known as SMBIOS) table contents in a human-readable format. Requires root privileges. More information: https://manned.org/dmidecode.

Show all DMI table contents:
sudo dmidecode
Show the BIOS version:
sudo dmidecode -s bios-version
Show the system's serial number:
sudo dmidecode -s system-serial-number
Show BIOS information:
sudo dmidecode -t bios
Show CPU information:
sudo dmidecode -t processor
Show memory information:
sudo dmidecode -t memory

nmcli radio

Show the status of radio switches or enable/disable them using NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli r. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Show status of Wi-Fi:
nmcli radio wifi
Turn Wi-Fi on or off:
nmcli radio wifi {{on|off}}
Show status of WWAN:
nmcli radio wwan
Turn WWAN on or off:
nmcli radio wwan {{on|off}}
Show status of both switches:
nmcli radio all
Turn both switches on or off:
nmcli radio all {{on|off}}

ip route

IP Routing table management subcommand. More information: https://manned.org/ip-route.

Display the routing table:
ip route {{show|list}}
Add a default route using gateway forwarding:
sudo ip route add default via {{gateway_ip}}
Add a default route using eth0:
sudo ip route add default dev {{eth0}}
Add a static route:
sudo ip route add {{destination_ip}} via {{gateway_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Delete a static route:
sudo ip route del {{destination_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Change or replace a static route:
sudo ip route {{change|replace}} {{destination_ip}} via {{gateway_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Show which route will be used by the kernel to reach an IP address:
ip route get {{destination_ip}}

treetime

TreeTime provides routines for ancestral sequence reconstruction and inference of molecular-clock phylogenies. More information: https://treetime.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials.html.

Infer ancestral sequences maximizing the joint or marginal likelihood:
treetime ancestral
Analyze patterns of recurrent mutations aka homoplasies:
treetime homoplasy
Estimate molecular clock parameters and reroot the tree:
treetime clock
Map discrete character such as host or country to the tree:
treetime mugration

genfstab

Arch Linux install script to generate output suitable for addition to an fstab file. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/arch-install-scripts/genfstab.8.

Display an fstab compatible output based on a volume label:
genfstab -L {{path/to/mount_point}}
Display an fstab compatible output based on a volume UUID:
genfstab -U {{path/to/mount_point}}
A usual way to generate an fstab file, requires root permissions:
genfstab -U {{/mnt}} >> {{/mnt/etc/fstab}}
Append a volume into an fstab file to mount it automatically:
genfstab -U {{path/to/mount_point}} | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

unsquashfs

Uncompress, extract and list files in squashfs filesystems. More information: https://manned.org/unsquashfs.

Extract a squashfs filesystem to squashfs-root in the current working directory:
unsquashfs {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Extract a squashfs filesystem to the specified directory:
unsquashfs -dest {{path/to/directory}} {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Display the names of files as they are extracted:
unsquashfs -info {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Display the names of files and their attributes as they are extracted:
unsquashfs -linfo {{filesystem.squashfs}}
List files inside the squashfs filesystem (without extracting):
unsquashfs -ls {{filesystem.squashfs}}
List files and their attributes inside the squashfs filesystem (without extracting):
unsquashfs -lls {{filesystem.squashfs}}

distrobox-host-exec

Execute a command on the host from inside a distrobox container. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-host-exec.html.

Execute command on the host system from inside the distrobox container:
distrobox-host-exec "{{command}}"
Execute the ls command on the host system from inside the container:
distrobox-host-exec ls

calcurse

A text-based calendar and scheduling application for the command-line. More information: https://calcurse.org.

Start calcurse on interactive mode:
calcurse
Print the appointments and events for the current day and exit:
calcurse --appointment
Remove all local calcurse items and import remote objects:
calcurse-caldav --init=keep-remote
Remove all remote objects and push local calcurse items:
calcurse-caldav --init=keep-local
Copy local objects to the CalDAV server and vice versa:
calcurse-caldav --init=two-way

ifup

Tool used to enable network interfaces. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/ifupdown/ifup.8.html.

Enable interface eth0:
ifup {{eth0}}
Enable all the interfaces defined with "auto" in /etc/network/interfaces:
ifup -a

slapt-src

A utility to automate building of slackbuilds. SlackBuild sources need to be configured in the slapt-srcrc file. More information: https://github.com/jaos/slapt-src.

Update the list of available slackbuilds and versions:
slapt-src --update
List all available slackbuilds:
slapt-src --list
Fetch, build and install the specified slackbuild(s):
slapt-src --install {{slackbuild_name}}
Locate slackbuilds by their name or description:
slapt-src --search {{search_term}}
Display information about a slackbuild:
slapt-src --show {{slackbuild_name}}

urxvt

Rxvt-unicode. A customizable terminal emulator. More information: https://manned.org/urxvt.

Open a new urxvt window:
urxvt
Run in a specific directory:
urxvt -cd {{path/to/directory}}
Run a command in a new urxvt window:
urxvt -e {{command}}
Run a command and keep the window open:
urxvt --hold -e {{command}}
Run a command within the sh shell:
urxvt -e {{sh}} -c {{command}}

updpkgsums

Update the checksums of the sources in a PKGBUILD. Unless a preexisting hashing algorithm is used, SHA256 will be used. More information: https://manned.org/updpkgsums.

Update the checksums in a PKGBUILD:
updpkgsums
Display Version:
updpkgsums -v
Display help:
updpkgsums -h

qm snapshot

Create virtual machine snapshots. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Create a snapshot of a specific virtual machine:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}}
Create a snapshot with a specific description:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}} --description {{description}}
Create a snapshot including the vmstate:
qm snapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}} --description {{description}} --vmstate 1

mate-search-tool

Search files in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/mate-search-tool.

Search files containing a specific string in their name in a specific directory:
mate-search-tool --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Search files without waiting a user confirmation:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Search files with name matching a specific regular expression:
mate-search-tool --start --regex={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}}
Set a sorting order in search results:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}} --sortby={{name|folder|size|type|date}}
Set a descending sorting order:
mate-search-tool --start --named={{string}} --path={{path/to/directory}} --descending
Search files owned by a specific user/group:
mate-search-tool --start --{{user|group}}={{value}} --path={{path/to/directory}}

lsusb

Display information about USB buses and devices connected to them. More information: https://manned.org/lsusb.

List all the USB devices available:
lsusb
List the USB hierarchy as a tree:
lsusb -t
List verbose information about USB devices:
lsusb --verbose
List detailed information about a USB device:
lsusb --verbose -s {{bus}}:{{device number}}
List devices with a specified vendor and product ID only:
lsusb -d {{vendor}}:{{product}}

mkswap

Set up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file. Note: path/to/file can either point to a regular file or a swap partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkswap.

Set up a given swap area:
sudo mkswap {{path/to/file}}
Check a partition for bad blocks before creating the swap area:
sudo mkswap -c {{path/to/file}}
Specify a label for the partition (to allow swapon to use the label):
sudo mkswap -L {{label}} {{/dev/sda1}}

efibootmgr

Manipulate the UEFI Boot Manager. More information: https://manned.org/efibootmgr.

List the current settings then bootnums with their name:
efibootmgr
List the filepaths:
efibootmgr -v
Add UEFI Shell v2 as a boot option:
sudo efibootmgr -c -d {{/dev/sda1}} -l {{\EFI\tools\Shell.efi}} -L "{{UEFI Shell}}"
Change the current boot order:
sudo efibootmgr -o {{0002,0008,0001,0005}}
Delete a boot option:
sudo efibootmgr -b {{0008}} --delete-bootnum

repo-add

Package database maintenance utility which enables installation of said package via Pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/repo-add.

Add all package binaries in the current directory and remove the old database file:
repo-add --remove {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}
Add all package binaries in the current directory in silent mode except for warning and error messages:
repo-add --quiet {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}
Add all package binaries in the current directory without showing color:
repo-add --nocolor {{path/to/database.db.tar.gz}} {{*.pkg.tar.zst}}

anbox

Run Android applications on any GNU/Linux operating system. More information: https://manned.org/anbox.

Launch Anbox into the app manager:
anbox launch --package={{org.anbox.appmgr}} --component={{org.anbox.appmgr.AppViewActivity}}

ip6tables

This command is an alias of iptables for the IPv6 firewall.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr iptables

nala

Package management Utility. Wrapper for the apt package manager. More information: https://gitlab.com/volian/nala.

Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
sudo nala install {{package}}
Remove a package:
sudo nala remove {{package}}
Remove a package and its configuration files:
nala purge {{package}}
Search package names and descriptions using a word, regex (default) or glob:
nala search "{{pattern}}"
Update the list of available packages and upgrade the system:
sudo nala upgrade
Remove all unused packages and dependencies from your system:
sudo nala autoremove
Fetch fast mirrors to improve download speeds:
sudo nala fetch
Display the history of all transactions:
nala history

cpufreq-set

A tool to modify CPU frequency settings. The frequency value should range between the output of command cpufreq-info -l. More information: https://manned.org/cpufreq-set.

Set the CPU frequency policy of CPU 1 to "userspace":
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} -g {{userspace}}
Set the current minimum CPU frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} --min {{min_frequency}}
Set the current maximum CPU frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} --max {{max_frequency}}
Set the current work frequency of CPU 1:
sudo cpufreq-set -c {{1}} -f {{work_frequency}}

apt-add-repository

Manages apt repository definitions. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/software-properties-common/apt-add-repository.1.html.

Add a new apt repository:
apt-add-repository {{repository_spec}}
Remove an apt repository:
apt-add-repository --remove {{repository_spec}}
Update the package cache after adding a repository:
apt-add-repository --update {{repository_spec}}
Enable source packages:
apt-add-repository --enable-source {{repository_spec}}

ipcmk

Create IPC (Inter-process Communication) resources. More information: https://manned.org/ipcmk.

Create a shared memory segment:
ipcmk --shmem {{segment_size_in_bytes}}
Create a semaphore:
ipcmk --semaphore {{element_size}}
Create a message queue:
ipcmk --queue
Create a shared memory segment with specific permissions (default is 0644):
ipcmk --shmem {{segment_size_in_bytes}} {{octal_permissions}}

updatedb

Create or update the database used by locate. It is usually run daily by cron. More information: https://manned.org/updatedb.

Refresh database content:
sudo updatedb
Display file names as soon as they are found:
sudo updatedb --verbose

btrfs check

Check or repair a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-check.html.

Check a btrfs filesystem:
sudo btrfs check {{path/to/partition}}
Check and repair a btrfs filesystem (dangerous):
sudo btrfs check --repair {{path/to/partition}}
Show the progress of the check:
sudo btrfs check --progress {{path/to/partition}}
Verify the checksum of each data block (if the filesystem is good):
sudo btrfs check --check-data-csum {{path/to/partition}}
Use the n-th superblock (n can be 0, 1 or 2):
sudo btrfs check --super {{n}} {{path/to/partition}}
Rebuild the checksum tree:
sudo btrfs check --repair --init-csum-tree {{path/to/partition}}
Rebuild the extent tree:
sudo btrfs check --repair --init-extent-tree {{path/to/partition}}

rpmbuild

RPM Package Build tool. More information: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/creating-rpm-packages/.

Build binary and source packages:
rpmbuild -ba {{path/to/spec_file}}
Build a binary package without source package:
rpmbuild -bb {{path/to/spec_file}}
Specify additional variables when building a package:
rpmbuild -bb {{path/to/spec_file}} --define "{{variable1}} {{value1}}" --define "{{variable2}} {{value2}}"

burpsuite

A GUI based application mainly used in web application penetration testing. More information: https://portswigger.net/burp/documentation/desktop/getting-started/launch-from-command-line.

Start Burp Suite:
burpsuite
Start Burp Suite using the default configuration:
burpsuite --use-defaults
Open a specific project file:
burpsuite --project-file={{path/to/file}}
Load a specific configuration file:
burpsuite --config-file={{path/to/file}}
Start without extensions:
burpsuite --disable-extensions

hostnamectl

Get or set the hostname of the computer. More information: https://manned.org/hostnamectl.

Get the hostname of the computer:
hostnamectl
Set the hostname of the computer:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "{{hostname}}"
Set a pretty hostname for the computer:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --static "{{hostname.example.com}}" && sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --pretty "{{hostname}}"
Reset hostname to its default value:
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname --pretty ""

mons

A tool to quickly manage two displays. More information: https://github.com/Ventto/mons.

Enable only the primary monitor:
mons -o
Enable only the secondary monitor:
mons -s
Duplicate the primary monitor onto the secondary monitor, using the resolution of the primary monitor:
mons -d
Mirror the primary monitor onto the secondary monitor, using the resolution of the secondary monitor:
mons -m

loginctl

Manage the systemd login manager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/loginctl.html.

Print all current sessions:
loginctl list-sessions
Print all properties of a specific session:
loginctl show-session {{session_id}} --all
Print all properties of a specific user:
loginctl show-user {{username}}
Print a specific property of a user:
loginctl show-user {{username}} --property={{property_name}}
Execute a loginctl operation on a remote host:
loginctl list-users -H {{hostname}}

lrunzip

A large file decompression program. See also lrzip, lrztar, lrzuntar. More information: https://manned.org/lrunzip.

Decompress a file:
lrunzip {{filename.lrz}}
Decompress a file using a specific number of processor threads:
lrunzip -p {{8}} {{filename.lrz}}
Decompress a file and silently overwrite files if they exist:
lrunzip -f {{filename.lrz}}
Keep broken or damaged files instead of deleting them when decompressing:
lrunzip -K {{filename.lrz}}
Specify output file name and/or path:
lrunzip -o {{outfilename}} {{filename.lrz}}

disown

Allow sub-processes to live beyond the shell that they are attached to. See also the jobs command. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-disown.

Disown the current job:
disown
Disown a specific job:
disown %{{job_number}}
Disown all jobs:
disown -a
Keep job (do not disown it), but mark it so that no future SIGHUP is received on shell exit:
disown -h %{{job_number}}

ubuntu-bug

This command is an alias of apport-bug. More information: https://manned.org/ubuntu-bug.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr apport-bug

findmnt

Find your filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/findmnt.

List all mounted filesystems:
findmnt
Search for a device:
findmnt {{/dev/sdb1}}
Search for a mountpoint:
findmnt {{/}}
Find filesystems in specific type:
findmnt -t {{ext4}}
Find filesystems with specific label:
findmnt LABEL={{BigStorage}}

duperemove

Finds duplicate filesystem extents and optionally schedule them for deduplication. An extent is small part of a file inside the filesystem. On some filesystems one extent can be referenced multiple times, when parts of the content of the files are identical. More information: https://markfasheh.github.io/duperemove/.

Search for duplicate extents in a directory and show them:
duperemove -r {{path/to/directory}}
Deduplicate duplicate extents on a Btrfs or XFS (experimental) filesystem:
duperemove -r -d {{path/to/directory}}
Use a hash file to store extent hashes (less memory usage and can be reused on subsequent runs):
duperemove -r -d --hashfile={{path/to/hashfile}} {{path/to/directory}}
Limit I/O threads (for hashing and dedupe stage) and CPU threads (for duplicate extent finding stage):
duperemove -r -d --hashfile={{path/to/hashfile}} --io-threads={{N}} --cpu-threads={{N}} {{path/to/directory}}

bluetoothctl

Manage Bluetooth devices. More information: https://bitbucket.org/serkanp/bluetoothctl.

Enter the bluetoothctl shell:
bluetoothctl
List all known devices:
bluetoothctl devices
Power the Bluetooth controller on or off:
bluetoothctl power {{on|off}}
Pair with a device:
bluetoothctl pair {{mac_address}}
Remove a device:
bluetoothctl remove {{mac_address}}
Connect to a paired device:
bluetoothctl connect {{mac_address}}
Disconnect from a paired device:
bluetoothctl disconnect {{mac_address}}
Display help:
bluetoothctl help

runcon

Run a program in a different SELinux security context. With neither context nor command, print the current security context. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/runcon.

Determine the current domain:
runcon
Specify the domain to run a command in:
runcon -t {{domain}}_t {{command}}
Specify the context role to run a command with:
runcon -r {{role}}_r {{command}}
Specify the full context to run a command with:
runcon {{user}}_u:{{role}}_r:{{domain}}_t {{command}}

unset

Remove shell variables or functions. More information: https://manned.org/unset.

Remove the variable foo, or if the variable doesn't exist, remove the function foo:
unset {{foo}}
Remove the variables foo and bar:
unset -v {{foo}} {{bar}}
Remove the function my_func:
unset -f {{my_func}}

chkconfig

Manage the runlevel of services on CentOS 6. More information: https://manned.org/chkconfig.

List services with runlevel:
chkconfig --list
Show a service's runlevel:
chkconfig --list {{ntpd}}
Enable service at boot:
chkconfig {{sshd}} on
Enable service at boot for runlevels 2, 3, 4, and 5:
chkconfig --level {{2345}} {{sshd}} on
Disable service at boot:
chkconfig {{ntpd}} off
Disable service at boot for runlevel 3:
chkconfig --level {{3}} {{ntpd}} off

qm listsnapshot

List snapshots of virtual machines. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

List all snapshots of a specific virtual machine:
qm listsnapshot {{vm_id}}

maim

Screenshot utility. More information: https://github.com/naelstrof/maim.

Capture a screenshot and save it to the given path:
maim {{path/to/screenshot.png}}
Capture a screenshot of the selected region:
maim --select {{path/to/screenshot.png}}
Capture a screenshot of the selected region and save it in the clipboard (requires xclip):
maim --select | xclip -selection clipboard -target image/png
Capture a screenshot of the current active window (requires xdotool):
maim --window $(xdotool getactivewindow) {{path/to/screenshot.png}}

toolbox run

Run a command in an existing toolbox container. See also: toolbox enter. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-run.

Run a command inside a specific toolbox container:
toolbox run --container {{container_name}} {{command}}
Run a command inside a toolbox container for a specific release of a distribution:
toolbox run --distro {{distribution}} --release {{release}} {{command}}
Run emacs inside a toolbox container using the default image for Fedora 38:
toolbox run --distro {{fedora}} --release {{f38}} {{emacs}}

readelf

Displays information about ELF files. More information: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/readelf.1.html.

Display all information about the ELF file:
readelf -all {{path/to/binary}}
Display all the headers present in the ELF file:
readelf --headers {{path/to/binary}}
Display the entries in symbol table section of the ELF file, if it has one:
readelf --symbols {{path/to/binary}}
Display the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the file:
readelf --file-header {{path/to/binary}}

mpg123

Console MPEG audio player. More information: https://manned.org/mpg123.

Play the specified mp3 files:
mpg123 {{path/to/file1.mp3 path/to/file2.mp3 ...}}
Play the mp3 from stdin:
cat {{file.mp3}} | mpg123 -
Jump forward to the next song:
f
Jump back to the beginning for the song:
b
Stop or replay the current file:
s
Fast forward:
.
Quit:
q

blkdiscard

Discards device sectors on storage devices. Useful for SSDs. More information: https://manned.org/blkdiscard.

Discard all sectors on a device, removing all data:
blkdiscard /dev/{{device}}
Securely discard all blocks on a device, removing all data:
blkdiscard --secure /dev/{{device}}
Discard the first 100 MB of a device:
blkdiscard --length {{100MB}} /dev/{{device}}

as

Portable GNU assembler. Primarily intended to assemble output from gcc to be used by ld. More information: https://manned.org/as.

Assemble a file, writing the output to a.out:
as {{file.s}}
Assemble the output to a given file:
as {{file.s}} -o {{out.o}}
Generate output faster by skipping whitespace and comment preprocessing. (Should only be used for trusted compilers):
as -f {{file.s}}
Include a given path to the list of directories to search for files specified in .include directives:
as -I {{path/to/directory}} {{file.s}}

userdel

Remove a user account or remove a user from a group. See also: users, useradd, usermod. More information: https://manned.org/userdel.

Remove a user:
sudo userdel {{username}}
Remove a user in other root directory:
sudo userdel --root {{path/to/other/root}} {{username}}
Remove a user along with the home directory and mail spool:
sudo userdel --remove {{username}}

sysctl

List and change kernel runtime variables. More information: https://manned.org/sysctl.8.

Show all available variables and their values:
sysctl -a
Set a changeable kernel state variable:
sysctl -w {{section.tunable}}={{value}}
Get currently open file handlers:
sysctl fs.file-nr
Get limit for simultaneous open files:
sysctl fs.file-max
Apply changes from /etc/sysctl.conf:
sysctl -p

register_new_matrix_user

Used to register new users with a given home server when registration has been disabled. More information: https://manned.org/register_new_matrix_user.

Create a user interactively:
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}}
Create an admin user interactively:
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}} --admin
Create an admin user non-interactively (not recommended):
register_new_matrix_user --config {{path/to/homeserver.yaml}} --user {{username}} --password {{password}} --admin

kde-inhibit

Inhibit various desktop functions while a command runs. More information: https://invent.kde.org/plasma/kde-cli-tools/-/blob/master/kdeinhibit/main.cpp.

Inhibit power management:
kde-inhibit --power {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Inhibit screen saver:
kde-inhibit --screenSaver {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Launch VLC, and inhibit color correction (night mode) while it's running:
kde-inhibit --colorCorrect {{vlc}}

tshark

Packet analysis tool, CLI version of Wireshark. More information: https://tshark.dev/.

Monitor everything on localhost:
tshark
Only capture packets matching a specific capture filter:
tshark -f '{{udp port 53}}'
Only show packets matching a specific output filter:
tshark -Y '{{http.request.method == "GET"}}'
Decode a TCP port using a specific protocol (e.g. HTTP):
tshark -d tcp.port=={{8888}},{{http}}
Specify the format of captured output:
tshark -T {{json|text|ps|…}}
Select specific fields to output:
tshark -T {{fields|ek|json|pdml}} -e {{http.request.method}} -e {{ip.src}}
Write captured packet to a file:
tshark -w {{path/to/file}}
Analyze packets from a file:
tshark -r {{path/to/file.pcap}}

ascii

Show ASCII character aliases. More information: http://www.catb.org/~esr/ascii/.

Show ASCII aliases of a character:
ascii {{a}}
Show ASCII aliases in short, script-friendly mode:
ascii -t {{a}}
Show ASCII aliases of multiple characters:
ascii -s {{tldr}}
Show ASCII table in decimal:
ascii -d
Show ASCII table in hexadecimal:
ascii -x
Show ASCII table in octal:
ascii -o
Show ASCII table in binary:
ascii -b
Show options summary and complete ASCII table:
ascii

wifi-menu

Interactively connect to a wireless network. More information: https://manned.org/wifi-menu.

Set up a wireless connection interactively:
wifi-menu
Interactively set up a connection to a network and obscure the password:
wifi-menu --obscure
Display help:
wifi-menu --help

wg-quick

Quickly set up WireGuard tunnels based on config files. More information: https://www.wireguard.com/quickstart/.

Set up a VPN tunnel:
wg-quick up {{interface_name}}
Delete a VPN tunnel:
wg-quick down {{interface_name}}

dkms

A framework that allows for dynamic building of kernel modules. More information: https://github.com/dell/dkms.

List currently installed modules:
dkms status
Rebuild all modules for the currently running kernel:
dkms autoinstall
Install version 1.2.1 of the acpi_call module for the currently running kernel:
dkms install -m {{acpi_call}} -v {{1.2.1}}
Remove version 1.2.1 of the acpi_call module from all kernels:
dkms remove -m {{acpi_call}} -v {{1.2.1}} --all

ufw

Uncomplicated Firewall. Frontend for iptables aiming to make configuration of a firewall easier. More information: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UncomplicatedFirewall.

Enable ufw:
ufw enable
Disable ufw:
ufw disable
Show ufw rules, along with their numbers:
ufw status numbered
Allow incoming traffic on port 5432 on this host with a comment identifying the service:
ufw allow {{5432}} comment "{{Service}}"
Allow only TCP traffic from 192.168.0.4 to any address on this host, on port 22:
ufw allow proto {{tcp}} from {{192.168.0.4}} to {{any}} port {{22}}
Deny traffic on port 80 on this host:
ufw deny {{80}}
Deny all UDP traffic to ports in range 8412:8500:
ufw deny proto {{udp}} from {{any}} to {{any}} port {{8412:8500}}
Delete a particular rule. The rule number can be retrieved from the ufw status numbered command:
ufw delete {{rule_number}}

compose

An alias to a run-mailcap's action compose. Originally run-mailcap is used to mime-type/file. More information: https://manned.org/compose.

Compose action can be used to compose any existing file or new on default mailcap edit tool:
compose {{filename}}
With run-mailcap:
run-mailcap --action=compose {{filename}}

pi

Compute decimal Archimedes' constant Pi. More information: https://manned.org/pi.

Display 100 decimal digits of Archimedes' constant Pi:
pi
Display a specified number of decimal digits of Archimedes' constant Pi:
pi {{number}}
Display help:
pi --help
Display version:
pi --version
Display recommended readings:
pi --bibliography

lvm

Manage physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) interactive shell. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvm.8.html.

Start the Logical Volume Manager interactive shell:
sudo lvm
List the Logical Volume Manager commands:
sudo lvm help
Initialize a drive or partition to be used as a physical volume:
sudo lvm pvcreate {{/dev/sdXY}}
Display information about physical volumes:
sudo lvm pvdisplay
Create a volume group called vg1 from the physical volume on /dev/sdXY:
sudo lvm vgcreate {{vg1}} {{/dev/sdXY}}
Display information about volume groups:
sudo lvm vgdisplay
Create a logical volume with size 10G from volume group vg1:
sudo lvm lvcreate -L {{10G}} {{vg1}}
Display information about logical volumes:
sudo lvm lvdisplay

chcpu

Enable/disable a system's CPUs. More information: https://manned.org/chcpu.

Disable CPUs via a list of CPU ID numbers:
chcpu -d {{1,3}}
Enable a set of CPUs via a range of CPU ID numbers:
chcpu -e {{1-10}}

tlp

Advanced power management for Linux. See also tlp-stat. More information: https://linrunner.de/tlp/.

Apply settings (according to the actual power source):
sudo tlp start
Apply battery settings (ignoring the actual power source):
sudo tlp bat
Apply AC settings (ignoring the actual power source):
sudo tlp ac

x11vnc

A VNC server that will enable VNC on an existing display server. By default, the server will automatically terminate once all clients disconnect from it. More information: https://manned.org/x11vnc.

Launch a VNC server that allows multiple clients to connect:
x11vnc -shared
Launch a VNC server in view-only mode, and which won't terminate once the last client disconnects:
x11vnc -forever -viewonly
Launch a VNC server on a specific display and screen (both starting at index zero):
x11vnc -display :{{display}}.{{screen}}
Launch a VNC server on the third display's default screen:
x11vnc -display :{{2}}
Launch a VNC server on the first display's second screen:
x11vnc -display :{{0}}.{{1}}

acountry

Print the country where an IPv4 address or hostname is located. More information: https://manned.org/acountry.

Print a country where an IPv4 address or host is located:
acountry {{example.com}}
Print extra [d]ebugging output:
acountry -d {{example.com}}
Print more [v]erbose information:
acountry -v {{example.com}}

update-alternatives

A convenient tool for maintaining symbolic links to determine default commands. More information: https://manned.org/update-alternatives.

Add a symbolic link:
sudo update-alternatives --install {{path/to/symlink}} {{command_name}} {{path/to/command_binary}} {{priority}}
Configure a symbolic link for java:
sudo update-alternatives --config {{java}}
Remove a symbolic link:
sudo update-alternatives --remove {{java}} {{/opt/java/jdk1.8.0_102/bin/java}}
Display information about a specified command:
update-alternatives --display {{java}}
Display all commands and their current selection:
update-alternatives --get-selections

uvcdynctrl

A libwebcam command-line tool to manage dynamic controls in uvcvideo. More information: https://manned.org/uvcdynctrl.

List all available cameras:
uvcdynctrl -l
Specify the device to use (defaults to video0):
uvcdynctrl -d {{device_name}}
List available controls:
uvcdynctrl -c
Set a new control value (for negative values, add -- before {{-value}}):
uvcdynctrl -s {{control_name}} {{value}}
Get the current control value:
uvcdynctrl -g {{control_name}}
Save the state of the current controls to a file:
uvcdynctrl -W {{filename}}
Load the state of the controls from a file:
uvcdynctrl -L {{filename}}

qrcp

A file transfer tool. More information: https://github.com/claudiodangelis/qrcp.

Send a file or directories:
qrcp send {{path/to/file_or_directory path/to/file_directory ...}}
Receive files:
qrcp receive
Compress content before transferring:
qrcp send --zip {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Specify a [p]ort to use:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --port {{port_number}}
Specify the network [i]nterface to use:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --interface interface
Keep the server alive:
qrcp {{send|receive}} --keep-alive

handlr

Manage your default applications. More information: https://github.com/chmln/handlr.

Open a URL in the default application:
handlr open {{https://example.com}}
Open a PDF in the default PDF viewer:
handlr open {{path/to/file.pdf}}
Set imv as the default application for PNG files:
handlr set {{.png}} {{imv.desktop}}
Set MPV as the default application for all audio files:
handlr set {{'audio/*'}} {{mpv.desktop}}
List all default apps:
handlr list
Print the default application for PNG files:
handlr get {{.png}}

kdialog

Show KDE dialog boxes from within shell scripts. More information: https://develop.kde.org/deploy/kdialog/.

Open a dialog box displaying a specific message:
kdialog --msgbox "{{message}}" "{{optional_detailed_message}}"
Open a question dialog with a yes and no button, returning 0 and 1, respectively:
kdialog --yesno "{{message}}"
Open a warning dialog with a yes, no, and cancel button, returning 0, 1, or 2 respectively:
kdialog --warningyesnocancel "{{message}}"
Open an input dialog box and print the input to stdout when OK is pressed:
kdialog --inputbox "{{message}}" "{{optional_default_text}}"
Open a dialog to prompt for a specific password and print it to stdout:
kdialog --password "{{message}}"
Open a dialog containing a specific dropdown menu and print the selected item to stdout:
kdialog --combobx "{{message}}" "{{item1}}" "{{item2}}" "{{...}}"
Open a file chooser dialog and print the selected file's path to stdout:
kdialog --getopenfilename
Open a progressbar dialog and print a DBUS reference for communication to stdout:
kdialog --progressbar "{{message}}"

pulseaudio

The PulseAudio sound system daemon and manager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/.

Check if PulseAudio is running (a non-zero exit code means it is not running):
pulseaudio --check
Start the PulseAudio daemon in the background:
pulseaudio --start
Kill the running PulseAudio daemon:
pulseaudio --kill
List available modules:
pulseaudio --dump-modules
Load a module into the currently running daemon with the specified arguments:
pulseaudio --load="{{module_name}} {{arguments}}"

fallocate

Reserve or deallocate disk space to files. The utility allocates space without zeroing. More information: https://manned.org/fallocate.

Reserve a file taking up 700 MiB of disk space:
fallocate --length {{700M}} {{path/to/file}}
Shrink an already allocated file by 200 MiB:
fallocate --collapse-range --length {{200M}} {{path/to/file}}
Shrink 20 MB of space after 100 MiB in a file:
fallocate --collapse-range --offset {{100M}} --length {{20M}} {{path/to/file}}

rpm2cpio

Convert an RPM package to a cpio archive. More information: http://ftp.rpm.org/max-rpm/s1-rpm-miscellania-rpm2cpio.html.

Convert an RPM package to a cpio archive and save it as file.cpio in the current directory:
rpm2cpio {{path/to/file.rpm}}}

timeshift

System restore utility. More information: https://github.com/teejee2008/timeshift.

List snapshots:
sudo timeshift --list
Create a new snapshot (if scheduled):
sudo timeshift --check
Create a new snapshot (even if not scheduled):
sudo timeshift --create
Restore a snapshot (selecting which snapshot to restore interactively):
sudo timeshift --restore
Restore a specific snapshot:
sudo timeshift --restore --snapshot '{{snapshot}}'
Delete a specific snapshot:
sudo timeshift --delete --snapshot '{{snapshot}}'

cuyo

Tetris like game. More information: https://www.karimmi.de/cuyo/.

Start a new game:
cuyo
Navigate the piece horizontally:
{{A|D}} OR {{Left|Right}} arrow key
Turn the piece:
{{W|Up arrow key}}
Hard drop the piece:
{{S|Down arrow key}}

xrandr

Set the size, orientation and/or reflection of the outputs for a screen. More information: https://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man1/xrandr.1.xhtml.

Display the current state of the system (known screens, resolutions, ...):
xrandr --query
Disable disconnected outputs and enable connected ones with default settings:
xrandr --auto
Change the resolution and update frequency of DisplayPort 1 to 1920x1080, 60Hz:
xrandr --output {{DP1}} --mode {{1920x1080}} --rate {{60}}
Set the resolution of HDMI2 to 1280x1024 and put it on the right of DP1:
xrandr --output {{HDMI2}} --mode {{1280x1024}} --right-of {{DP1}}
Disable the VGA1 output:
xrandr --output {{VGA1}} --off
Set the brightness for LVDS1 to 50%:
xrandr --output {{LVDS1}} --brightness {{0.5}}

yetris

Clone of the game Tetris in the terminal. More information: https://github.com/alexdantas/yetris.

Start a Tetris game:
yetris
Navigate the piece horizontally:
{{Left|Right}} arrow key
Rotate the piece clockwise or counterclockwise:
{{x|z}}
Hold a piece (only one allowed at a time):
c
Soft drop the piece:
Down arrow key
Hard drop the piece:
Spacebar
Pause/unpause the game:
p
Quit the game:
q

guix package

Install, upgrade and remove Guix packages, or rollback to previous configurations. More information: https://guix.gnu.org/manual/html_node/Invoking-guix-package.html.

Install a new package:
guix package -i {{package}}
Remove a package:
guix package -r {{package}}
Search the package database for a regular expression:
guix package -s "{{search_pattern}}"
List installed packages:
guix package -I
List generations:
guix package -l
Roll back to the previous generation:
guix package --roll-back

mashtree

Makes a fast tree from genomes. Does not make a phylogeny. More information: https://github.com/lskatz/mashtree.

Fastest method in mashtree to create a tree from fastq and/or fasta files using multiple threads, piping into a newick file:
mashtree --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} {{*.fasta}} > {{mashtree.dnd}}
Most accurate method in mashtree to create a tree from fastq and/or fasta files using multiple threads, piping into a newick file:
mashtree --mindepth {{0}} --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} {{*.fasta}} > {{mashtree.dnd}}
Most accurate method to create a tree with confidence values (note that any options for mashtree itself has to be on the right side of the --):
mashtree_bootstrap.pl --reps {{100}} --numcpus {{12}} {{*.fastq.gz}} -- --min-depth {{0}} > {{mashtree.bootstrap.dnd}}

qm sendkey

Send QEMU monitor encoding key event to a virtual machine. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Send the specified key event to a specific virtual machine:
qm sendkey {{vm_id}} {{key}}
Allow root user to send key event and ignore locks:
qm sendkey --skiplock {{true}} {{vm_id}} {{key}}

qtchooser

A wrapper used to select between Qt development binary versions. More information: https://manned.org/qtchooser.

List available Qt versions from the configuration files:
qtchooser --list-versions
Print environment information:
qtchooser --print-env
Run the specified tool using the specified Qt version:
qtchooser --run-tool={{tool}} --qt={{version_name}}
Add a Qt version entry to be able to choose from:
qtchooser --install {{version_name}} {{path/to/qmake}}
Display all available options:
qtchooser --help

extundelete

Recover deleted files from ext3 or ext4 partitions by parsing the journal. See also date for Unix time information and umount for unmounting partitions. More information: http://extundelete.sourceforge.net.

Restore all deleted files inside partition N on device X:
sudo extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-all
Restore a file from a path relative to root (Do not start the path with /):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-file {{path/to/file}}
Restore a directory from a path relative to root (Do not start the path with /):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-directory {{path/to/directory}}
Restore all files deleted after January 1st, 2020 (in Unix time):
extundelete {{/dev/sdXN}} --restore-all --after {{1577840400}}

nsenter

Run a new command in a running process' namespace. Particularly useful for docker images or chroot jails. More information: https://manned.org/nsenter.

Run a specific command using the same namespaces as an existing process:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --all {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's network namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --net {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's PID namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --pid {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's IPC namespace:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --ipc {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's UTS, time, and IPC namespaces:
nsenter --target {{pid}} --uts --time --ipc -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a specific command in an existing process's namespace by referencing procfs:
nsenter --pid=/proc/{{pid}}/pid/net -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

keyctl

Manipulate the Linux kernel keyring. More information: https://manned.org/keyctl.

List keys in a specific keyring:
keyctl list {{target_keyring}}
List current keys in the user default session:
keyctl list {{@us}}
Store a key in a specific keyring:
keyctl add {{type_keyring}} {{key_name}} {{key_value}} {{target_keyring}}
Store a key with its value from stdin:
echo -n {{key_value}} | keyctl padd {{type_keyring}} {{key_name}} {{target_keyring}}
Put a timeout on a key:
keyctl timeout {{key_name}} {{timeout_in_seconds}}
Read a key and format it as a hex-dump if not printable:
keyctl read {{key_name}}
Read a key and format as-is:
keyctl pipe {{key_name}}
Revoke a key and prevent any further action on it:
keyctl revoke {{key_name}}

ip neighbour

Neighbour/ARP tables management IP subcommand. More information: https://manned.org/ip-neighbour.8.

Display the neighbour/ARP table entries:
ip neighbour
Remove entries in the neighbour table on device eth0:
sudo ip neighbour flush dev {{eth0}}
Perform a neighbour lookup and return a neighbour entry:
ip neighbour get {{lookup_ip}} dev {{eth0}}
Add or delete an ARP entry for the neighbour IP address to eth0:
sudo ip neighbour {{add|del}} {{ip_address}} lladdr {{mac_address}} dev {{eth0}} nud reachable
Change or replace an ARP entry for the neighbour IP address to eth0:
sudo ip neighbour {{change|replace}} {{ip_address}} lladdr {{new_mac_address}} dev {{eth0}}

dconf reset

Reset key values in dconf databases. See also: dconf. More information: https://manned.org/dconf.

Reset a specific key value:
dconf read {{/path/to/key}}
Reset a specific directory:
dconf read -d {{/path/to/directory/}}

wpa_cli

Add and configure wlan interfaces. More information: https://manned.org/wpa_cli.

Scan for available networks:
wpa_cli scan
Show scan results:
wpa_cli scan_results
Add a network:
wpa_cli add_network {{number}}
Set a network's SSID:
wpa_cli set_network {{number}} ssid "{{SSID}}"
Enable network:
wpa_cli enable_network {{number}}
Save config:
wpa_cli save_config

check-language-support

Display a list of missing language packages on Ubuntu. More information: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/latest/man1/check-language-support.html.

Display a list of missing language packages based on installed software and enabled locales:
check-language-support
List packages for a specific locale:
check-language-support --language {{en}}
Display installed packages as well as missing ones:
check-language-support --show-installed

localectl

Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/localectl.html.

Show the current settings of the system locale and keyboard mapping:
localectl
List available locales:
localectl list-locales
Set a system locale variable:
localectl set-locale {{LANG}}={{en_US.UTF-8}}
List available keymaps:
localectl list-keymaps
Set the system keyboard mapping for the console and X11:
localectl set-keymap {{us}}

uuidgen

Generate unique identifiers (UUIDs). See also uuid. More information: https://manned.org/uuidgen.

Create a random UUIDv4:
uuidgen --random
Create a UUIDv1 based on the current time:
uuidgen --time
Create a UUIDv5 of the name with a specified namespace prefix:
uuidgen --sha1 --namespace {{@dns|@url|@oid|@x500}} --name {{object_name}}

xdg-open

Opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application. More information: https://portland.freedesktop.org/doc/xdg-open.html.

Open the current directory in the default file explorer:
xdg-open .
Open a URL in the default browser:
xdg-open {{https://example.com}}
Open an image in the default image viewer:
xdg-open {{path/to/image}}
Open a PDF in the default PDF viewer:
xdg-open {{path/to/pdf}}
Display help:
xdg-open --help

kscreen-console

Command-line tool to query KScreen's status. More information: https://manned.org/kscreen-console.

Show all outputs and configuration files to attach to a bug report:
kscreen-console bug
Show paths to KScreen configuration files:
kscreen-console config
Show KScreen output information and configuration:
kscreen-console outputs
Monitor for changes:
kscreen-console monitor
Show the current KScreen configuration as JSON:
kscreen-console json
Display help:
kscreen-console --help
Display help including Qt specific command-line options:
kscreen-console --help-all

xbps-remove

XBPS utility to remove packages. See also: xbps. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/xbps-remove.1.

Remove a package:
xbps-remove {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
xbps-remove --recursive {{package}}
Remove orphan packages (installed as dependencies but no longer required by any package):
xbps-remove --remove-orphans
Remove obsolete packages from the cache:
xbps-remove --clean-cache

vpnc

A VPN client for the Cisco 3000 VPN Concentrator. More information: https://manned.org/vpnc.

Connect with a defined configuration file:
sudo vpnc {{config_file}}
Terminate the previously created connection:
sudo vpnc-disconnect

nemo

Manages files and directories in Cinnamon desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/nemo.

Open the current user home directory:
nemo
Open specific directories in separate windows:
nemo {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open specific directories in tabs:
nemo --tabs {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open a directory with a specific window size:
nemo --geometry={{600}}x{{400}} {{path/to/directory}}
Close all windows:
nemo --quit

megatools-dl

Download files from mega.nz. Part of the megatools suite. More information: https://megatools.megous.com/man/megatools-dl.html.

Download files from a mega.nz link into the current directory:
megatools-dl {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Download files from a mega.nz link into a specific directory:
megatools-dl --path {{path/to/directory}} {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Interactively choose which files to download:
megatools-dl --choose-files {{https://mega.nz/...}}
Limit the download speed in KiB/s:
megatools-dl --limit-speed {{speed}} {{https://mega.nz/...}}

lvextend

Increase the size of a logical volume. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvextend.8.html.

Increase a volume's size to 120 GB:
lvextend --size {{120G}} {{logical_volume}}
Increase a volume's size by 40 GB as well as the underlying filesystem:
lvextend --size +{{40G}} -r {{logical_volume}}
Increase a volume's size to 100% of the free physical volume space:
lvextend --size {{100}}%FREE {{logical_volume}}

pacstall

An AUR package manager for Ubuntu. More information: https://github.com/pacstall/pacstall.

Search the package database for a package name:
pacstall --search {{query}}
Install a package:
pacstall --install {{package}}
Remove a package:
pacstall --remove {{package}}
Add a repository to the database (only GitHub and GitLab are supported):
pacstall --add-repo {{remote_repository_location}}
Update pacstall's scripts:
pacstall --update
Update all packages:
pacstall --upgrade
Display information about a package:
pacstall --query-info {{package}}
List all installed packages:
pacstall --list

apt-file

Search for files in apt packages, including ones not yet installed. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt-file/apt-file.1.html.

Update the metadata database:
sudo apt update
Search for packages that contain the specified file or path:
apt-file {{search|find}} {{partial_path/to/file}}
List the contents of a specific package:
apt-file {{show|list}} {{package}}
Search for packages that match the regular_expression:
apt-file {{search|find}} --regexp {{regular_expression}}

qm guest exec-status

Print the status of the given pid started by the guest-agent on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Print the status of a specific PID:
qm guest exec-status {{vm_id}} {{pid}}

resolveip

Resolve hostnames to their IP addresses and vice versa. More information: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/resolveip/.

Resolve a hostname to an IP address:
resolveip {{example.org}}
Resolve an IP address to a hostname:
resolveip {{1.1.1.1}}
Silent mode. Produces less output:
resolveip --silent {{example.org}}

ip link

Manage network interfaces. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip-link.8.html.

Show information about all network interfaces:
ip link
Show information about a specific network interface:
ip link show {{ethN}}
Bring a network interface up or down:
ip link set {{ethN}} {{up|down}}
Give a meaningful name to a network interface:
ip link set {{ethN}} alias "{{LAN Interface}}"
Change the MAC address of a network interface:
ip link set {{ethN}} address {{ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}
Change the MTU size for a network interface to use jumbo frames:
ip link set {{ethN}} mtu {{9000}}

pkgctl auth

Authenticate pkgctl with services like GitLab. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-auth.1.

Authenticate pkgctl with the GitLab instance:
pkgctl auth login
View authentication status:
pkgctl auth status

apache2ctl

Administrate the Apache HTTP web server. This command comes with Debian based OSes, for RHEL based ones see httpd. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/apache2ctl.8.en.html.

Start the Apache daemon. Throw a message if it is already running:
sudo apache2ctl start
Stop the Apache daemon:
sudo apache2ctl stop
Restart the Apache daemon:
sudo apache2ctl restart
Test syntax of the configuration file:
sudo apache2ctl -t
List loaded modules:
sudo apache2ctl -M

wg

Manage the configuration of WireGuard interfaces. More information: https://www.wireguard.com/quickstart/.

Check status of currently active interfaces:
sudo wg
Generate a new private key:
wg genkey
Generate a public key from a private key:
wg pubkey < {{path/to/private_key}} > {{path/to/public_key}}
Generate a public and private key:
wg genkey | tee {{path/to/private_key}} | wg pubkey > {{path/to/public_key}}
Show the current configuration of a wireguard interface:
sudo wg showconf {{wg0}}

finch

Console-based modular messaging client. More information: https://developer.pidgin.im/wiki/Using%20Finch.

Launch finch:
finch
Quit:
alt + q or ctrl + c
Show actions menu:
alt + a
Jump to n-th window:
alt + {{number_key}}
Close current window:
alt + c
Start moving a window, use arrow keys to move, press escape when done:
alt + m
Start resizing a window, use arrow keys to resize, press escape when done:
alt + r

vncserver

Launches a VNC (Virtual Network Computing) desktop. More information: https://manned.org/vncserver.1x.

Launch a VNC Server on next available display:
vncserver
Launch a VNC Server with specific screen geometry:
vncserver --geometry {{width}}x{{height}}
Kill an instance of VNC Server running on a specific display:
vncserver --kill :{{display_number}}

systemd-mount

Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-mount.html.

Mount a file system (image or block device) at /run/media/system/LABEL where LABEL is the filesystem label or the device name if there is no label:
systemd-mount {{path/to/file_or_device}}
Mount a file system (image or block device) at a specific location:
systemd-mount {{path/to/file_or_device}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Show a list of all local, known block devices with file systems that may be mounted:
systemd-mount --list
Create an automount point that mounts the actual file system at the time of first access:
systemd-mount --automount=yes {{path/to/file_or_device}}
Unmount one or more devices:
systemd-mount --umount {{path/to/mount_point_or_device1}} {{path/to/mount_point_or_device2}}
Mount a file system (image or block device) with a specific file system type:
systemd-mount --type={{file_system_type}} {{path/to/file_or_device}} {{path/to/mount_point}}
Mount a file system (image or block device) with additional mount options:
systemd-mount --options={{mount_options}} {{path/to/file_or_device}} {{path/to/mount_point}}

vncviewer

Launches a VNC (Virtual Network Computing) client. More information: https://manned.org/vncviewer.

Launch a VNC client which connects to a host on a given display:
vncviewer {{host}}:{{display_number}}
Launch in full-screen mode:
vncviewer -FullScreen {{host}}:{{display_number}}
Launch a VNC client with a specific screen geometry:
vncviewer --geometry {{width}}x{{height}} {{host}}:{{display_number}}
Launch a VNC client which connects to a host on a given port:
vncviewer {{host}}::{{port}}

restorecon

Restore SELinux security context on files/directories according to persistent rules. See also: semanage-fcontext. More information: https://manned.org/restorecon.

View the current security context of a file or directory:
ls -dlZ {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Restore the security context of a file or directory:
restorecon {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Restore the security context of a directory recursively, and show all changed labels:
restorecon -R -v {{path/to/directory}}
Restore the security context of a directory recursively, using all available threads, and show progress:
restorecon -R -T {{0}} -p {{path/to/directory}}
Preview the label changes that would happen without applying them:
restorecon -R -n -v {{path/to/directory}}

yaourt

Arch Linux utility for building packages from the Arch User Repository. More information: https://linuxcommandlibrary.com/man/yaourt.

Synchronize and update all packages (including AUR):
yaourt -Syua
Install a new package (includes AUR):
yaourt -S {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies (includes AUR packages):
yaourt -Rs {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword (including AUR):
yaourt -Ss {{query}}
List installed packages, versions, and repositories (AUR packages will be listed under the repository name 'local'):
yaourt -Q

adig

Prints information received from Domain Name System (DNS) servers. More information: https://manned.org/adig.

Display A (default) record from DNS for hostname(s):
adig {{example.com}}
Display extra [d]ebugging output:
adig -d {{example.com}}
Connect to a specific DNS [s]erver:
adig -s {{1.2.3.4}} {{example.com}}
Use a specific TCP port to connect to a DNS server:
adig -T {{port}} {{example.com}}
Use a specific UDP port to connect to a DNS server:
adig -U {{port}} {{example.com}}

dget

Download Debian packages. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/devscripts/dget.1.en.html.

Download a binary package:
dget {{package}}
Download and extract a package source from its .dsc file:
dget {{http://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/h/haskell-tldr/haskell-tldr_0.4.0-2.dsc}}
Download a package source tarball from its .dsc file but don't extract it:
dget -d {{http://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/h/haskell-tldr/haskell-tldr_0.4.0-2.dsc}}

getconf

Get configuration values from your Linux system. More information: https://manned.org/getconf.1.

List [a]ll configuration values available:
getconf -a
List the configuration values for a specific directory:
getconf -a {{path/to/directory}}
Check if your linux system is a 32-bit or 64-bit:
getconf LONG_BIT
Check how many processes the current user can run at once:
getconf CHILD_MAX
List every configuration value and then find patterns with the grep command (i.e every value with MAX in it):
getconf -a | grep MAX

strace

Troubleshooting tool for tracing system calls. More information: https://manned.org/strace.

Start tracing a specific process by its PID:
strace -p {{pid}}
Trace a process and filter output by system call:
strace -p {{pid}} -e {{system_call_name}}
Count time, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary on program exit:
strace -p {{pid}} -c
Show the time spent in every system call:
strace -p {{pid}} -T
Start tracing a program by executing it:
strace {{program}}
Start tracing file operations of a program:
strace -e trace=file {{program}}

apx subsystems

Manage subsystems in apx. Subsystems are containers that can be created based on pre-existing stacks. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/apx.

Interactively create a new subsystem:
apx subsystems new
List all available subsystems:
apx subsystems list
Reset a specific subsystem to its initial state:
apx subsystems reset --name {{string}}
[f]orce reset a specific subsystem:
apx subsystems reset --name {{string}} --force
Remove a specific subsystem:
apx subsystems rm --name {{string}}
[f]orce remove a specific subsystem:
apx subsystems rm --name {{string}} --force

srun

Create an interactive slurm job or connect to an existing job. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/srun.html.

Submit a basic interactive job:
srun --pty /bin/bash
Submit an interactive job with different attributes:
srun --ntasks-per-node={{num_cores}} --mem-per-cpu={{memory_MB}} --pty /bin/bash
Connect to a worker node with a job running:
srun --jobid={{job_id}} --pty /bin/bash

zbarcam

Scans and decodes barcodes (and QR codes) from a video device. More information: https://manned.org/zbarcam.

Continuously read barcodes and print them to standard output:
zbarcam
Disable output video window while scanning:
zbarcam --nodisplay
Print barcodes without type information:
zbarcam --raw
Define capture device:
zbarcam /dev/{{video_device}}

partprobe

Notify the operating system kernel of partition table changes. More information: https://manned.org/partprobe.

Notify the operating system kernel of partition table changes:
sudo partprobe
Notify the kernel of partition table changes and show a summary of devices and their partitions:
sudo partprobe --summary
Show a summary of devices and their partitions but don't notify the kernel:
sudo partprobe --summary --dry-run

vso

Package manager, system updater and a task automator for Vanilla OS. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/vanilla-system-operator.

Check for system updates to the host system:
vso sys-upgrade check
Upgrade the host system now:
vso sys-upgrade upgrade --now
Initialize the Pico subsystem (used for package management):
vso pico-init
Install applications inside the subsystem:
vso install {{package1 package2 ...}}
Remove applications from the subsystem:
vso remove {{package1 package2 ...}}
Enter the subsystem's shell:
vso shell
Run an application from the subsystem:
vso run {{package}}
Display VSO configuration:
vso config show

physlock

Lock all consoles and virtual terminals. More information: http://github.com/muennich/physlock.

Lock every console (require current user or root to unlock):
physlock
Mute kernel messages on console while locked:
physlock -m
Disable SysRq mechanism while locked:
physlock -s
Display a message before the password prompt:
physlock -p "{{Locked!}}"
Fork and detach physlock (useful for suspend or hibernate scripts):
physlock -d

datamash

Tool to perform basic numeric, textual and statistical operations on input textual data files. More information: http://www.gnu.org/software/datamash/.

Get max, min, mean and median of a single column of numbers:
seq 3 | datamash max 1 min 1 mean 1 median 1
Get the mean of a single column of float numbers (floats must use "," and not "."):
echo -e '1.0\n2.5\n3.1\n4.3\n5.6\n5.7' | tr '.' ',' | datamash mean 1
Get the mean of a single column of numbers with a given decimal precision:
echo -e '1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n5' | datamash -R {{number_of_decimals_wanted}} mean 1
Get the mean of a single column of numbers ignoring "Na" and "NaN" (literal) strings:
echo -e '1\n2\nNa\n3\nNaN' | datamash --narm mean 1

qm suspend

Suspends a virtual machine (VM) in the Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE). Use --skiplock and --skiplockstorage flags with caution, as they may lead to data corruption in certain situations. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Suspend a virtual machine by id:
qm suspend {{vm_id}} {{integer}}
Skip the lock check when suspending the VM:
qm suspend {{vm_id}} {{integer}} --skiplock
Skip the lock check for storage when suspending the VM:
qm suspend {{vm_id}} {{integer}} --skiplockstorage

e2image

Save critical ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem metadata to a file. More information: https://manned.org/e2image.

Write metadata located on device to a specific file:
e2image {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/image_file}}
Print metadata located on device to stdout:
e2image {{/dev/sdXN}} -
Restore the filesystem metadata back to the device:
e2image -I {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/image_file}}
Create a large raw sparse file with metadata at proper offsets:
e2image -r {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/image_file}}
Create a QCOW2 image file instead of a normal or raw image file:
e2image -Q {{/dev/sdXN}} {{path/to/image_file}}

checkinstall

Track the local installation of a software package, and produce a binary package which can be used with a system's native package manager. More information: http://checkinstall.izto.org.

Create and install a package with default settings:
sudo checkinstall --default
Create a package but don't install it:
sudo checkinstall --install={{no}}
Create a package without documentation:
sudo checkinstall --nodoc
Create a package and set the name:
sudo checkinstall --pkgname {{package}}
Create a package and specify where to save it:
sudo checkinstall --pakdir {{path/to/directory}}

nitrogen

Desktop background browser and setter for X Window. More information: https://github.com/l3ib/nitrogen.

View and set the wallpapers from a specific directory:
nitrogen {{path/to/directory}}
Set the wallpaper with automatic size settings:
nitrogen --set-auto {{path/to/file}}
Restore the previous wallpaper:
nitrogen --restore

sam

AWS Serverless Application Model (SAM) CLI. More information: https://github.com/awslabs/aws-sam-cli.

Initialize a serverless application:
sam init
Initialize a serverless application with a specific runtime:
sam init --runtime {{python3.7}}
Package a SAM application:
sam package
Build your Lambda function code:
sam build
Run your serverless application locally:
sam local start-api
Deploy an AWS SAM application:
sam deploy

xfreerdp

Free Remote Desktop Protocol implementation. More information: https://www.freerdp.com.

Connect to a FreeRDP server:
xfreerdp /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} /v:{{ip_address}}
Connect to a FreeRDP server and activate audio output redirection using sys:alsa device:
xfreerdp /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} /v:{{ip_address}} /sound:{{sys:alsa}}
Connect to a FreeRDP server with dynamic resolution:
xfreerdp /v:{{ip_address}} /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} /dynamic-resolution
Connect to a FreeRDP server with clipboard redirection:
xfreerdp /v:{{ip_address}} /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} +clipboard
Connect to a FreeRDP server ignoring any certificate checks:
xfreerdp /v:{{ip_address}} /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} /cert:ignore
Connect to a FreeRDP server with a shared directory:
xfreerdp /v:{{ip_address}} /u:{{username}} /p:{{password}} /drive:{{path/to/directory}},{{share_name}}

vkpurge

List or remove old kernel versions left behind by xbps. The version arguments support shell globs. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/vkpurge.8.

List all removable kernel versions (or those matching version if the argument is specified):
vkpurge list {{version}}
Remove all unused kernels:
vkpurge rm all
Remove kernel versions matching version:
vkpurge rm {{version}}

swaylock

Screen locking utility for Wayland compositors. More information: https://manned.org/swaylock.

Lock the screen showing a white background:
swaylock
Lock the screen with a simple color background (rrggbb format):
swaylock --color {{0000ff}}
Lock the screen to a PNG background:
swaylock --image {{path/to/file.png}}
Lock the screen and disable the unlock indicator (removes feedback on keypress):
swaylock --no-unlock-indicator
Lock the screen and don't hide the mouse pointer:
swaylock --pointer {{default}}
Lock the screen to a PNG background tiled over all monitors:
swaylock --image {{path/to/file.png}} --tiling
Lock the screen and show the number of failed login attempts:
swaylock --show-failed-attempts
Load configuration from a file:
swaylock --config {{path/to/config}}

shiny-mirrors

Generate a pacman mirror list for Manjaro Linux. Every run of shiny-mirrors requires you to synchronize your database and update your system using sudo pacman -Syyu. More information: https://gitlab.com/Arisa_Snowbell/shiny-mirrors/-/blob/domina/shiny-mirrors/man/shiny-mirrors.md.

Get the status of the current mirrors:
shiny-mirrors status
Generate a mirror list using the default behavior:
sudo shiny-mirrors refresh
Display the current configuration file:
shiny-mirrors config show
Switch to a different branch interactively:
sudo shiny-mirrors config --branch

lsns

List information about all namespaces or about the specified namespace. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsns.8.html.

List all namespaces:
lsns
List namespaces in JSON format:
lsns --json
List namespaces associated with {{pid}}:
lsns --task {{pid}}
List the specified type of namespaces only:
lsns --type <mnt|net|ipc|user|pid|uts|cgroup|time>
List namespaces, only showing the namespace ID, type, PID, and command:
lsns --output NS,TYPE,PID,COMMAND

iostat

Report statistics for devices and partitions. More information: https://manned.org/iostat.

Display a report of CPU and disk statistics since system startup:
iostat
Display a report of CPU and disk statistics with units converted to megabytes:
iostat -m
Display CPU statistics:
iostat -c
Display disk statistics with disk names (including LVM):
iostat -N
Display extended disk statistics with disk names for device "sda":
iostat -xN {{sda}}
Display incremental reports of CPU and disk statistics every 2 seconds:
iostat {{2}}

update-rc.d

Install and remove services which are System-V style init script links. Init scripts are in the /etc/init.d/. More information: https://manned.org/update-rc.d.

Install a service:
update-rc.d {{mysql}} defaults
Enable a service:
update-rc.d {{mysql}} enable
Disable a service:
update-rc.d {{mysql}} disable
Forcibly remove a service:
update-rc.d -f {{mysql}} remove

rankmirrors

Rank a list of Pacman mirrors by connection and opening speed. Writes the new mirrorlist to stdout. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/mirrors.

Rank a mirror list:
rankmirrors {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}
Output only a given number of the top ranking servers:
rankmirrors -n {{number}} {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}
Be verbose when generating the mirrorlist:
rankmirrors -v {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}
Test only a specific URL:
rankmirrors --url {{url}}
Output only the response times instead of a full mirrorlist:
rankmirrors --times {{/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}

viewnior

Simple and elegant image viewer. More information: https://manned.org/viewnior.

View an image:
viewnior {{path/to/image.ext}}
View in fullscreen mode:
viewnior --fullscreen {{path/to/image.ext}}
View fullscreen in slideshow mode:
viewnior --slideshow {{path/to/image.ext}}

pacstrap

Arch Linux install script to install packages to the specified new root directory. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacstrap.8.

Install the base package, Linux kernel and firmware for common hardware:
pacstrap {{path/to/new/root}} {{base}} {{linux}} {{linux-firmware}}
Install the base package, Linux LTS kernel and base-devel build tools:
pacstrap {{path/to/new/root}} {{base}} {{base-devel}} {{linux-lts}}
Install packages without copy the host's mirrorlist to the target:
pacstrap -M {{path/to/new/root}} {{packages}}
Use an alternate configuration file for Pacman:
pacstrap -C {{path/to/pacman.conf}} {{path/to/new/root}} {{packages}}
Install packages using the package cache on the host instead of on the target:
pacstrap -c {{path/to/new/root}} {{packages}}
Install packages without copy the host's pacman keyring to the target:
pacstrap -G {{path/to/new/root}} {{packages}}
Install packages in interactive mode (prompts for confirmation):
pacstrap -i {{path/to/new/root}} {{packages}}
Install packages using package files:
pacstrap -U {{path/to/new/root}} {{path/to/package1}} {{path/to/package2}}

pdfxup

N-up PDF pages. N-upping means putting multiple pages onto one page by scaling and rotating them into a grid. More information: https://ctan.org/pkg/pdfxup.

Create a 2-up PDF:
pdfxup -o {{path/to/output.pdf}} {{path/to/input.pdf}}
Create a PDF with 3 columns and 2 lines per page:
pdfxup -x {{3}} -y {{2}} -o {{path/to/output.pdf}} {{path/to/input.pdf}}
Create a PDF in booklet mode (2-up, and pages are sorted to form a book when folded):
pdfxup -b -o {{path/to/output.pdf}} {{path/to/input.pdf}}

chronyc

Query the Chrony NTP daemon. More information: https://chrony.tuxfamily.org/doc/4.0/chronyc.html.

Start chronyc in interactive mode:
chronyc
Display tracking stats for the Chrony daemon:
chronyc tracking
Print the time sources that Chrony is currently using:
chronyc sources
Display stats for sources currently used by chrony daemon as a time source:
chronyc sourcestats
Step the system clock immediately, bypassing any slewing:
chronyc makestep
Display verbose information about each NTP source:
chronyc ntpdata

e2undo

Replay undo logs for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. This can be used to undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/e2undo.8.html.

Display information about a specific undo file:
e2undo -h {{path/to/undo_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Perform a dry-run and display the candidate blocks for replaying:
e2undo -nv {{path/to/undo_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Perform an undo operation:
e2undo {{path/to/undo_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Perform an undo operation and display verbose information:
e2undo -v {{path/to/undo_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Write the old contents of the block to an undo file before overwriting a file system block:
e2undo -z {{path/to/file.e2undo}} {{path/to/undo_file}} {{/dev/sdXN}}

rpcinfo

Makes an RPC call to an RPC server and reports what it finds. More information: https://manned.org/rpcinfo.

Show full table of all RPC services registered on localhost:
rpcinfo
Show concise table of all RPC services registered on localhost:
rpcinfo -s {{localhost}}
Display table of statistics of rpcbind operations on localhost:
rpcinfo -m
Display list of entries of given service name (mountd) and version number (2) on a remote nfs share:
rpcinfo -l {{remote_nfs_server_ip}} {{mountd}} {{2}}
Delete the registration for version 1 of the mountd service for all transports:
rpcinfo -d {{mountd}} {{1}}

shar

Create a shell archive. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/sharutils/manual/sharutils.html.

Create a shell script that when executed extracts the given files from itself:
shar --vanilla-operation {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/archive.sh}}
Compress the files in the archive:
shar --compactor {{xz}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/archive.sh}}
Treat all files as binary (i.e. uuencode everything):
shar --uuencode {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/archive.sh}}
Treat all files as text (i.e. uuencode nothing):
shar --text-files {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/archive.sh}}
Include a name and cut mark in the header comment of the archive:
shar --archive-name "{{My files}}" --cut-mark {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/archive.sh}}

opkg

A lightweight package manager used to install OpenWrt packages. More information: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/additional-software/opkg.

Install a package:
opkg install {{package}}
Remove a package:
opkg remove {{package}}
Update the list of available packages:
opkg update
Upgrade all the installed packages:
opkg upgrade
Upgrade one or more specific package(s):
opkg upgrade {{package(s)}}
Display information for a specific package:
opkg info {{package}}
List all the available packages:
opkg list

vigr

Edit the group file. More information: https://manned.org/vigr.

Edit the group file:
vigr
Display version:
vigr --version

gnome-extensions

Manage gnome extensions from the terminal. More information: https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GnomeShell/Extensions.

Display the version:
gnome-extensions version
List all the installed extensions:
gnome-extensions list
Display information about a specific extension:
gnome-extensions info "{{extension_id}}"
Display help for a subcommand (like list):
gnome-extensions help {{subcommand}}
Enable a specific extension:
gnome-extensions enable "{{extension_id}}"
Disable a specific extension:
gnome-extension disable "{{extension_id}}"
Uninstall a specific extension:
gnome-extension uninstall "{{extension_id}}"

cp

Copy files and directories. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cp.

Copy a file to another location:
cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_file.ext}}
Copy a file into another directory, keeping the filename:
cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_parent_directory}}
Recursively copy a directory's contents to another location (if the destination exists, the directory is copied inside it):
cp -r {{path/to/source_directory}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Copy a directory recursively, in verbose mode (shows files as they are copied):
cp -vr {{path/to/source_directory}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Copy multiple files at once to a directory:
cp -t {{path/to/destination_directory}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Copy text files to another location, in interactive mode (prompts user before overwriting):
cp -i {{*.txt}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Follow symbolic links before copying:
cp -L {{link}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Use the full path of source files, creating any missing intermediate directories when copying:
cp --parents {{source/path/to/file}} {{path/to/target_file}}

do-release-upgrade

The Ubuntu release upgrader. More information: https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/upgrade-introduction.

Upgrade to the latest release:
sudo do-release-upgrade
Upgrade to the latest development release:
sudo do-release-upgrade --devel-release
Upgrade to the latest proposed release:
sudo do-release-upgrade --proposed

mandb

Manage the pre-formatted manual page database. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/mandb.8.html.

Purge and process manual pages:
mandb
Update a single entry:
mandb --filename {{path/to/file}}
Create entries from scratch instead of updating:
mandb --create
Only process user databases:
mandb --user-db
Do not purge obsolete entries:
mandb --no-purge
Check the validity of manual pages:
mandb --test

paccache

A pacman cache cleaning utility. More information: https://manned.org/paccache.

Remove all but the 3 most recent package versions from the pacman cache:
paccache -r
Set the number of package versions to keep:
paccache -rk {{num_versions}}
Perform a dry-run and show the number of candidate packages for deletion:
paccache -d
Move candidate packages to a directory instead of deleting them:
paccache -m {{path/to/directory}}

pmap

Report memory map of a process or processes. More information: https://manned.org/pmap.

Print memory map for a specific process id (PID):
pmap {{pid}}
Show the extended format:
pmap --extended {{pid}}
Show the device format:
pmap --device {{pid}}
Limit results to a memory address range specified by low and high:
pmap --range {{low}},{{high}}
Print memory maps for multiple processes:
pmap {{pid1 pid2 ...}}

lsmod

Shows the status of Linux kernel modules. See also modprobe, which loads kernel modules. More information: https://manned.org/lsmod.

List all currently loaded kernel modules:
lsmod

cloud-init

Command line tool for managing cloud instance initialization. More information: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io.

Display the status of the most recent cloud-init run:
cloud-init status
Wait for cloud-init to finish running and then report status:
cloud-init status --wait
List available top-level metadata keys to query:
cloud-init query --list-keys
Query cached instance metadata for data:
cloud-init query {{dot_delimited_variable_path}}
Clean logs and artifacts to allow cloud-init to rerun:
cloud-init clean

snap

Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) for processing satellite data from the European Space Agency (ESA). More information: http://step.esa.int/main/download/snap-download/.

Display all updates:
snap --nosplash --nogui --modules --list --refresh
Display help:
snap --help

apx stacks

Manage stacks in apx. Note: user-created stack configurations are stored in ~/.local/share/apx/stacks. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/apx.

Interactively create a new stack configuration:
apx stacks new
Interactively update a stack configuration:
apx stacks update {{name}}
List all available stack configurations:
apx stacks list
Remove a specified stack configuration:
apx stacks rm --name {{string}}
Import a stack configuration:
apx stacks import --input {{path/to/stack.yml}}
Export the stack configuration (Note: the output flag is optional, it is exported to the current working directory by default):
apx stacks export --name {{string}} --output {{path/to/output_file}}

tic

Compile terminfo and install for ncurses. More information: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xcurses/terminfo.html.

Compile and install terminfo for a terminal:
tic -xe {{terminal}} {{path/to/terminal.info}}
Check terminfo file for errors:
tic -c {{path/to/terminal.info}}
Print database locations:
tic -D

cryptsetup

Manage plain dm-crypt and LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) encrypted volumes. More information: https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/.

Initialize a LUKS volume (overwrites all data on the partition):
cryptsetup luksFormat {{/dev/sda1}}
Open a LUKS volume and create a decrypted mapping at /dev/mapper/{{target}}:
cryptsetup luksOpen {{/dev/sda1}} {{target}}
Remove an existing mapping:
cryptsetup luksClose {{target}}
Change the LUKS volume's passphrase:
cryptsetup luksChangeKey {{/dev/sda1}}

qm disk import

Import a disk image to a virtual machine as an unused disk. The supported image formats for qemu-img, such as raw, qcow2, qed, vdi, vmdk, and vhd must be used. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Import a VMDK/qcow2/raw disk image using a specific storage name:
qm importdisk {{vm_id}} {{path/to/disk}} {{storage_name}} --format {{qcow2|raw|vmdk}}

conntrack

Interact with the Netfilter connection tracking system. Search, list, inspect, modify, and delete connection flows. More information: https://manned.org/conntrack.

List all currently tracked connections:
conntrack --dump
Display a real-time event log of connection changes:
conntrack --event
Display a real-time event log of connection changes and associated timestamps:
conntrack --event -o timestamp
Display a real-time event log of connection changes for a specific IP address:
conntrack --event --orig-src {{ip_address}}
Delete all flows for a specific source IP address:
conntrack --delete --orig-src {{ip_address}}

mpicc

Open MPI C wrapper compiler. The wrappers are simply thin shells on top of a C compiler, they add the relevant compiler and linker flags to the command-line that are necessary to compile/link Open MPI programs, and then invoke the underlying C compiler to actually perform the command. More information: https://www.mpich.org/static/docs/latest/www1/mpicc.html.

Compile a source code file into an object file:
mpicc -c {{path/to/file.c}}
Link an object file and make an executable:
mpicc -o {{executable}} {{path/to/object_file.o}}
Compile and link source code in a single command:
mpicc -o {{executable}} {{path/to/file.c}}

einfo

Provides the number of records indexed in each field of a given database, the date of the last update of the database, and the available links from the database to other Entrez databases. More information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179288/.

Print all database names:
einfo -dbs
Print all information of the protein database in XML format:
einfo -db {{protein}}
Print all fields of the nuccore database:
einfo -db {{nuccore}} -fields
Print all links of the protein database:
einfo -db {{protein}} -links

broot

Navigate directory trees interactively. See also: br. More information: https://github.com/Canop/broot.

Install or reinstall the br shell function:
broot --install

mkfs

Build a Linux filesystem on a hard disk partition. This command is deprecated in favor of filesystem specific mkfs. utils. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.

Build a Linux ext2 filesystem on a partition:
mkfs {{path/to/partition}}
Build a filesystem of a specified type:
mkfs -t {{ext4}} {{path/to/partition}}
Build a filesystem of a specified type and check for bad blocks:
mkfs -c -t {{ntfs}} {{path/to/partition}}

dnstracer

The dnstracer command determines where a DNS gets its information from. More information: https://manned.org/dnstracer.

Find out where your local DNS got the information on www.example.com:
dnstracer {{www.example.com}}
Start with a [s]pecific DNS that you already know:
dnstracer -s {{dns.example.org}} {{www.example.com}}
Only query IPv4 servers:
dnstracer -4 {{www.example.com}}
Retry each request 5 times on failure:
dnstracer -r {{5}} {{www.example.com}}
Display all steps during execution:
dnstracer -v {{www.example.com}}
Display an [o]verview of all received answers after execution:
dnstracer -o {{www.example.com}}

stress

A tool to stress test CPU, memory, and IO on a Linux system. More information: https://manned.org/stress.

Spawn 4 workers to stress test CPU:
stress -c {{4}}
Spawn 2 workers to stress test IO and timeout after 5 seconds:
stress -i {{2}} -t {{5}}
Spawn 2 workers to stress test memory (each worker allocates 256M bytes):
stress -m {{2}} --vm-bytes {{256M}}
Spawn 2 workers spinning on write()/unlink() (each worker writes 1G bytes):
stress -d {{2}} --hdd-bytes {{1GB}}

xbps

The X Binary Package System is the package manager used by Void Linux. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://docs.voidlinux.org/xbps/index.html.

View documentation for installing and updating packages:
tldr xbps-install
View documentation for removing packages:
tldr xbps-remove
View documentation for querying for package and repository information:
tldr xbps-query

bchunk

Convert CD images to a set of .iso and .cdr tracks. More information: http://he.fi/bchunk.

Convert binary CD into a standard iso9960 image file:
bchunk {{path/to/image.bin}} {{path/to/image.cue}} {{path/to/output}}
Convert with verbose mode:
bchunk -v {{path/to/image.bin}} {{path/to/image.cue}} {{path/to/output}}
Output audio files in WAV format:
bchunk -w {{path/to/image.bin}} {{path/to/image.cue}} {{path/to/output}}

nautilus

Default file explorer for GNOME desktop environment. Also known as GNOME Files. More information: https://manned.org/nautilus.

Launch Nautilus:
nautilus
Launch Nautilus as root user:
sudo nautilus
Launch Nautilus and display a specific directory:
nautilus {{path/to/directory}}
Launch Nautilus with a specific file or directory selected:
nautilus --select {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Launch Nautilus in a separated window:
nautilus --new-window
Close all Nautilus instances:
nautilus --quit
Display help:
nautilus --help

xsel

X11 selection and clipboard manipulation tool. More information: https://manned.org/xsel.

Use a command's output as input of the clip[b]oard (equivalent to Ctrl + C):
echo 123 | xsel -ib
Use the contents of a file as input of the clipboard:
cat {{path/to/file}} | xsel -ib
Output the clipboard's contents into the terminal (equivalent to Ctrl + V):
xsel -ob
Output the clipboard's contents into a file:
xsel -ob > {{path/to/file}}
Clear the clipboard:
xsel -cb
Output the X11 primary selection's contents into the terminal (equivalent to a mouse middle-click):
xsel -op

chcon

Change SELinux security context of a file or files/directories. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chcon.

View security context of a file:
ls -lZ {{path/to/file}}
Change the security context of a target file, using a reference file:
chcon --reference={{reference_file}} {{target_file}}
Change the full SELinux security context of a file:
chcon {{user}}:{{role}}:{{type}}:{{range/level}} {{filename}}
Change only the user part of SELinux security context:
chcon -u {{user}} {{filename}}
Change only the role part of SELinux security context:
chcon -r {{role}} {{filename}}
Change only the type part of SELinux security context:
chcon -t {{type}} {{filename}}
Change only the range/level part of SELinux security context:
chcon -l {{range/level}} {{filename}}

abroot

Utility providing full immutability and atomicity by transacting between 2 root partition states (A⟺B). Updates are performed using OCI images, to ensure that the system is always in a consistent state. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/ABRoot.

Add packages to the local image (Note: after executing this command, you need to apply these changes.):
sudo abroot pkg add {{package}}
Remove packages from the local image (Note: after executing this command, you need to apply these changes.):
sudo abroot pkg remove {{package}}
List packages in the local image:
sudo abroot pkg list
Apply changes in the local image (Note: you need to reboot your system for these changes to be applied):
sudo abroot pkg apply
Rollback your system to previous state:
sudo abroot rollback
Edit/View kernel parameters:
sudo abroot kargs {{edit|show}}
Display status:
sudo abroot status
Display help:
abroot --help

envycontrol

GPU switching utility for Nvidia Optimus laptops. More information: https://github.com/bayasdev/envycontrol.

Switch between different GPU modes:
sudo envycontrol -s {{nvidia|integrated|hybrid}}
Specify your display manager manually:
envycontrol --dm
Check current GPU mode:
sudo envycontrol --query
Reset settings:
sudo envycontrol --reset
Display version:
envycontrol --version
Display help:
envycontrol --help

swaks

Swiss Army Knife SMTP, the all-purpose SMTP transaction tester. More information: https://github.com/jetmore/swaks/blob/develop/doc/base.pod.

Deliver a standard test email to [email protected] on port 25 of test-server.example.net:
swaks --to {{[email protected]}} --server {{test-server.example.net}}
Deliver a standard test email, requiring CRAM-MD5 authentication as user [email protected]. An "X-Test" header will be added to the email body:
swaks --to {{[email protected]}} --from {{[email protected]}} --auth {{CRAM-MD5}} --auth-user {{[email protected]}} --header-X-Test "{{test_email}}"
Test a virus scanner using EICAR in an attachment. Don't show the message DATA part:
swaks -t {{[email protected]}} --attach - --server {{test-server.example.com}} --suppress-data {{path/to/eicar.txt}}
Test a spam scanner using GTUBE in the body of an email, routed via the MX records for example.com:
swaks --to {{[email protected]}} --body {{path/to/gtube_file}}
Deliver a standard test email to [email protected] using the LMTP protocol via a UNIX domain socket file:
swaks --to {{[email protected]}} --socket {{/var/lda.sock}} --protocol {{LMTP}}

dbclient

Lightweight Dropbear Secure Shell client. More information: https://manned.org/dbclient.1.

Connect to a remote host:
dbclient {{user}}@{{host}}
Connect to a remote host on [p]ort 2222:
dbclient {{user}}@{{host}} -p 2222
Connect to a remote host using a specific [i]dentity key in dropbear format:
dbclient -i {{path/to/key_file}} {{user}}@{{host}}
Run a command on the remote host with a [t]ty allocation allowing interaction with the remote command:
dbclient {{user}}@{{host}} -t {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Connect and forward [A]gent connections to remote host:
dbclient -A {{user}}@{{host}}

ctrlaltdel

Utility to control what happens when CTRL+ALT+DEL is pressed. More information: https://manned.org/ctrlaltdel.

Get current setting:
ctrlaltdel
Set CTRL+ALT+DEL to reboot immediately, without any preparation:
sudo ctrlaltdel hard
Set CTRL+ALT+DEL to reboot "normally", giving processes a chance to exit first (send SIGINT to PID1):
sudo ctrlaltdel soft

raspi-config

An ncurses terminal GUI to config a Raspberry Pi. More information: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/computers/configuration.html.

Start raspi-config:
sudo raspi-config

ss

Utility to investigate sockets. More information: https://manned.org/ss.8.

Show all TCP/UDP/RAW/UNIX sockets:
ss -a {{-t|-u|-w|-x}}
Filter TCP sockets by states, only/exclude:
ss {{state/exclude}} {{bucket/big/connected/synchronized/...}}
Show all TCP sockets connected to the local HTTPS port (443):
ss -t src :{{443}}
Show all TCP sockets listening on the local 8080 port:
ss -lt src :{{8080}}
Show all TCP sockets along with processes connected to a remote ssh port:
ss -pt dst :{{ssh}}
Show all UDP sockets connected on specific source and destination ports:
ss -u 'sport == :{{source_port}} and dport == :{{destination_port}}'
Show all TCP IPv4 sockets locally connected on the subnet 192.168.0.0/16:
ss -4t src {{192.168/16}}
Kill IPv4 or IPv6 Socket Connection with destination IP 192.168.1.17 and destination port 8080:
ss --kill dst {{192.168.1.17}} dport = {{8080}}

taskset

Get or set a process' CPU affinity or start a new process with a defined CPU affinity. More information: https://manned.org/taskset.

Get a running process' CPU affinity by PID:
taskset --pid --cpu-list {{pid}}
Set a running process' CPU affinity by PID:
taskset --pid --cpu-list {{cpu_id}} {{pid}}
Start a new process with affinity for a single CPU:
taskset --cpu-list {{cpu_id}} {{command}}
Start a new process with affinity for multiple non-sequential CPUs:
taskset --cpu-list {{cpu_id_1}},{{cpu_id_2}},{{cpu_id_3}}
Start a new process with affinity for CPUs 1 through 4:
taskset --cpu-list {{cpu_id_1}}-{{cpu_id_4}}

a2enmod

Enable an Apache module on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2enmod.8.en.html.

Enable a module:
sudo a2enmod {{module}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2enmod --quiet {{module}}

zenity

Display dialogs from the command-line/shell scripts. Return user-inserted values or 1 if error. More information: https://manned.org/zenity.

Display the default question dialog:
zenity --question
Display an info dialog displaying the text "Hello!":
zenity --info --text="{{Hello!}}"
Display a name/password form and output the data separated by ";":
zenity --forms --add-entry="{{Name}}" --add-password="{{Password}}" --separator="{{;}}"
Display a file selection form in which the user can only select directories:
zenity --file-selection --directory
Display a progress bar which updates its message every second and show a progress percent:
{{(echo "#1"; sleep 1; echo "50"; echo "#2"; sleep 1; echo "100")}} | zenity --progress

e2freefrag

Print the free space fragmentation information for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems. More information: https://manned.org/e2freefrag.

Check how many free blocks are present as contiguous and aligned free space:
e2freefrag {{/dev/sdXN}}
Specify chunk size in kilobytes to print how many free chunks are available:
e2freefrag -c {{chunk_size_in_kb}} {{/dev/sdXN}}

pw-loopback

Tool for creating loopback devices in pipewire. More information: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pipewire/pipewire/-/wikis/Virtual-Devices.

Create a loopback device with the default loopback behavior:
pw-loopback
Create a loopback device that automatically connects to the speakers:
pw-loopback -m '{{[FL FR]}}' --capture-props='{{media.class=Audio/Sink}}'
Create a loopback device that automatically connects to the microphone:
pw-loopback -m '{{[FL FR]}}' --playback-props='{{media.class=Audio/Source}}'
Create a dummy loopback device that doesn't automatically connect to anything:
pw-loopback -m '{{[FL FR]}}' --capture-props='{{media.class=Audio/Sink}}' --playback-props='{{media.class=Audio/Source}}'
Create a loopback device that automatically connects to the speakers and swaps the left and right channels between the sink and source:
pw-loopback --capture-props='{{media.class=Audio/Sink audio.position=[FL FR]}}' --playback-props='{{audio.position=[FR FL]}}'
Create a loopback device that automatically connects to the microphone and swaps the left and right channels between the sink and source:
pw-loopback --capture-props='{{audio.position=[FR FL]}}' --playback-props='{{media.class=Audio/Source audio.position=[FL FR]}}'

xman

Manual page viewer for X Window System. More information: https://manned.org/xman.

Start xman in three-button window:
xman
Open the manual page output stored in a given file:
xman -helpfile {{filename}}
Show both manual page and directory:
xman -bothshown

lddd

Find broken library links on the system. This tool is only available on Arch Linux. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/devtools/lddd.1.

Scan directories to find and list packages with broken library links that need to be rebuilt:
lddd

xvfb-run

Run a command in a virtual X server environment. More information: https://www.x.org/wiki/.

Run the specified command in a virtual X server:
xvfb-run {{command}}
Try to get a free server number, if the default (99) is not available:
xvfb-run --auto-servernum {{command}}
Pass arguments to the Xvfb server:
xvfb-run --server-args "{{-screen 0 1024x768x24}}" {{command}}

gnome-software

Add and remove applications and update your system. More information: https://apps.gnome.org/app/org.gnome.Software/.

Launch the GNOME Software GUI if it's not already running:
gnome-software
Launch the GNOME Software GUI if it's not open, and navigate to the specified page:
gnome-software --mode {{updates|updated|installed|overview}}
Launch the GNOME Software GUI if it's not open and view the details of the specified package:
gnome-software --details {{package}}
Display the version:
gnome-software --version

ptx

Generate a permuted index of words from one or more text files. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ptx.

Generate a permuted index where the first field of each line is an index reference:
ptx --references {{path/to/file}}
Generate a permuted index with automatically generated index references:
ptx --auto-reference {{path/to/file}}
Generate a permuted index with a fixed width:
ptx --width={{width_in_columns}} {{path/to/file}}
Generate a permuted index with a list of filtered words:
ptx --only-file={{path/to/filter}} {{path/to/file}}
Generate a permuted index with SYSV-style behaviors:
ptx --traditional {{path/to/file}}

ip6tables-restore

This command is an alias of iptables-restore for the IPv6 firewall.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr iptables-restore

xbacklight

Utility to adjust backlight brightness using the RandR extension. More information: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xorg/app/xbacklight.

Get the current screen brightness as a percentage:
xbacklight
Set the screen brightness to 40%:
xbacklight -set {{40}}
Increase current brightness by 25%:
xbacklight -inc {{25}}
Decrease current brightness by 75%:
xbacklight -dec {{75}}
Increase backlight to 100%, over 60 seconds (value given in ms), using 60 steps:
xbacklight -set {{100}} -time {{60000}} -steps {{60}}

ltrace

Display dynamic library calls of a process. More information: https://manned.org/ltrace.

Print (trace) library calls of a program binary:
ltrace ./{{program}}
Count library calls. Print a handy summary at the bottom:
ltrace -c {{path/to/program}}
Trace calls to malloc and free, omit those done by libc:
ltrace -e [email protected]* {{path/to/program}}
Write to file instead of terminal:
ltrace -o {{file}} {{path/to/program}}

betterlockscreen

Simple, minimal lock screen. More information: https://github.com/pavanjadhaw/betterlockscreen.

Lock the screen:
betterlockscreen --lock
Change the lock screen background:
betterlockscreen -u {{path/to/image.png}}
Lock the screen, showing some custom text:
betterlockscreen -l pixel -t "{{custom lock screen text}}"
Lock the screen, with a custom monitor off timeout in seconds:
betterlockscreen --off {{5}} -l

add-apt-repository

Manages apt repository definitions. More information: https://manned.org/apt-add-repository.

Add a new apt repository:
add-apt-repository {{repository_spec}}
Remove an apt repository:
add-apt-repository --remove {{repository_spec}}
Update the package cache after adding a repository:
add-apt-repository --update {{repository_spec}}
Allow source packages to be downloaded from the repository:
add-apt-repository --enable-source {{repository_spec}}

gsettings

Query and modify dconf settings with schema validation. More information: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/using_the_desktop_environment_in_rhel_8/configuring-gnome-at-low-level_using-the-desktop-environment-in-rhel-8#using-gsettings-command_configuring-gnome-at-low-level.

Set the value of a key. Fails if the key doesn't exist or the value is out of range:
gsettings set {{org.example.schema}} {{example-key}} {{value}}
Print the value of a key or the schema-provided default if the key has not been set in dconf:
gsettings get {{org.example.schema}} {{example-key}}
Unset a key, so that its schema default value will be used:
gsettings reset {{org.example.schema}} {{example-key}}
Display all (non-relocatable) schemas, keys, and values:
gsettings list-recursively
Display all keys and values (default if not set) from one schema:
gsettings list-recursively {{org.example.schema}}
Display schema-allowed values for a key (helpful with enum keys):
gsettings range {{org.example.schema}} {{example-key}}
Display the human-readable description of a key:
gsettings describe {{org.example.schema}} {{example-key}}

qm config

Display the virtual machine configuration with pending configuration changes applied. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Display the virtual machine configuration:
qm config {{vm_id}}
Display the current configuration values instead of pending values for the virtual machine:
qm config --current {{true}} {{vm_id}}
Fetch the configuration values from the given snapshot:
qm config --snapshot {{snapshot_name}} {{vm_id}}

avahi-browse

Displays services and hosts exposed on the local network via mDNS/DNS-SD. Avahi is compatible with Bonjour (Zeroconf) found in Apple devices. More information: https://www.avahi.org/.

List services available on the local network along with their addresses and ports, ignoring ones on the local machine:
avahi-browse --all --resolve --ignore-local
Quickly list services in the local network in SSV format for scripts:
avahi-browse --all --terminate --parsable
List domains in the neighbourhood:
avahi-browse --browse-domains
Limit the search to a particular domain:
avahi-browse --all --domain={{domain}}

swapon

Enable devices and files for swapping. Note: path/to/file can either point to a regular file or a swap partition. More information: https://manned.org/swapon.

Show swap information:
swapon
Enable a given swap area:
swapon {{path/to/file}}
Enable all swap areas specified in /etc/fstab except those with the noauto option:
swapon --all
Enable a swap partition by its label:
swapon -L {{label}}

iptables-restore

Restore the iptables IPv4 configuration. Use ip6tables-restore to do the same for IPv6. More information: https://manned.org/iptables-restore.

Restore the iptables configuration from a file:
sudo iptables-restore {{path/to/file}}

rtorrent

Download torrents. More information: https://github.com/rakshasa/rtorrent.

Add a torrent file or magnet to be downloaded:
rtorrent {{torrent_or_magnet}}
Start the download:
<Ctrl>S
View details about downloading torrent:
->
Close rtorrent safely:
<Ctrl>Q

lex

Lexical analyzer generator. Given the specification for a lexical analyzer, generates C code implementing it. More information: https://manned.org/lex.1.

Generate an analyzer from a Lex file:
lex {{analyzer.l}}
Specify the output file:
lex {{analyzer.l}} --outfile {{analyzer.c}}
Compile a C file generated by Lex:
cc {{path/to/lex.yy.c}} --output {{executable}}

pacman-mirrors

Generate a pacman mirrorlist for Manjaro Linux. Every run of pacman-mirrors requires you to synchronize your database and update your system using sudo pacman -Syyu. See also: pacman. More information: https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Pacman-mirrors.

Generate a mirrorlist using the default settings:
sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack
Get the status of the current mirrors:
pacman-mirrors --status
Display the current branch:
pacman-mirrors --get-branch
Switch to a different branch:
sudo pacman-mirrors --api --set-branch {{stable|unstable|testing}}
Generate a mirrorlist, only using mirrors in your country:
sudo pacman-mirrors --geoip

xcursorgen

Create an X cursor file from a collection of PNGs. If --prefix is omitted, the image files must be located in the current working directory. More information: https://manned.org/xcursorgen.

Create an X cursor file using a config file:
xcursorgen {{path/to/config.cursor}} {{path/to/output_file}}
Create an X cursor file using a config file and specify the path to the image files:
xcursorgen --prefix {{path/to/image_directory/}} {{path/to/config.cursor}} {{path/to/output_file}}
Create an X cursor file using a config file and write the output to stdout:
xcursorgen {{path/to/config.cursor}}

caja

Manages files and directories in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/caja.

Open the current user home directory:
caja
Open specific directories in separate windows:
caja {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open specific directories in tabs:
caja --tabs {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open a directory with a specific window size:
caja --geometry={{600}}x{{400}} {{path/to/directory}}
Close all windows:
caja --quit

loadkeys

Load the kernel keymap for the console. More information: https://manned.org/loadkeys.

Load a default keymap:
loadkeys --default
Load default keymap when an unusual keymap is loaded and - sign cannot be found:
loadkeys defmap
Create a kernel source table:
loadkeys --mktable
Create a binary keymap:
loadkeys --bkeymap
Search and parse keymap without action:
loadkeys --parse
Load the keymap suppressing all output:
loadkeys --quiet
Load a keymap from the specified file for the console:
loadkeys --console {{/dev/ttyN}} {{/path/to/file}}
Use standard names for keymaps of different locales:
loadkeys --console {{/dev/ttyN}} {{uk}}

bluetoothd

Daemon to manage bluetooth devices. More information: https://manned.org/bluetoothd.

Start the daemon:
bluetoothd
Start the daemon, logging to stdout:
bluetoothd --nodetach
Start the daemon with a specific configuration file (defaults to /etc/bluetooth/main.conf):
bluetoothd --configfile {{path/to/file}}
Start the daemon with verbose output to stderr:
bluetoothd --debug
Start the daemon with verbose output coming from specific files in the bluetoothd or plugins source:
bluetoothd --debug={{path/to/file1}}:{{path/to/file2}}:{{path/to/file3}}

lci

LOLCODE interpreter written in C. More information: https://github.com/justinmeza/lci.

Run a LOLCODE file:
lci {{path/to/file}}
Display version:
lci -v
Display help:
lci -h

atool

Manage archives of various formats. More information: https://www.nongnu.org/atool/.

List files in a zip archive:
atool --list {{path/to/archive.zip}}
Unpack a tar.gz archive into a new subdirectory (or current directory if it contains only one file):
atool --extract {{path/to/archive.tar.gz}}
Create a new 7zip archive with two files:
atool --add {{path/to/archive.7z}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Extract all zip and rar archives in the current directory:
atool --each --extract {{*.zip *.rar}}

ip route list

This command is an alias of ip route show.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr ip-route-show

sensible-editor

Open the default editor. More information: https://manned.org/sensible-editor.

Open a file in the default editor:
sensible-editor {{path/to/file}}
Open a file in the default editor, with the cursor at the end of the file:
sensible-editor + {{path/to/file}}
Open a file in the default editor, with the cursor at the beginning of line 10:
sensible-editor +10 {{path/to/file}}
Open 3 files in vertically split editor windows at the same time:
sensible-editor -O3 {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 path/to/file3}}

qm start

Start a virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Start a specific virtual machine:
qm start {{100}}
Specify the QEMU machine type (i.e. the CPU to emulate):
qm start {{100}} --machine {{q35}}
Start a specific virtual machine with a timeout in 60 seconds:
qm start {{100}} --timeout {{60}}

ul

Performs the underlining of a text. Each character in a given string must be underlined separately. More information: https://manned.org/ul.

Display the contents of the file with underlines where applicable:
ul {{file.txt}}
Display the contents of the file with underlines made of dashes -:
ul -i {{file.txt}}

vgchange

Change the attributes of a Logical Volume Manager (LVM) volume group. See also: lvm. More information: https://manned.org/vgchange.

Change the activation status of logical volumes in all volume groups:
sudo vgchange --activate {{y|n}}
Change the activation status of logical volumes in the specified volume group (determine with vgscan):
sudo vgchange --activate {{y|n}} {{volume_group}}}

rename

Rename multiple files. NOTE: this page refers to the command from the rename Debian package. More information: https://manned.org/file-rename.

Rename files using a Perl Common Regular Expression (substitute 'foo' with 'bar' wherever found):
rename {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Dry-run - display which renames would occur without performing them:
rename -n {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Force renaming even if the operation would remove existing destination files:
rename -f {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Convert filenames to lower case (use -f in case-insensitive filesystems to prevent "already exists" errors):
rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {{*}}
Replace whitespace with underscores:
rename 's/\s+/_/g' {{*}}

jobs

Shell builtin for viewing information about processes spawned by the current shell. Options other than -l and -p are exclusive to bash. More information: https://manned.org/jobs.

View jobs spawned by the current shell:
jobs
List jobs and their process IDs:
jobs -l
Display information about jobs with changed status:
jobs -n
Display only process IDs:
jobs -p
Display running processes:
jobs -r
Display stopped processes:
jobs -s

zipsplit

Read a zipfile and split it into smaller zipfiles. More information: https://manned.org/zipsplit.

Split zipfile into pieces that are no larger than a particular size [n]:
zipsplit -n {{size}} {{path/to/archive.zip}}
[p]ause between the creation of each split zipfile:
zipsplit -p -n {{size}} {{path/to/archive.zip}}
Output the split zipfiles into the archive directory:
zipsplit -b {{archive}} -n {{size}} {{path/to/archive.zip}}

expect

Script executor that interacts with other programs that require user input. More information: https://manned.org/expect.

Execute an expect script from a file:
expect {{path/to/file}}
Execute a specified expect script:
expect -c "{{commands}}"
Enter an interactive REPL (use exit or Ctrl + D to exit):
expect -i

ausyscall

Program that allows mapping syscall names and numbers. More information: https://manned.org/ausyscall.

Display syscall number of a specific system call:
ausyscall {{search_pattern}}
Display name of a specific system call number:
ausyscall {{system_call_number}}
Display all system calls for a specific architecture:
ausyscall {{architecture}} --dump

ldd

Display shared library dependencies of a binary. Do not use on an untrusted binary, use objdump for that instead. More information: https://manned.org/ldd.

Display shared library dependencies of a binary:
ldd {{path/to/binary}}
Display all information about dependencies:
ldd --verbose {{path/to/binary}}
Display unused direct dependencies:
ldd --unused {{path/to/binary}}
Report missing data objects and perform data relocations:
ldd --data-relocs {{path/to/binary}}
Report missing data objects and functions, and perform relocations for both:
ldd --function-relocs {{path/to/binary}}

snap

Manage the "snap" self-contained software packages. Similar to what apt is for .deb. More information: https://manned.org/snap.

Search for a package:
snap find {{query}}
Install a package:
snap install {{package}}
Update a package:
snap refresh {{package}}
Update a package to another channel (track, risk, or branch):
snap refresh {{package}} --channel={{channel}}
Update all packages:
snap refresh
Display basic information about installed snap software:
snap list
Uninstall a package:
snap remove {{package}}
Check for recent snap changes in the system:
snap changes

zathura

A vim-like modal document viewer, with an integrated command-line. Make sure a backend is installed (poppler, PostScript, or DjVu). More information: https://pwmt.org/projects/zathura/.

Open a file:
zathura {{path/to/file}}
Navigate left/up/down/right:
<H|J|K|L> or arrow keys
Rotate:
r
Invert Colors:
Ctrl + R
Search for text by a given string:
/{{string}}
Create/delete bookmarks:
:{{bmark|bdelete}} {{bookmark_name}}
List bookmarks:
:blist

dmenu

Dynamic menu. Creates a menu from a text input with each item on a new line. More information: https://manned.org/dmenu.

Display a menu of the output of the ls command:
{{ls}} | dmenu
Display a menu with custom items separated by a new line (\n):
echo -e "{{red}}\n{{green}}\n{{blue}}" | dmenu
Let the user choose between multiple items and save the selected one to a file:
echo -e "{{red}}\n{{green}}\n{{blue}}" | dmenu > {{color.txt}}
Launch dmenu on a specific monitor:
ls | dmenu -m {{1}}
Display dmenu at the bottom of the screen:
ls | dmenu -b

nmcli networking

Manage the networking status of NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli n. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Show the networking status of NetworkManager:
nmcli networking
Enable or disable networking and all interfaces managed by NetworkManager:
nmcli networking {{on|off}}
Show the last known connectivity state:
nmcli networking connectivity
Show the current connectivity state:
nmcli networking connectivity check

nft

Allows configuration of tables, chains and rules provided by the Linux kernel firewall. Nftables replaces iptables. More information: https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Main_Page.

View current configuration:
sudo nft list ruleset
Add a new table with family "inet" and table "filter":
sudo nft add table {{inet}} {{filter}}
Add a new chain to accept all inbound traffic:
sudo nft add chain {{inet}} {{filter}} {{input}} \{ type {{filter}} hook {{input}} priority {{0}} \; policy {{accept}} \}
Add a new rule to accept several TCP ports:
sudo nft add rule {{inet}} {{filter}} {{input}} {{tcp}} {{dport \{ telnet, ssh, http, https \} accept}}
Add a NAT rule to translate all traffic from the 192.168.0.0/24 subnet to the host's public IP:
sudo nft add rule {{nat}} {{postrouting}} ip saddr {{192.168.0.0/24}} {{masquerade}}
Show rule handles:
sudo nft --handle --numeric list chain {{family}} {{table}} {{chain}}
Delete a rule:
sudo nft delete rule {{inet}} {{filter}} {{input}} handle {{3}}
Save current configuration:
sudo nft list ruleset > {{/etc/nftables.conf}}

tracepath

Trace the path to a network host discovering MTU along this path. More information: https://manned.org/tracepath.

A preferred way to trace the path to a host:
tracepath -p {{33434}} {{host}}
Specify the initial destination port, useful with non-standard firewall settings:
tracepath -p {{destination_port}} {{host}}
Print both hostnames and numerical IP addresses:
tracepath -b {{host}}
Specify a maximum TTL (number of hops):
tracepath -m {{max_hops}} {{host}}
Specify the initial packet length (defaults to 65535 for IPv4 and 128000 for IPv6):
tracepath -l {{packet_length}} {{host}}
Use only IPv6 addresses:
tracepath -6 {{host}}

line

Read a single line of input. More information: https://manned.org/line.1.

Read input:
line

setserial

Read and modify serial port information. More information: https://manned.org/setserial.

Print all information about a specific serial device:
setserial -a {{/dev/cuaN}}
Print the configuration summary of a specific serial device (useful for printing during bootup process):
setserial -b {{device}}
Set a specific configuration parameter to a device:
sudo setserial {{device}} {{parameter}}
Print the configuration of a list of devices:
setserial -g {{device1 device2 ...}}

cpuid

Display detailed information about all CPUs. More information: http://etallen.com/cpuid.html.

Display information for all CPUs:
cpuid
Display information only for the current CPU:
cpuid -1
Display raw hex information with no decoding:
cpuid -r

prt-get

The CRUX package manager. More information: https://crux.nu/doc/prt-get%20-%20User%20Manual.html.

Install a package:
prt-get install {{package}}
Install a package with dependency handling:
prt-get depinst {{package}}
Update a package manually:
prt-get upgrade {{package}}
Remove a package:
prt-get remove {{package}}
Upgrade the system from the local ports tree:
prt-get sysup
Search the ports tree:
prt-get search {{query}}
Search for a file in a package:
prt-get fsearch {{file}}

boltctl

Control thunderbolt devices. More information: https://manned.org/boltctl.

List connected (and authorized) devices:
boltctl
List connected devices, including unauthorized ones:
boltctl list
Authorize a device temporarily:
boltctl authorize {{device_uuid}}
Authorize and remember a device:
boltctl enroll {{device_uuid}}
Revoke a previously authorized device:
boltctl forget {{device_uuid}}
Show more information about a device:
boltctl info {{device_uuid}}

fixfiles

Fix file SELinux security contexts. More information: https://manned.org/fixfiles.

If specified with onboot, this fixfiles will record the current date in the /.autorelabel file, so that it can be used later to speed up labeling. If used with restore, the restore will only affect files that were modified today:
fixfiles -B
[F]orce reset of context to match file_context for customizable files:
fixfiles -F
Clear /tmp directory without confirmation:
fixfiles -f
Use the [R]pm database to discover all files within specific packages and restore the file contexts:
fixfiles -R {{rpm_package1,rpm_package2 ...}}
Run a diff on the PREVIOUS_FILECONTEXT file to the [C]urrently installed one, and restore the context of all affected files:
fixfiles -C PREVIOUS_FILECONTEXT
Only act on files created after a specific date which will be passed to find --newermt command:
fixfiles -N {{YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM}}
Bind [M]ount filesystems before relabeling them, this allows fixing the context of files or directories that have been mounted over:
fixfiles -M
Modify [v]erbosity from progress to verbose and run restorecon with -v instead of -p:
fixfiles -v

ntpq

Query the Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon. More information: https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/html/ntpq.html.

Start ntpq in interactive mode:
ntpq --interactive
Print a list of NTP peers:
ntpq --peers
Print a list of NTP peers without resolving hostnames from IP addresses:
ntpq --numeric --peers
Use ntpq in debugging mode:
ntpq --debug-level
Print NTP system variables values:
ntpq --command={{rv}}

mknod

Create block or character device special files. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mknod.

Create a block device:
sudo mknod {{path/to/device_file}} b {{major_device_number}} {{minor_device_number}}
Create a character device:
sudo mknod {{path/to/device_file}} c {{major_device_number}} {{minor_device_number}}
Create a FIFO (queue) device:
sudo mknod {{path/to/device_file}} p
Create a device file with default SELinux security context:
sudo mknod -Z {{path/to/device_file}} {{type}} {{major_device_number}} {{minor_device_number}}

qm guest passwd

Set the password for a specific user on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Set a password for a specific user in a virtual machine interactively:
qm guest passwd {{vm_id}} {{username}}
Set an already hashed password for a specific user in a virtual machine interactively:
qm guest passwd {{vm_id}} {{username}} --crypted 1

aptitude

Debian and Ubuntu package management utility. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/aptitude/aptitude.8.html.

Synchronize list of packages and versions available. This should be run first, before running subsequent aptitude commands:
aptitude update
Install a new package and its dependencies:
aptitude install {{package}}
Search for a package:
aptitude search {{package}}
Search for an installed package (?installed is an aptitude search term):
aptitude search '?installed({{package}})'
Remove a package and all packages depending on it:
aptitude remove {{package}}
Upgrade installed packages to the newest available versions:
aptitude upgrade
Upgrade installed packages (like aptitude upgrade) including removing obsolete packages and installing additional packages to meet new package dependencies:
aptitude full-upgrade
Put an installed package on hold to prevent it from being automatically upgraded:
aptitude hold '?installed({{package}})'

acpi

Shows battery status or thermal information. More information: https://sourceforge.net/projects/acpiclient/files/acpiclient/.

Show battery information:
acpi
Show thermal information:
acpi -t
Show cooling device information:
acpi -c
Show thermal information in Fahrenheit:
acpi -tf
Show all information:
acpi -V
Extract information from /proc instead of /sys:
acpi -p

fold

Folds long lines for fixed-width output devices. More information: https://gnu.org/software/coreutils/fold.

Fold lines in a fixed width:
fold --width {{width}} {{path/to/file}}
Count width in bytes (the default is to count in columns):
fold --bytes --width {{width_in_bytes}} {{path/to/file}}
Break the line after the rightmost blank within the width limit:
fold --spaces --width {{width}} {{path/to/file}}

hdparm

Get and set SATA and IDE hard drive parameters. More information: https://manned.org/hdparm.

Request the identification info of a given device:
sudo hdparm -I /dev/{{device}}
Get the Advanced Power Management level:
sudo hdparm -B /dev/{{device}}
Set the Advanced Power Management value (values 1-127 permit spin-down, and values 128-254 do not):
sudo hdparm -B {{1}} /dev/{{device}}
Display the device's current power mode status:
sudo hdparm -C /dev/{{device}}
Force a drive to immediately enter standby mode (usually causes a drive to spin down):
sudo hdparm -y /dev/{{device}}
Put the drive into idle (low-power) mode, also setting its standby timeout:
sudo hdparm -S {{standby_timeout}} {{device}}
Test the read speed of a specific device:
sudo hdparm -tT {{device}}

konsole

KDE's terminal emulator. More information: https://docs.kde.org/trunk5/en/konsole/konsole/command-line-options.html.

Open the terminal in a specific directory:
konsole --workdir {{path/to/directory}}
[e]xecute a specific command and don't close the window after it exits:
konsole --noclose -e "{{command}}"
Open a new tab:
konsole --new-tab
Open the terminal in the background and bring to the front when Ctrl+Shift+F12 is pressed:
konsole --background-mode

blastp

Protein-Protein BLAST. More information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279684/table/appendices.T.blastp_application_options/.

Align two or more sequences using blastp, with the e-value threshold of 1e-9, pairwise output format, output to screen:
blastp -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}} -evalue {{1e-9}}
Align two or more sequences using blastp-fast:
blastp -task blastp-fast -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}}
Align two or more sequences, custom tabular output format, output to file:
blastp -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}} -outfmt '{{6 qseqid qlen qstart qend sseqid slen sstart send bitscore evalue pident}}' -out {{output.tsv}}
Search protein databases using a protein query, 16 threads to use in the BLAST search, with a maximum number of 10 aligned sequences to keep:
blastp -query {{query.fa}} -db {{blast_database_name}} -num_threads {{16}} -max_target_seqs {{10}}
Search the remote non-redundant protein database using a protein query:
blastp -query {{query.fa}} -db {{nr}} -remote
Display help (use -help for detailed help):
blastp -h

poweroff

Power off the system. More information: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/poweroff.8.html.

Power off the system:
poweroff
Halt the system (same as halt):
poweroff --halt
Reboot the system (same as reboot):
poweroff --reboot
Shut down immediately without contacting the system manager:
poweroff --force --force
Write the wtmp shutdown entry without shutting down the system:
poweroff --wtmp-only

xeyes

Display eyes on the screen that follow the mouse cursor. More information: https://manned.org/xeyes.

Launch xeyes on the local machine's default display:
xeyes
Launch xeyes on a remote machine's display 0, screen 0:
xeyes -display {{remote_host}}:{{0}}.{{0}}

sreport

Generate reports on jobs, users, and clusters from accounting data. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/sreport.html.

Show pipe delimited cluster utilization data:
sreport --parsable cluster utilization
Show number of jobs run:
sreport job sizes printjobcount
Show users with the highest CPU time use:
sreport user topuser

daemonize

Run a command (that does not daemonize itself) as a Unix daemon. More information: http://software.clapper.org/daemonize/.

Run a command as a daemon:
daemonize {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Write the PID to the specified file:
daemonize -p {{path/to/pidfile}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Use a lock file to ensure that only one instance runs at a time:
daemonize -l {{path/to/lockfile}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Use the specified user account:
sudo daemonize -u {{user}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

ac

Print statistics on how long users have been connected. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/manual/accounting.html#ac.

Print how long the current user has been connected in hours:
ac
Print how long users have been connected in hours:
ac --individual-totals
Print how long a particular user has been connected in hours:
ac --individual-totals {{username}}
Print how long a particular user has been connected in hours per day (with total):
ac --daily-totals --individual-totals {{username}}
Also display additional details:
ac --compatibility

grub-bios-setup

Set up a device to use GRUB with a BIOS configuration. You should use grub-install instead of grub-bios-setup in most cases. More information: https://manned.org/grub-bios-setup.8.

Set up a device to boot with GRUB:
grub-bios-setup {{/dev/sdX}}
Install even if problems are detected:
grub-bios-setup --force {{/dev/sdX}}
Install GRUB in a specific directory:
grub-bios-setup --directory={{/boot/grub}} {{/dev/sdX}}

scontrol

View information about and modify jobs. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/scontrol.html.

Show information for job:
scontrol show job {{job_id}}
Suspend a comma-separated list of running jobs:
scontrol suspend {{job_id}}
Resume a comma-separated list of suspended jobs:
scontrol resume {{job_id}}
Hold a comma-separated list of queued jobs (Use release command to permit the jobs to be scheduled):
scontrol hold {{job_id}}
Release a comma-separated list of suspended job:
scontrol release {{job_id}}

toolbox rm

Remove one or more toolbox containers. See also: toolbox rmi. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-rm.1.

Remove a toolbox container:
toolbox rm {{container_name}}
Remove all toolbox containers:
toolbox rm --all
Force the removal of a currently active toolbox container:
toolbox rm --force {{container_name}}

userdbctl

Inspect users, groups and group memberships on the system. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/userdbctl.html.

List all known user records:
userdbctl user
Show details of a specific user:
userdbctl user {{username}}
List all known groups:
userdbctl group
Show details of a specific group:
userdbctl group {{groupname}}
List all services currently providing user/group definitions to the system:
userdbctl services

qm pending

Get the virtual machine configuration with both current and pending values. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Get the virtual machine configuration of a specific virtual machine:
qm pending {{vm_id}}

read

Shell builtin for retrieving data from stdin. More information: https://manned.org/read.1p.

Store data that you type from the keyboard:
read {{variable}}
Store each of the next lines you enter as values of an array:
read -a {{array}}
Specify the number of maximum characters to be read:
read -n {{character_count}} {{variable}}
Use a specific character as a delimiter instead of a new line:
read -d {{new_delimiter}} {{variable}}
Do not let backslash (\) act as an escape character:
read -r {{variable}}
Display a prompt before the input:
read -p "{{Enter your input here: }}" {{variable}}
Do not echo typed characters (silent mode):
read -s {{variable}}
Read stdin and perform an action on every line:
while read line; do echo "$line"; done

dirbuster

Brute force directories and filenames on servers. More information: https://www.kali.org/tools/dirbuster/.

Start in GUI mode:
dirbuster -u {{http://example.com}}
Start in headless (no GUI) mode:
dirbuster -H -u {{http://example.com}}
Set the file extension list:
dirbuster -e {{txt,html}}
Enable verbose output:
dirbuster -v
Set the report location:
dirbuster -r {{path/to/report.txt}}

mksquashfs

Create or append files and directories to squashfs filesystems. More information: https://manned.org/mksquashfs.

Create or append files and directories to a squashfs filesystem (compressed using gzip by default):
mksquashfs {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Create or append files and directories to a squashfs filesystem, using a specific [comp]ression algorithm:
mksquashfs {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} {{filesystem.squashfs}} -comp {{gzip|lzo|lz4|xz|zstd|lzma}}
Create or append files and directories to a squashfs filesystem, [e]xcluding some of them:
mksquashfs {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} {{filesystem.squashfs}} -e {{file|directory1 file|directory2 ...}}
Create or append files and directories to a squashfs filesystem, [e]xcluding those ending with .gz:
mksquashfs {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} {{filesystem.squashfs}} -wildcards -e "{{*.gz}}"
Create or append files and directories to a squashfs filesystem, [e]xcluding those matching a regular expression:
mksquashfs {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}} {{filesystem.squashfs}} -regex -e "{{regular_expression}}"

phpdismod

Disable PHP extensions on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://salsa.debian.org/php-team/php-defaults.

Disable the JSON extension for every SAPI of every PHP version:
sudo phpdismod {{json}}
Disable the JSON extension for PHP 7.3 with the cli SAPI:
sudo phpdismod -v {{7.3}} -s {{cli}} {{json}}

qm clone

Create a copy of virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Copy a virtual machine:
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}}
Copy a virtual machine using a specific name:
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}} --name {{name}}
Copy a virtual machine using a specific descriptionn:
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}} --description {{description}}
Copy a virtual machine creating a full copy of all disks:
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}} --full
Copy a virtual machine using a specific format for file storage (requires --full):
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}} --full --format {{qcow2|raw|vmdk}}
Copy a virtual machine then add it to a specific pool:
qm copy {{vm_id}} {{new_vm_id}} --pool {{pool_name}}

mkfs.ext4

Creates an ext4 filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.ext4.

Create an ext4 filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
sudo mkfs.ext4 {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create an ext4 filesystem with a volume-label:
sudo mkfs.ext4 -L {{volume_label}} {{/dev/sdb1}}

pridecat

Like cat but more colorful :). More information: https://github.com/lunasorcery/pridecat.

Print the contents of a file in pride colors to stdout:
pridecat {{path/to/file}}
Print contents of a file in trans colors:
pridecat {{path/to/file}} --{{transgender|trans}}
Alternate between lesbian and bisexual pride flags:
pridecat {{path/to/file}} --lesbian --bi
Print contents of a file with the background colors changed:
pridecat {{path/to/file}} -b
List directory contents in pride flag colors:
ls | pridecat --{{flag}}

lsblk

Lists information about devices. More information: https://manned.org/lsblk.

List all storage devices in a tree-like format:
lsblk
Also list empty devices:
lsblk -a
Print the SIZE column in bytes rather than in a human-readable format:
lsblk -b
Output info about filesystems:
lsblk -f
Use ASCII characters for tree formatting:
lsblk -i
Output info about block-device topology:
lsblk -t
Exclude the devices specified by the comma-separated list of major device numbers:
lsblk -e {{1,7}}
Display a customized summary using a comma-separated list of columns:
lsblk --output {{NAME}},{{SERIAL}},{{MODEL}},{{TRAN}},{{TYPE}},{{SIZE}},{{FSTYPE}},{{MOUNTPOINT}}

gbp

A system to integrate the Debian package build system with Git. More information: http://honk.sigxcpu.org/projects/git-buildpackage/manual-html/gbp.html.

Convert an existing Debian package to gbp:
gbp import-dsc {{path/to/package.dsc}}
Build the package in the current directory using the default builder (debuild):
gbp buildpackage -jauto -us -uc
Build a package in a pbuilder environment for Debian Bullseye:
DIST={{bullseye}} ARCH={{amd64}} gbp buildpackage -jauto -us -uc --git-builder={{git-pbuilder}}
Specify a package to be a source-only upload in the .changes file (see https://wiki.debian.org/SourceOnlyUpload):
gbp buildpackage -jauto -us -uc --changes-options={{-S}}
Import a new upstream release:
gbp import-orig --pristine-tar {{path/to/package.tar.gz}}

tc

Show/manipulate traffic control settings. More information: https://manned.org/tc.

Add constant network delay to outbound packages:
tc qdisc add dev {{eth0}} root netem delay {{delay_in_milliseconds}}ms
Add normal distributed network delay to outbound packages:
tc qdisc add dev {{eth0}} root netem delay {{mean_delay_ms}}ms {{delay_std_ms}}ms
Add package corruption/loss/duplication to a portion of packages:
tc qdisc add dev {{eth0}} root netem {{corruption|loss|duplication}} {{effect_percentage}}%
Limit bandwidth, burst rate and max latency:
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root tbf rate {{max_bandwidth_mb}}mbit burst {{max_burst_rate_kb}}kbit latency {{max_latency_before_drop_ms}}ms
Show active traffic control policies:
tc qdisc show dev {{eth0}}
Delete all traffic control rules:
tc qdisc del dev {{eth0}}
Change traffic control rule:
tc qdisc change dev {{eth0}} root netem {{policy}} {{policy_parameters}}

create_ap

Create an AP (Access Point) at any channel. More information: https://github.com/oblique/create_ap.

Create an open network with no passphrase:
create_ap {{wlan0}} {{eth0}} {{access_point_ssid}}
Use a WPA + WPA2 passphrase:
create_ap {{wlan0}} {{eth0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}
Create an access point without Internet sharing:
create_ap -n {{wlan0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}
Create a bridged network with Internet sharing:
create_ap -m bridge {{wlan0}} {{eth0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}
Create a bridged network with Internet sharing and a pre-configured bridge interface:
create_ap -m bridge {{wlan0}} {{br0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}
Create an access port for Internet sharing from the same Wi-Fi interface:
create_ap {{wlan0}} {{wlan0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}
Choose a different Wi-Fi adapter driver:
create_ap --driver {{wifi_adapter}} {{wlan0}} {{eth0}} {{access_point_ssid}} {{passphrase}}

faillock

Display and modify authentication failure record files. More information: https://manned.org/faillock.

List login failures of all users:
sudo faillock
List login failures of the specified user:
sudo faillock --user {{user}}
Reset the failure records of the specified user:
sudo faillock --user {{user}} --reset

readpe

Displays information about PE files. More information: https://manned.org/readpe.

Display all information about a PE file:
readpe {{path/to/executable}}
Display all the headers present in a PE file:
readpe --all-headers {{path/to/executable}}
Display all the sections present in a PE file:
readpe --all-sections {{path/to/executable}}
Display a specific header from a PE file:
readpe --header {{dos|coff|optional}} {{path/to/executable}}
List all imported functions:
readpe --imports {{path/to/executable}}
List all exported functions:
readpe --exports {{path/to/executable}}

nova

The OpenStack project that provides a way to provision compute instances. More information: https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/.

List VMs on current tenant:
nova list
List VMs of all tenants (admin user only):
nova list --all-tenants
Boot a VM on a specific host:
nova boot --nic net-id={{net_id}} --image {{image_id}} --flavor {{flavor}} --availability-zone nova:{{host_name}} {{vm_name}}
Start a server:
nova start {{server}}
Stop a server:
nova stop {{server}}
Attach a network interface to a specific VM:
nova interface-attach --net-id {{net_id}} {{server}}

prlimit

Get or set process resource soft and hard limits. Given a process ID and one or more resources, prlimit tries to retrieve and/or modify the limits. More information: https://manned.org/prlimit.

Display limit values for all current resources for the running parent process:
prlimit
Display limit values for all current resources of a specified process:
prlimit --pid {{pid number}}
Run a command with a custom number of open files limit:
prlimit --nofile={{10}} {{command}}

reset

Reinitializes the current terminal. Clears the entire terminal screen. More information: https://manned.org/reset.

Reinitialize the current terminal:
reset
Display the terminal type instead:
reset -q

distrobox-export

Export app/service/binary from container to host OS. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-export.html.

Export an app from the container to the host (the desktop entry/icon will show up in your host system's application list):
distrobox-export --app {{package}} --extra-flags "--foreground"
Export a binary from the container to the host:
distrobox-export --bin {{path/to/binary}} --export-path {{path/to/binary_on_host}}
Export a binary from the container to the host (i.e.$HOME/.local/bin) :
distrobox-export --bin {{path/to/binary}} --export-path {{path/to/export}}
Export a service from the container to the host (--sudo will run the service as root inside the container):
distrobox-export --service {{package}} --extra-flags "--allow-newer-config" --sudo
Unexport/delete an exported application:
distrobox-export --app {{package}} --delete

fprintd-enroll

Enroll fingerprints into the database. More information: https://manned.org/fprintd-enroll.

Enroll the right index finger for the current user:
fprintd-enroll
Enroll a specific finger for the current user:
fprintd-enroll --finger {{left-thumb|left-index-finger|left-middle-finger|left-ring-finger|left-little-finger|right-thumb|right-index-finger|right-middle-finger|right-ring-finger|right-little-finger}}
Enroll the right index finger for a specific user:
fprintd-enroll {{username}}
Enroll a specific finger for a specific user:
fprintd-enroll --finger {{finger_name}} {{username}}
Display help:
fprintd-enroll --help

pkgadd

Add a package to a CRUX system. More information: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E72487/pkgadd-8.html.

Install a local software package:
pkgadd {{package}}
Update an already installed package from a local package:
pkgadd -u {{package}}

fprintd

Fingerprint management daemon. More information: https://fprint.freedesktop.org/.

Display the man page for fprintd:
man fprintd

cmus

Command-line Music Player. Use arrow keys to navigate, <enter/return> to select, and numbers 1-8 switch between different views. More information: https://cmus.github.io.

Open cmus into the specified directory (this will become your new working directory):
cmus {{path/to/directory}}
Add file/directory to library:
:add {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Pause/unpause current song:
c
Toggle shuffle mode on/off:
s
Quit cmus:
q

qm cleanup

Clean up resources on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager like tap devices, VGPUs, etc. Called after a VM shuts down, crashes, etc. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Clean up resources:
qm cleanup {{vm_id}} {{clean-shutdown}} {{guest-requested}}

eix

Utilities for searching local Gentoo packages. Update local package cache using eix-update. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Eix.

Search for a package:
eix {{query}}
Search for installed packages:
eix --installed {{query}}
Search in package descriptions:
eix --description "{{description}}"
Search by package license:
eix --license {{license}}
Exclude results from search:
eix --not --license {{license}}

goaccess

An open source real-time web log analyzer. More information: https://goaccess.io.

Analyze one or more log files in interactive mode:
goaccess {{path/to/logfile1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Use a specific log-format (or pre-defined formats like "combined"):
goaccess {{path/to/logfile}} --log-format={{format}}
Analyze a log from stdin:
tail -f {{path/to/logfile}} | goaccess -
Analyze a log and write it to an HTML file in real-time:
goaccess {{path/to/logfile}} --output {{path/to/file.html}} --real-time-html

ip

Show/manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels. Some subcommands such as ip address have their own usage documentation. More information: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip.8.html.

List interfaces with detailed info:
ip address
List interfaces with brief network layer info:
ip -brief address
List interfaces with brief link layer info:
ip -brief link
Display the routing table:
ip route
Show neighbors (ARP table):
ip neighbour
Make an interface up/down:
ip link set {{interface}} up/down
Add/Delete an IP address to an interface:
ip addr add/del {{ip}}/{{mask}} dev {{interface}}
Add a default route:
ip route add default via {{ip}} dev {{interface}}

spectre-meltdown-checker

Spectre and Meltdown mitigation detection tool. More information: https://manned.org/spectre-meltdown-checker.

Check the currently running kernel for Spectre or Meltdown:
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker
Check the currently running kernel and show an explanation of the actions to take to mitigate a vulnerability:
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker --explain
Check for specific variants (defaults to all):
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker --variant {{1|2|3|3a|4|l1tf|msbds|mfbds|mlpds|mdsum|taa|mcespc|srbds}}
Display output using a specific output format:
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker --batch {{text|json|nrpe|prometheus|short}}
Don't use the /sys interface even if present:
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker --no-sysfs
Check a non-running kernel:
sudo spectre-meltdown-checker --kernel {{path/to/kernel_file}}

tune2fs

Adjust parameters of an ext2, ext3 or ext4 filesystem. May be used on mounted filesystems. More information: https://manned.org/tune2fs.

Set the max number of counts before a filesystem is checked to 2:
tune2fs -c {{2}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Set the filesystem label to MY_LABEL:
tune2fs -L {{'MY_LABEL'}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Enable discard and user-specified extended attributes for a filesystem:
tune2fs -o {{discard,user_xattr}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Enable journaling for a filesystem:
tune2fs -o^{{nobarrier}} {{/dev/sdXN}}

systemd-cat

Connect a pipeline or program's output streams with the systemd journal. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-cat.html.

Write the output of the specified command to the journal (both output streams are captured):
systemd-cat {{command}}
Write the output of a pipeline to the journal (stderr stays connected to the terminal):
{{command}} | systemd-cat

lspci

List all PCI devices. More information: https://manned.org/lspci.

Show a brief list of devices:
lspci
Display additional info:
lspci -v
Display drivers and modules handling each device:
lspci -k
Show a specific device:
lspci -s {{00:18.3}}
Dump info in a readable form:
lspci -vm

btrfs filesystem

Manage btrfs filesystems. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-filesystem.html.

Show filesystem usage (optionally run as root to show detailed information):
btrfs filesystem usage {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Show usage by individual devices:
sudo btrfs filesystem show {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Defragment a single file on a btrfs filesystem (avoid while a deduplication agent is running):
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -v {{path/to/file}}
Defragment a directory recursively (does not cross subvolume boundaries):
sudo btrfs filesystem defragment -v -r {{path/to/directory}}
Force syncing unwritten data blocks to disk(s):
sudo btrfs filesystem sync {{path/to/btrfs_mount}}
Summarize disk usage for the files in a directory recursively:
sudo btrfs filesystem du --summarize {{path/to/directory}}

repquota

Display a summary of existing file quotas for a filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/repquota.

Report stats for all quotas in use:
sudo repquota -all
Report quota stats for all users, even those who aren't using any of their quota:
sudo repquota -v {{filesystem}}
Report on quotas for users only:
repquota --user {{filesystem}}
Report on quotas for groups only:
sudo repquota --group {{filesystem}}
Report on used quota and limits in a human-readable format:
sudo repquota --human-readable {{filesystem}}
Report on all quotas for users and groups in a human-readable format:
sudo repquota -augs

sic

Simple IRC client. Part of the suckless tools. More information: https://tools.suckless.org/sic/.

Connect to the default host (irc.ofct.net) with the nickname set in the $USER environment variable:
sic
Connect to a given host, using a given nickname:
sic -h {{host}} -n {{nickname}}
Connect to a given host, using a given nickname and password:
sic -h {{host}} -n {{nickname}} -k {{password}}
Join a channel:
:j #{{channel}}<Enter>
Send a message to a channel or user:
:m #{{channel|user}}<Enter>
Set default channel or user:
:s #{{channel|user}}<Enter>

systemd-tty-ask-password-agent

List or process pending systemd password requests. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent.html.

List all currently pending system password requests:
systemd-tty-ask-password-agent --list
Continuously process password requests:
systemd-tty-ask-password-agent --watch
Process all currently pending system password requests by querying the user on the calling TTY:
systemd-tty-ask-password-agent --query
Forward password requests to wall instead of querying the user on the calling TTY:
systemd-tty-ask-password-agent --wall

rspamc

Command-line client for rspamd servers. More information: https://manned.org/rspamc.

Train the bayesian filter to recognise an email as spam:
rspamc learn_spam {{path/to/email_file}}
Train the bayesian filter to recognise an email as ham:
rspamc learn_ham {{path/to/email_file}}
Generate a manual report on an email:
rspamc symbols {{path/to/email_file}}
Show server statistics:
rspamc stat

pkgmk

Make a binary package for use with pkgadd on CRUX. More information: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E37839/pkgmk-1.html.

Make and download a package:
pkgmk -d
Install the package after making it:
pkgmk -d -i
Upgrade the package after making it:
pkgmk -d -u
Ignore the footprint when making a package:
pkgmk -d -if
Ignore the MD5 sum when making a package:
pkgmk -d -im
Update the package's footprint:
pkgmk -uf

chage

Change user account and password expiry information. More information: https://manned.org/chage.

List password information for the user:
chage --list {{username}}
Enable password expiration in 10 days:
sudo chage --maxdays {{10}} {{username}}
Disable password expiration:
sudo chage --maxdays {{-1}} {{username}}
Set account expiration date:
sudo chage --expiredate {{YYYY-MM-DD}} {{username}}
Force user to change password on next log in:
sudo chage --lastday {{0}} {{username}}

qm importdisk

This command is an alias of qm disk import.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr qm disk import

oomctl

Analyze the state stored in systemd-oomd. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/oomctl.html.

Show the current state of the cgroups and system contexts stored by systemd-oomd:
oomctl dump

pacman --remove

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Remove a package and its dependencies:
sudo pacman --remove --recursive {{package}}
Remove a package and both its dependencies and configuration files:
sudo pacman --remove --recursive --nosave {{package}}
Remove a package without prompting:
sudo pacman --remove --noconfirm {{package}}
Remove orphan packages (installed as dependencies but not required by any package):
sudo pacman --remove --recursive --nosave $(pacman --query --unrequired --deps --quiet)
Remove a package and all packages that depend on it:
sudo pacman --remove --cascade {{package}}
List packages that would be affected (does not remove any packages):
pacman --remove --print {{package}}
Display help for this subcommand:
pacman --remove --help

ispell

Interactive spell checking. More information: https://www.cs.hmc.edu/~geoff/ispell-man.html.

Start an interactive session:
ispell
Check for typos in the specified file and interactively apply suggestions:
ispell {{path/to/file}}
Display the version:
ispell -v

lxterminal

Terminal emulator for LXDE. More information: https://wiki.lxde.org/en/LXTerminal.

Open an LXTerminal window:
lxterminal
Open an LXTerminal window, run a command, and then exit:
lxterminal -e "{{command}}"
Open an LXTerminal window with multiple tabs:
lxterminal --tabs={{tab_name1,tab_name2,...}}
Open an LXTerminal window with a specific title:
lxterminal --title={{title_name}}
Open an LXTerminal window with a specific working directory:
lxterminal --working-directory={{path/to/directory}}

openfortivpn

A VPN client, for Fortinet's proprietary PPP+SSL VPN solution. More information: https://github.com/adrienverge/openfortivpn.

Connect to a VPN with a username and password:
openfortivpn --username={{username}} --password={{password}}
Connect to a VPN using a specific configuration file (defaults to /etc/openfortivpn/config):
sudo openfortivpn --config={{path/to/config}}
Connect to a VPN by specifying the host and port:
openfortivpn {{host}}:{{port}}
Trust a given gateway by passing in its certificate's sha256 sum:
openfortivpn --trusted-cert={{sha256_sum}}

lslocks

List local system locks. More information: https://manned.org/lslocks.

List all local system locks:
lslocks
List locks with defined column headers:
lslocks --output {{PID}},{{COMMAND}},{{PATH}}
List locks producing a raw output (no columns), and without column headers:
lslocks --raw --noheadings
List locks by PID input:
lslocks --pid {{PID}}
List locks with JSON output to stdout:
lslocks --json

wtf

Show the expansions of acronyms. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/bsdgames/wtf.6.en.html.

Expand a given acronym:
wtf {{IMO}}
Specify a computer related search type:
wtf -t {{comp}} {{WWW}}

distrobox-rm

Remove a distrobox container. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-rm.html.

Remove a distrobox container (Tip: Stop the container before removing it):
distrobox-rm {{container_name}}
Remove a distrobox container forcefully:
distrobox-rm {{container_name}} --force

ntfsfix

Fix common problems on an NTFS partition. More information: https://manned.org/ntfsfix.

Fix a given NTFS partition:
sudo ntfsfix {{/dev/sdXN}}

guake

A drop-down terminal for GNOME. More information: http://guake-project.org/.

Toggle Guake visibility:
F12
Toggle fullscreen mode:
F11
Open a new tab:
Ctrl+Shift+T
Close the terminal:
Super+X
Go to the previous tab:
Ctrl+PageUp
Search the selected text in the browser:
Shift+Ctrl+L

mklost+found

Create a lost+found directory. More information: https://manned.org/mklost+found.

Create a lost+found directory in the current directory:
mklost+found

cgexec

Limit, measure, and control resources used by processes. Multiple cgroup types (aka controllers) exist, such as cpu, memory, etc. More information: https://manned.org/cgexec.

Execute a process in a given cgroup with given controller:
cgexec -g {{controller}}:{{cgroup_name}} {{process_name}}

dpkg-reconfigure

Reconfigure an already installed package. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/debconf/dpkg-reconfigure.8.html.

Reconfigure one or more packages:
dpkg-reconfigure {{package1 package2 ...}}

kreadconfig5

Read KConfig entries for KDE Plasma. More information: https://userbase.kde.org/KDE_System_Administration/Configuration_Files.

Read a key from the global configuration:
kreadconfig5 --group {{group_name}} --key {{key_name}}
Read a key from a specific configuration file:
kwriteconfig5 --file {{path/to/file}} --group {{group_name}} --key {{key_name}}
Check if systemd is used to start the Plasma session:
kreadconfig5 --file {{startkderc}} --group {{General}} --key {{systemdBoot}}

distrobox-stop

Stop a distrobox container. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-stop.html.

Stop a distrobox container:
distrobox-stop {{container_name}}
Stop a distrobox container non-interactively (without confirmation):
distrobox-stop --name {{container_name}} --yes

cpupower

Tools regarding CPU power and tuning options. This command is available as part of the cpupower package, or as part of kernel-tools on Fedora. More information: https://manned.org/cpupower.

List CPUs:
sudo cpupower --cpu {{all}} info
Print information about all cores:
sudo cpupower --cpu {{all}} info
Set all CPUs to a power-saving frequency governor:
sudo cpupower --cpu {{all}} frequency-set --governor {{powersave}}
Print CPU 0's available frequency [g]overnors:
sudo cpupower --cpu {{0}} frequency-info g | grep "analyzing\|governors"
Print CPU 4's frequency from the hardware, in a human-readable format:
sudo cpupower --cpu {{4}} frequency-info --hwfreq --human

mmdebstrap

Create a Debian chroot. Alternative to debootstrap. More information: https://gitlab.mister-muffin.de/josch/mmdebstrap/.

Create a Debian Stable directory chroot:
sudo mmdebstrap stable {{path/to/debian-root/}}
Create a Debian Bookworm tarball chroot using a mirror:
mmdebstrap bookworm {{path/to/debian-bookworm.tar}} {{http://mirror.example.org/debian}}
Create a Debian Sid tarball chroot with additional packages:
mmdebstrap sid {{path/to/debian-sid.tar}} --include={{pkg1,pkg2}}

chattr

Change attributes of files or directories. More information: https://manned.org/chattr.

Make a file or directory immutable to changes and deletion, even by superuser:
chattr +i {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Make a file or directory mutable:
chattr -i {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Recursively make an entire directory and contents immutable:
chattr -R +i {{path/to/directory}}

gs

GhostScript is a PDF and PostScript interpreter. More information: https://manned.org/gs.

To view a file:
gs -dQUIET -dBATCH {{file.pdf}}
Reduce PDF file size to 150 dpi images for reading on a e-book device:
gs -dNOPAUSE -dQUIET -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook -sOutputFile={{output.pdf}} {{input.pdf}}
Convert PDF file (pages 1 through 3) to an image with 150 dpi resolution:
gs -dQUIET -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=jpeg -r150 -dFirstPage={{1}} -dLastPage={{3}} -sOutputFile={{output_%d.jpg}} {{input.pdf}}
Extract pages from a PDF file:
gs -dQUIET -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile={{output.pdf}} {{input.pdf}}
Merge PDF files:
gs -dQUIET -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile={{output.pdf}} {{input1.pdf}} {{input2.pdf}}
Convert from PostScript file to PDF file:
gs -dQUIET -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile={{output.pdf}} {{input.ps}}

feedreader

A GUI desktop RSS client. More information: https://jangernert.github.io/FeedReader/.

Print the count of unread articles:
feedreader --unreadCount
Add a URL for a feed to follow:
feedreader --addFeed={{feed_url}}
Grab a specific article using its URL:
feedreader --grabArticle={{article_url}}
Download all images from a specific article:
feedreader --url={{feed_url}} --grabImages={{article_path}}
Play media from a URL:
feedreader --playMedia={{article_url}}

modinfo

Extract information about a Linux kernel module. More information: https://manned.org/modinfo.

List all attributes of a kernel module:
modinfo {{kernel_module}}
List the specified attribute only:
modinfo -F {{author|description|license|parm|filename}} {{kernel_module}}

ip6tables-save

This command is an alias of iptables-save for the IPv6 firewall.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr iptables-save

pkgctl repo

Manage Git packaging repositories and their configuration for Arch Linux. See also: pkgctl. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-repo.1.

Clone a package repository (requires setting an SSH key in your Arch Linux GitLab account):
pkgctl repo clone {{pkgname}}
Clone a package repository over HTTPS:
pkgctl repo clone --protocol=https {{pkgname}}
Create a new GitLab package repository and clone it after creation (requires valid GitLab API authentication):
pkgctl repo create {{pkgbase}}
Switch a package repository to a specified version:
pkgctl repo switch {{version}} {{pkgbase}}
Open a package repository's website:
pkgctl repo web {{pkgbase}}

ethtool

Display and modify Network Interface Controller (NIC) parameters. More information: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ethtool.8.html.

Display the current settings for an interface:
ethtool {{eth0}}
Display the driver information for an interface:
ethtool --driver {{eth0}}
Display all supported features for an interface:
ethtool --show-features {{eth0}}
Display the network usage statistics for an interface:
ethtool --statistics {{eth0}}
Blink one or more LEDs on an interface for 10 seconds:
ethtool --identify {{eth0}} {{10}}
Set the link speed, duplex mode, and parameter auto-negotiation for a given interface:
ethtool -s {{eth0}} speed {{10|100|1000}} duplex {{half|full}} autoneg {{on|off}}

sensible-browser

Open the default browser. More information: https://manned.org/sensible-browser.

Open a new window of the default browser:
sensible-browser
Open a URL in the default browser:
sensible-browser {{url}}

pstree

A convenient tool to show running processes as a tree. More information: https://manned.org/pstree.

Display a tree of processes:
pstree
Display a tree of processes with PIDs:
pstree -p
Display all process trees rooted at processes owned by specified user:
pstree {{user}}

pvcreate

Initialize a disk or partition for use as a physical volume. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/pvcreate.8.html.

Initialize the /dev/sda1 volume for use by LVM:
pvcreate {{/dev/sda1}}
Force the creation without any confirmation prompts:
pvcreate --force {{/dev/sda1}}

smbmap

SMB enumeration tool. More information: https://github.com/ShawnDEvans/smbmap.

Display SMB shares and permissions on a host, prompting for user's password or NTLM hash:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}}
Display SMB shares and permissions on a host, specifying the domain and passing the password NTLM hash:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -d {{domain}} -H {{ip}}
Display SMB shares and list a single level of directories and files:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} -r
Display SMB shares and recursively list a defined number of levels of directories and files:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} -R --depth {{3}}
Display SMB shares and recursively list directories and files, downloading the files matching a regular expression:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} -R -A {{pattern}}
Display SMB shares and recursively list directories and files, searching for file content matching a regular expression:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} -R -F {{pattern}}
Execute a shell command on a remote system:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} -x {{command}}
Upload a file to a remote system:
smbmap -u {{username}} --prompt -H {{ip}} --upload {{source}} {{destination}}

busctl

Introspect and monitor the D-Bus bus. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/busctl.html.

Show all peers on the bus, by their service names:
busctl list
Show process information and credentials of a bus service, a process, or the owner of the bus (if no parameter is specified):
busctl status {{service|pid}}
Dump messages being exchanged. If no service is specified, show all messages on the bus:
busctl monitor {{service1 service2 ...}}
Show an object tree of one or more services (or all services if no service is specified):
busctl tree {{service1 service2 ...}}
Show interfaces, methods, properties and signals of the specified object on the specified service:
busctl introspect {{service}} {{path/to/object}}
Retrieve the current value of one or more object properties:
busctl get-property {{service}} {{path/to/object}} {{interface_name}} {{property_name}}
Invoke a method and show the response:
busctl call {{service}} {{path/to/object}} {{interface_name}} {{method_name}}

dracut

Generate initramfs images to boot the Linux kernel. Dracut uses options from configuration files in /etc/dracut.conf, /etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf and /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf by default. More information: https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/wiki.

Generate an initramfs image for the current kernel without overriding any options:
dracut
Generate an initramfs image for the current kernel and overwrite the existing one:
dracut --force
Generate an initramfs image for a specific kernel:
dracut --kver {{kernel_version}}
Show a list of available modules:
dracut --list-modules

elink

Look up precomputed neighbors within a database, or find associated records in other databases. It is part of the edirect package. More information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179288/.

Search pubmed then find related sequences:
esearch -db pubmed -query "{{selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor}}" | elink -target nuccore
Search nucleotide then find related biosamples:
esearch -db nuccore -query "{{insulin [PROT] AND rodents [ORGN]}}" | elink -target biosample

distrobox-list

List all distrobox containers. See also: tldr distrobox. Distrobox containers are listed separately from the rest of normal podman or Docker containers. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-list.html.

List all distrobox containers:
distrobox-list
List all distrobox containers with verbose information:
distrobox-list --verbose

arecord

Sound recorder for ALSA soundcard driver. More information: https://manned.org/arecord.

Record a snippet in "CD" quality (finish with Ctrl-C when done):
arecord -vv --format=cd {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a snippet in "CD" quality, with a fixed duration of 10 seconds:
arecord -vv --format=cd --duration={{10}} {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a snippet and save it as an MP3 (finish with Ctrl-C when done):
arecord -vv --format=cd --file-type raw | lame -r - {{path/to/file.mp3}}
List all sound cards and digital audio devices:
arecord --list-devices
Allow interactive interface (e.g. use space-bar or enter to play or pause):
arecord --interactive

dpkg

Debian package manager. Some subcommands such as dpkg deb have their own usage documentation. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dpkg/dpkg.html.

Install a package:
dpkg -i {{path/to/file.deb}}
Remove a package:
dpkg -r {{package}}
List installed packages:
dpkg -l {{pattern}}
List a package's contents:
dpkg -L {{package}}
List contents of a local package file:
dpkg -c {{path/to/file.deb}}
Find out which package owns a file:
dpkg -S {{path/to/file}}

unix2mac

Change Unix-style line endings to macOS-style. Replaces LF with CR. More information: https://waterlan.home.xs4all.nl/dos2unix.html.

Change the line endings of a file:
unix2mac {{path/to/file}}
Create a copy with macOS-style line endings:
unix2mac -n {{path/to/unix_file}} {{path/to/mac_file}}

authconfig

Configure system authentication resources. More information: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/system-level_authentication_guide/authconfig-install.

Display the current configuration (or dry run):
authconfig --test
Configure the server to use a different password hashing algorithm:
authconfig --update --passalgo={{algorithm}}
Enable LDAP authentication:
authconfig --update --enableldapauth
Disable LDAP authentication:
authconfig --update --disableldapauth
Enable Network Information Service (NIS):
authconfig --update --enablenis
Enable Kerberos:
authconfig --update --enablekrb5
Enable Winbind (Active Directory) authentication:
authconfig --update --enablewinbindauth
Enable local authorization:
authconfig --update --enablelocauthorize

fluidsynth

Synthesize audio from MIDI files. More information: https://github.com/FluidSynth/fluidsynth/wiki/UserManual.

Play a MIDI file:
fluidsynth --audio-driver={{pipewire|pulseaudio}} {{path/to/soundfont.sf2}} {{path/to/file.midi}}

xed

Edit files in Cinnamon desktop environment. More information: https://github.com/linuxmint/xed.

Start the editor:
xed
Open specific files:
xed {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Open files using a specific encoding:
xed --encoding {{WINDOWS-1252}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Print all supported encodings:
xed --list-encodings
Open a file and go to a specific line:
xed +{{10}} {{path/to/file}}

pw-record

Shorthand tool for pw-cat --playback. More information: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/QA:Testcase_PipeWire_PipeWire_CLI.

List all available record targets:
pw-record --list-targets
Record a sample recording using the default target:
pw-record {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a sample recording at a different volume level:
pw-record --volume={{0.1}} {{path/to/file.wav}}
Record a sample recording using a different sample rate:
pw-record --rate={{6000}} {{path/to/file.wav}}

pidof

Gets the ID of a process using its name. More information: https://manned.org/pidof.

List all process IDs with given name:
pidof {{bash}}
List a single process ID with given name:
pidof -s {{bash}}
List process IDs including scripts with given name:
pidof -x {{script.py}}
Kill all processes with given name:
kill $(pidof {{name}})

pacman-key

Wrapper script for GnuPG used to manage pacman's keyring. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman-key.

Initialize the pacman keyring:
sudo pacman-key --init
Add the default Arch Linux keys:
sudo pacman-key --populate {{archlinux}}
List keys from the public keyring:
pacman-key --list-keys
Add the specified keys:
sudo pacman-key --add {{path/to/keyfile.gpg}}
Receive a key from a key server:
sudo pacman-key --recv-keys "{{uid|name|email}}"
Print the fingerprint of a specific key:
pacman-key --finger "{{uid|name|email}}"
Sign an imported key locally:
sudo pacman-key --lsign-key "{{uid|name|email}}"
Remove a specific key:
sudo pacman-key --delete "{{uid|name|email}}"

cat

Print and concatenate files. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cat.

Print the contents of a file to stdout:
cat {{path/to/file}}
Concatenate several files into an output file:
cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/output_file}}
Append several files to an output file:
cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} >> {{path/to/output_file}}
Copy the contents of a file into an output file in [u]nbuffered mode:
cat -u {{/dev/tty12}} > {{/dev/tty13}}
Write stdin to a file:
cat - > {{path/to/file}}
[n]umber all output lines:
cat -n {{path/to/file}}
Display non-printable and whitespace characters (with M- prefix if non-ASCII):
cat -v -t -e {{path/to/file}}

whiptail

Display text-based dialog boxes from shell scripts. More information: https://manned.org/whiptail.

Display a simple message:
whiptail --title "{{title}}" --msgbox "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}}
Display a boolean choice, returning the result through the exit code:
whiptail --title "{{title}}" --yesno "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}}
Customise the text on the yes/no buttons:
whiptail --title "{{title}}" --yes-button "{{text}}" --no-button "{{text}}" --yesno "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}}
Display a text input box:
{{result_variable_name}}="$(whiptail --title "{{title}}" --inputbox "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}} {{default_text}} 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3)"
Display a password input box:
{{result_variable_name}}="$(whiptail --title "{{title}}" --passwordbox "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}} 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3)"
Display a multiple-choice menu:
{{result_variable_name}}=$(whiptail --title "{{title}}" --menu "{{message}}" {{height_in_chars}} {{width_in_chars}} {{menu_display_height}} "{{value_1}}" "{{display_text_1}}" "{{value_n}}" "{{display_text_n}}" ..... 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3)

tuxi

Scrape Google search results and SERPs and provide instant and concise answers. More information: https://github.com/Bugswriter/tuxi.

Make a search using Google:
tuxi {{search_terms}}
Display the search results in [r]aw format (no pretty output, no colors):
tuxi -r {{search_terms}}
Display only search results (silences "Did you mean?", greetings and usage):
tuxi -q {{search_terms}}
Display help:
tuxi -h

btrfs subvolume

Manage btrfs subvolumes and snapshots. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-subvolume.html.

Create a new empty subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume create {{path/to/new_subvolume}}
List all subvolumes and snapshots in the specified filesystem:
sudo btrfs subvolume list {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Delete a subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume delete {{path/to/subvolume}}
Create a read-only snapshot of an existing subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot -r {{path/to/source_subvolume}} {{path/to/target}}
Create a read-write snapshot of an existing subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot {{path/to/source_subvolume}} {{path/to/target}}
Show detailed information about a subvolume:
sudo btrfs subvolume show {{path/to/subvolume}}

aurvote

Vote for packages in the Arch User Repository. To be able to vote, the file ~/.config/aurvote must exist and contain your AUR credentials. More information: https://github.com/archlinuxfr/aurvote.

Interactively create the file ~/.config/aurvote containing your AUR username and password:
aurvote --configure
Vote for one or more AUR packages:
aurvote {{package1 package2 ...}}
Unvote one or more AUR packages:
aurvote --unvote {{package1 package2 ...}}
Check if one or more AUR packages have already been voted:
aurvote --check {{package1 package2 ...}}
Show help for aurvote:
aurvote --help

light

Control the backlight of your screen. More information: https://manned.org/light.

Get the current backlight value in percent:
light
Set the backlight value to 50 percent:
light -S {{50}}
Reduce 20 percent from the current backlight value:
light -U {{20}}
Add 20 percent to the current backlight value:
light -A {{20}}

runlim

A tool for sampling and limiting time and memory usage of a program and its child processes using the proc file system on Linux. More information: http://fmv.jku.at/runlim.

Print the time and memory usage of a command:
runlim {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Log statistics to a file instead of stdout:
runlim --output-file={{path/to/file}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Limit time to an upper bound (in seconds):
runlim --time-limit={{number}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Limit real-time to an upper bound (in seconds):
runlim --real-time-limit={{number}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Limit space to an upper bound (in MB):
runlim --space-limit={{number}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

pw-link

Manage links between ports in PipeWire. More information: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pipewire/pipewire/-/wikis/Virtual-Devices.

List all audio output and input ports:
pw-link --output --input
Create a link between an output and an input port:
pw-link {{output_port_name}} {{input_port_name}}
Disconnect two ports:
pw-link --disconnect {{output_port_name}} {{input_port_name}}
Display help:
pw-link -h

wine

Run Windows executables on Unix-based systems. More information: https://wiki.winehq.org/.

Run a specific program inside the wine environment:
wine {{command}}
Run a specific program in background:
wine start {{command}}
Install/uninstall an MSI package:
wine msiexec /{{i|x}} {{path/to/package.msi}}
Run File Explorer, Notepad, or WordPad:
wine {{explorer|notepad|write}}
Run Registry Editor, Control Panel, or Task Manager:
wine {{regedit|control|taskmgr}}
Run the configuration tool:
wine winecfg

vnstat

A console-based network traffic monitor. More information: https://manned.org/vnstat.

Display traffic summary for all interfaces:
vnstat
Display traffic summary for a specific network interface:
vnstat -i {{eth0}}
Display live stats for a specific network interface:
vnstat -l -i {{eth0}}
Show traffic statistics on an hourly basis for the last 24 hours using a bar graph:
vnstat -hg
Measure and show average traffic for 30 seconds:
vnstat -tr {{30}}

rig

Utility to piece together a random first name, last name, street number and address, along with a geographically consistent (ie, they all match the same area) city, state, ZIP code, and area code. More information: https://manned.org/rig.

Display a random name (male or female) and address:
rig
Display a [m]ale (or [f]emale) random name and address:
rig -{{m|f}}
Use data files from a specific directory (default is /usr/share/rig):
rig -d {{path/to/directory}}
Display a specific number of identities:
rig -c {{number}}
Display a specific number of female identities:
rig -f -c {{number}}

lvs

Display information about logical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvs.8.html.

Display information about logical volumes:
lvs
Display all logical volumes:
lvs -a
Change default display to show more details:
lvs -v
Display only specific fields:
lvs -o {{field_name_1}},{{field_name_2}}
Append field to default display:
lvs -o +{{field_name}}
Suppress heading line:
lvs --noheadings
Use a separator to separate fields:
lvs --separator {{=}}

enum4linux

Tool for enumerating Windows and Samba information from remote systems. More information: https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/tools/enum4linux/.

Try to enumerate using all methods:
enum4linux -a {{remote_host}}
Enumerate using given login credentials:
enum4linux -u {{user_name}} -p {{password}} {{remote_host}}
List usernames from a given host:
enum4linux -U {{remote_host}}
List shares:
enum4linux -S {{remote_host}}
Get OS information:
enum4linux -o {{remote_host}}

auracle

Command-line tool used to interact with Arch Linux's User Repository, commonly referred to as the AUR. More information: https://github.com/falconindy/auracle.

Display AUR packages that match a regular expression:
auracle search '{{regular_expression}}'
Display package information for a space-separated list of AUR packages:
auracle info {{package1}} {{package2}}
Display the PKGBUILD file (build information) for a space-separated list of AUR packages:
auracle show {{package1}} {{package2}}
Display updates for installed AUR packages:
auracle outdated

virt-viewer

Minimal graphical interface for a virtual machine (VM). NOTE: 'domain' refers to the name, UUID or ID for the existing VMs (See: tldr virsh). More information: https://manned.org/virt-viewer.

Launch virt-viewer with a prompt to select running virtual machines:
virt-viewer
Launch virt-viewer for a specific virtual machine by ID, UUID or name:
virt-viewer "{{domain}}"
Wait for a virtual machine to start and automatically reconnect if it shutdown and restarts:
virt-viewer --reconnect --wait "{{domain}}"
Connect to a specific remote virtual machine over TLS:
virt-viewer --connect "xen//{{url}}" "{{domain}}"
Connect to a specific remote virtual machine over SSH:
virt-viewer --connect "qemu+ssh//{{username}}@{{url}}/system" "{{domain}}"

vgdisplay

Display information about Logical Volume Manager (LVM) volume groups. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/vgdisplay.8.html.

Display information about all volume groups:
sudo vgdisplay
Display information about volume group vg1:
sudo vgdisplay {{vg1}}

bpftrace

High-level tracing language for Linux eBPF. More information: https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace.

Display bpftrace version:
bpftrace -V
List all available probes:
sudo bpftrace -l
Run a one-liner program (e.g. syscall count by program):
sudo bpftrace -e '{{tracepoint:raw_syscalls:sys_enter { @[comm] = count(); }}}'
Run a program from a file:
sudo bpftrace {{path/to/file}}
Trace a program by PID:
sudo bpftrace -e '{{tracepoint:raw_syscalls:sys_enter /pid == 123/ { @[comm] = count(); }}}'
Do a dry run and display the output in eBPF format:
sudo bpftrace -d -e '{{one_line_program}}'

caffeinate

Prevent desktop from sleeping. More information: https://manned.org/caffeinate.

Prevent desktop from sleeping (use Ctrl + C to exit):
caffeinate

caffeine

Prevent desktop idleness in full-screen mode. More information: https://manned.org/caffeine.

Start a caffeine server:
caffeine
Display help:
caffeine --help
Display version:
caffeine --version

logsave

Save the output of a command in a logfile. More information: https://manned.org/logsave.

Execute command with specified argument(s) and save its output to log file:
logsave {{path/to/logfile}} {{command}}
Take input from stdin and save it in a log file:
logsave {{logfile}} -
Append the output to a log file, instead of replacing its current contents:
logsave -a {{logfile}} {{command}}
Show verbose output:
logsave -v {{logfile}} {{command}}

nmtui

Text user interface for controlling NetworkManager. Use arrow keys to navigate, enter to select an option. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmtui.html.

Open the user interface:
nmtui
Show a list of available connections, with the option to activate or deactivate them:
nmtui connect
Connect to a given network:
nmtui connect {{name|uuid|device|SSID}}
Edit/Add/Delete a given network:
nmtui edit {{name|id}}
Set the system hostname:
nmtui hostname

nmtui-hostname

This command is an alias of nmtui hostname.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr nmtui

losetup

Set up and control loop devices. More information: https://manned.org/losetup.

List loop devices with detailed info:
losetup -a
Attach a file to a given loop device:
sudo losetup /dev/{{loop}} /{{path/to/file}}
Attach a file to a new free loop device and scan the device for partitions:
sudo losetup --show --partscan -f /{{path/to/file}}
Attach a file to a read-only loop device:
sudo losetup --read-only /dev/{{loop}} /{{path/to/file}}
Detach all loop devices:
sudo losetup -D
Detach a given loop device:
sudo losetup -d /dev/{{loop}}

grim

Grab images (Screenshots) from a Wayland compositor. More information: https://sr.ht/~emersion/grim.

Screenshot all outputs:
grim
Screenshot a specific output:
grim -o {{path/to/output_file}}
Screenshot a specific region:
grim -g "{{<x_position>,<y_position> <width>x<height>}}"
Select a specific region and screenshot it, (using slurp):
grim -g "{{$(slurp)}}"
Use a custom filename:
grim "{{path/to/file.png}}"
Screenshot and copy to clipboard:
grim - | {{clipboard_manager}}

openvpn3

OpenVPN 3 Linux client. More information: https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/OpenVPN3Linux.

Start a new VPN session:
openvpn3 session-start --config {{path/to/config.conf}}
List established sessions:
openvpn3 sessions-list
Disconnect the currently established session started with given configuration:
openvpn3 session-manage --config {{path/to/config.conf}} --disconnect
Import VPN configuration:
openvpn3 config-import --config {{path/to/config.conf}}
List imported configurations:
openvpn3 configs-list

useradd

Create a new user. See also: users, userdel, usermod. More information: https://manned.org/useradd.

Create a new user:
sudo useradd {{username}}
Create a new user with the specified user id:
sudo useradd --uid {{id}} {{username}}
Create a new user with the specified shell:
sudo useradd --shell {{path/to/shell}} {{username}}
Create a new user belonging to additional groups (mind the lack of whitespace):
sudo useradd --groups {{group1,group2,...}} {{username}}
Create a new user with the default home directory:
sudo useradd --create-home {{username}}
Create a new user with the home directory filled by template directory files:
sudo useradd --skel {{path/to/template_directory}} --create-home {{username}}
Create a new system user without the home directory:
sudo useradd --system {{username}}

sed

Edit text in a scriptable manner. See also: awk, ed. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html.

Replace all apple (basic regex) occurrences with mango (basic regex) in all input lines and print the result to stdout:
{{command}} | sed 's/apple/mango/g'
Execute a specific script [f]ile and print the result to stdout:
{{command}} | sed -f {{path/to/script.sed}}
Replace all apple (extended regex) occurrences with APPLE (extended regex) in all input lines and print the result to stdout:
{{command}} | sed -E 's/(apple)/\U\1/g'
Print just a first line to stdout:
{{command}} | sed -n '1p'
Replace all apple (basic regex) occurrences with mango (basic regex) in a specific file and overwrite the original file in place:
sed -i 's/apple/mango/g' {{path/to/file}}

vgs

Display information about volume groups. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/vgs.8.html.

Display information about volume groups:
vgs
Display all volume groups:
vgs -a
Change default display to show more details:
vgs -v
Display only specific fields:
vgs -o {{field_name_1}},{{field_name_2}}
Append field to default display:
vgs -o +{{field_name}}
Suppress heading line:
vgs --noheadings
Use separator to separate fields:
vgs --separator =

pkgrm

Remove a package from a CRUX system. More information: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E72487/pkgrm-8.html.

Remove an installed package:
pkgrm {{package}}

mkisofs

Create ISO files from directories. Also aliased as genisoimage. More information: https://manned.org/mkisofs.

Create an ISO from a directory:
mkisofs -o {{filename.iso}} {{path/to/source_directory}}
Set the disc label when creating an ISO:
mkisofs -o {{filename.iso}} -V "{{label_name}}" {{path/to/source_directory}}

pacman --files

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman, pkgfile. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Update the package database:
sudo pacman --files --refresh
Find the package that owns a specific file:
pacman --files {{filename}}
Find the package that owns a specific file, using a regular expression:
pacman --files --regex '{{regular_expression}}'
List only the package names:
pacman --files --quiet {{filename}}
List the files owned by a specific package:
pacman --files --list {{package}}
Display help:
pacman --files --help

tlp-stat

A tool to generate TLP status reports. See also tlp. More information: https://linrunner.de/tlp/usage/tlp-stat.

Generate status report with configuration and all active settings:
sudo tlp-stat
Show battery information:
sudo tlp-stat -b
Show configuration:
sudo tlp-stat -c

protonvpn-cli

Official ProtonVPN client. More information: https://github.com/ProtonVPN/linux-cli.

Log in to the ProtonVPN account:
protonvpn-cli login {{username}}
Start a kill switch upon connecting to ProtonVPN:
protonvpn-cli killswitch --on
Connect to ProtonVPN interactively:
protonvpn-cli connect
Display connection status:
protonvpn-cli status
Block malware using ProtonVPN NetShield:
protonvpn-cli netshield --malware
Disconnect from ProtonVPN:
protonvpn-cli disconnect
Display the current ProtonVPN configuration:
protonvpn-cli config --list
Display help for a subcommand:
protonvpn-cli {{subcommand}} --help

dnsmap

The dnsmap command scans a domain for common subdomains e.g. smtp.domain.org. More information: https://github.com/resurrecting-open-source-projects/dnsmap.

Scan for subdomains using the internal wordlist:
dnsmap {{example.com}}
Specify a list of subdomains to check for:
dnsmap {{example.com}} -w {{path/to/wordlist.txt}}
Store results to a CSV file:
dnsmap {{example.com}} -c {{path/to/file.csv}}
Ignore 2 IPs that are false positives (up to 5 possible):
dnsmap {{example.com}} -i {{123.45.67.89,98.76.54.32}}

wl-paste

Tool to access data stored in the clipboard for Wayland. See also: wl-copy. More information: https://github.com/bugaevc/wl-clipboard.

Paste the contents of the clipboard:
wl-paste
Write the contents of the clipboard to a file:
wl-paste > {{path/to/file}}
Pipe the contents of the clipboard to a command:
wl-paste | {{command}}

mokutil

Configure Secure Boot Machine Owner Keys (MOK). Some operations, such as enabling and disabling Secure Boot or enrolling keys require a reboot. More information: https://github.com/lcp/mokutil.

Show if Secure Boot is enabled:
mokutil --sb-state
Enable Secure Boot:
mokutil --enable-validation
Disable Secure Boot:
mokutil --disable-validation
List enrolled keys:
mokutil --list-enrolled
Enroll a new key:
mokutil --import {{path/to/key.der}}
List the keys to be enrolled:
mokutil --list-new
Set shim verbosity:
mokutil --set-verbosity true

mimetype

Automatically determine the MIME type of a file. More information: https://manned.org/mimetype.

Print the MIME type of a given file:
mimetype {{path/to/file}}
Display only the MIME type, and not the filename:
mimetype --brief {{path/to/file}}
Display a description of the MIME type:
mimetype --describe {{path/to/file}}
Determine the MIME type of stdin (does not check a filename):
{{command}} | mimetype --stdin
Display debug information about how the MIME type was determined:
mimetype --debug {{path/to/file}}
Display all the possible MIME types of a given file in confidence order:
mimetype --all {{path/to/file}}
Explicitly specify the 2-letter language code of the output:
mimetype --language {{path/to/file}}

apx pkgmanagers

Manage package managers in apx. Note: user-created package manager configurations are stored in ~/.local/share/apx/pkgmanagers. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/apx.

Interactively create a new package manager configuration:
apx pkgmanagers create
List all available package manager confirgurations:
apx pkgmanagers list
Remove a package manager configuration:
apx pkgmanagers rm --name {{string}}
Display information about a specific package manager:
apx pkgmanagers show {{name}}

lsscsi

List SCSI devices (or hosts) and their attributes. More information: https://manned.org/lspci.

List all SCSI devices:
lsscsi
List all SCSI devices with detailed attributes:
lsscsi -L
List all SCSI devices with human-readable disk capacity:
lsscsi -s

e2label

Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/e2label.

Change the volume label on a specific ext partition:
e2label {{/dev/sda1}} "{{label_name}}"

ostree

Version control for binary files similar to git but optimized for operating system root filesystems. OSTree is the foundation for immutable image-based operating systems such as Fedora Silverblue, Fedora IoT or Fedora CoreOS. More information: https://ostreedev.github.io/ostree.

Initialize a repository of the files in $PWD with metadata in $PWD/{{path/to/repo}}:
ostree init --repo {{path/to/repo}}
Create a commit (snapshot) of the files:
ostree commit --repo {{path/to/repo}} --branch {{branch_name}}
Show files in commit:
ostree ls --repo {{path/to/repo}} {{commit_id}}
Show metadata of commit:
ostree show --repo {{path/to/repo}} {{commit_id}}
Show list of commits:
ostree log --repo {{path/to/repo}} {{branch_name}}
Show repo summary:
ostree summary --repo {{path/to/repo}} --view
Show available refs (branches):
ostree refs --repo {{path/to/repo}}

unix2dos

Change Unix-style line endings to DOS-style. Replaces LF with CRLF. More information: https://waterlan.home.xs4all.nl/dos2unix.html.

Change the line endings of a file:
unix2dos {{path/to/file}}
Create a copy with DOS-style line endings:
unix2dos -n {{path/to/unix_file}} {{path/to/dos_file}}

mt

Control magnetic tape drive operation (commonly LTO tape). More information: https://manned.org/mt.

Check the status of a tape drive:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} status
Rewind the tape to beginning:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} rewind
Move forward a given files, then position the tape on first block of next file:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} fsf {{count}}
Rewind the tape, then position the tape at beginning of the given file:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} asf {{count}}
Position the tape at the end of valid data:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} eod
Rewind the tape and unload/eject it:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX}} eject
Write EOF (End-of-file) mark at the current position:
mt -f {{/dev/nstX} eof

lshw

List detailed information about hardware configurations as root user. More information: https://manned.org/lshw.

Launch the GUI:
sudo lshw -X
List all hardware in tabular format:
sudo lshw -short
List all disks and storage controllers in tabular format:
sudo lshw -class disk -class storage -short
Save all network interfaces to an HTML file:
sudo lshw -class network -html > {{interfaces.html}}

iptables-save

Save the iptables IPv4 configuration. Use ip6tables-save to to the same for IPv6. More information: https://manned.org/iptables-save.

Print the iptables configuration:
sudo iptables-save
Print the iptables configuration of a specific [t]able:
sudo iptables-save --table {{table}}
Save the iptables configuration to a [f]ile:
sudo iptables-save --file {{path/to/file}}

wajig

Simplified all-in-one-place system support tool for Debian-based systems. More information: https://wajig.togaware.com.

Update the list of available packages and versions:
wajig update
Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
wajig install {{package}}
Remove a package and its configuration files:
wajig purge {{package}}
Perform an update and then a dist-upgrade:
wajig daily-upgrade
Display the sizes of installed packages:
wajig sizes
List the version and distribution for all installed packages:
wajig versions
List versions of upgradable packages:
wajig toupgrade
Display packages which have some form of dependency on the given package:
wajig dependents {{package}}

arithmetic

Quiz on simple arithmetic problems. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/bsdgames/arithmetic.6.en.html.

Start an arithmetic quiz:
arithmetic
Specify one or more arithmetic [o]peration symbols to get problems on them:
arithmetic -o {{+|-|x|/}}
Specify a range. Addition and multiplication problems would feature numbers between 0 and range, inclusive. Subtraction and division problems would have required result and number to be operated on, between 0 and range:
arithmetic -r {{7}}

dumpe2fs

Print the super block and blocks group information for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems. Unmount the partition before running this command using umount {{device}}. More information: https://manned.org/dumpe2fs.

Display ext2, ext3 and ext4 filesystem information:
dumpe2fs {{/dev/sdXN}}
Display the blocks which are reserved as bad in the filesystem:
dumpe2fs -b {{/dev/sdXN}}
Force display filesystem information even with unrecognizable feature flags:
dumpe2fs -f {{/dev/sdXN}}
Only display the superblock information and not any of the block group descriptor detail information:
dumpe2fs -h {{/dev/sdXN}}
Print the detailed group information block numbers in hexadecimal format:
dumpe2fs -x {{/dev/sdXN}}

dir

List directory contents using one line per file, special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. Works as ls -C --escape. More information: https://manned.org/dir.

List all files, including hidden files:
dir -all
List files including their author (-l is required):
dir -l --author
List files excluding those that match a specified blob pattern:
dir --hide={{pattern}}
List subdirectories recursively:
dir --recursive
Display help:
dir --help

protontricks

A simple wrapper that runs Winetricks commands for Proton enabled games. More information: https://github.com/Matoking/protontricks.

Run the protontricks GUI:
protontricks --gui
Run Winetricks for a specific game:
protontricks {{appid}} {{winetricks_args}}
Run a command within a game's installation directory:
protontricks -c {{command}} {{appid}}
[l]ist all installed games:
protontricks -l
[s]earch for a game's App ID by name:
protontricks -s {{game_name}}
Show the protontricks help message:
protontricks --help

ctr

Manage containerd containers and images. More information: https://containerd.io.

List all containers (running and stopped):
ctr containers list
List all images:
ctr images list
Pull an image:
ctr images pull {{image}}
Tag an image:
ctr images tag {{source_image}}:{{source_tag}} {{target_image}}:{{target_tag}}

usbip

Use USB devices remotely. More information: https://usbip.sourceforge.net.

List all local USB devices and their bus ID's:
usbip list --local
Start a usbip daemon on the server:
systemctl start usbipd
Bind a USB device to usbip on the server:
sudo usbip bind --busid={{bus_id}}
Load the kernel module required by usbip on the client:
sudo modprobe vhci-hcd
Attach to the usbip device on the client (bus ID is the same as on the server):
sudo usbip attach -r {{ip_address}} --busid={{bus_id}}
List attached devices:
usbip port
Detach from a device:
sudo usbip detach --port={{port}}
Unbind a device:
usbip unbind --busid={{bus_id}}

strip

Discard symbols from executables or object files. More information: https://manned.org/strip.

Replace the input file with its stripped version:
strip {{path/to/file}}
Strip symbols from a file, saving the output to a specific file:
strip {{path/to/input_file}} -o {{path/to/output_file}}
Strip debug symbols only:
strip --strip-debug {{path/to/file.o}}

chpasswd

Change the passwords for multiple users by using stdin. More information: https://manned.org/chpasswd.8.

Change the password for a specific user:
printf "{{username}}:{{new_password}}" | sudo chpasswd
Change the passwords for multiple users (The input text must not contain any spaces.):
printf "{{username_1}}:{{new_password_1}}\n{{username_2}}:{{new_password_2}}" | sudo chpasswd
Change the password for a specific user, and specify it in encrypted form:
printf "{{username}}:{{new_encrypted_password}}" | sudo chpasswd --encrypted
Change the password for a specific user, and use a specific encryption for the stored password:
printf "{{username}}:{{new_password}}" | sudo chpasswd --crypt-method {{NONE|DES|MD5|SHA256|SHA512}}

rm

Remove files or directories. See also: rmdir. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rm.

Remove specific files:
rm {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Remove specific files ignoring nonexistent ones:
rm --force {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Remove specific files interactively prompting before each removal:
rm --interactive {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Remove specific files printing info about each removal:
rm --verbose {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Remove specific files and directories recursively:
rm --recursive {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}

i7z

An Intel CPU (only i3, i5 and i7) realtime reporting tool. More information: https://manned.org/i7z.

Start i7z (needs to be run in superuser mode):
sudo i7z

ksvgtopng5

Convert SVG files to PNG format. More information: https://invent.kde.org/plasma/kde-cli-tools/-/blob/master/ksvgtopng/ksvgtopng.cpp.

Convert an SVG file (should be an absolute path) to PNG:
ksvgtopng5 {{width}} {{height}} {{path/to/file.svg}} {{output_filename.png}}

unshadow

Utility provided by the John the Ripper project to obtain the traditional Unix password file if the system uses shadow passwords. More information: https://www.openwall.com/john/.

Combine the /etc/shadow and /etc/passwd of the current system:
sudo unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow
Combine two arbitrary shadow and password files:
sudo unshadow {{path/to/passwd}} {{path/to/shadow}}

pacman --deptest

Check each dependency specified and return a list of dependencies that are not currently satisfied on the system. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Print the package names of the dependencies that aren't installed:
pacman --deptest {{package1 package2 ...}}
Check if the installed package satisfies the given minimum version:
pacman --deptest "{{bash>=5}}"
Check if a later version of a package is installed:
pacman --deptest "{{bash>5}}"
Display help:
pacman --deptest --help

kexec

Directly reboot into a new kernel. More information: https://manned.org/kexec.

Load a new kernel:
kexec -l {{path/to/kernel}} --initrd={{path/to/initrd}} --command-line={{arguments}}
Load a new kernel with current boot parameters:
kexec -l {{path/to/kernel}} --initrd={{path/to/initrd}} --reuse-cmdline
Execute a currently loaded kernel:
kexec -e
Unload current kexec target kernel:
kexec -u

pacman

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman-database, pacman-deptest, pacman-files, pacman-key, pacman-mirrors, pacman-query, pacman-remove, pacman-sync, pacman-upgrade. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Synchronize and update all packages:
sudo pacman -Syu
Install a new package:
sudo pacman -S {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
sudo pacman -Rs {{package}}
Search the database for packages containing a specific file:
pacman -F "{{file_name}}"
List installed packages and versions:
pacman -Q
List only the explicitly installed packages and versions:
pacman -Qe
List orphan packages (installed as dependencies but not actually required by any package):
pacman -Qtdq
Empty the entire pacman cache:
sudo pacman -Scc

blkid

Lists all recognized partitions and their Universally Unique Identifier (UUID). More information: https://manned.org/blkid.

List all partitions:
sudo blkid
List all partitions in a table, including current mountpoints:
sudo blkid -o list

pidstat

Show system resource usage, including CPU, memory, IO etc. More information: https://manned.org/pidstat.

Show CPU statistics at a 2 second interval for 10 times:
pidstat {{2}} {{10}}
Show page faults and memory utilization:
pidstat -r
Show input/output usage per process id:
pidstat -d
Show information on a specific PID:
pidstat -p {{PID}}
Show memory statistics for all processes whose command name include "fox" or "bird":
pidstat -C "{{fox|bird}}" -r -p ALL

vmware-checkvm

Checks to see if the current host is a VMware VM or not. More information: https://manned.org/vmware-checkvm.

Return the current VMware software version (exit status determines whether the system is a VM or not):
vmware-checkvm
Return the VMware hardware version:
vmware-checkvm -h

nmcli connection

Manage connections with NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli c. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

List all NetworkManager connections (shows name, UUID, type and device):
nmcli connection
Activate a connection:
nmcli connection up uuid {{uuid}}
Deactivate a connection:
nmcli connection down uuid {{uuid}}
Create an auto-configured dual stack connection:
nmcli connection add ifname {{interface_name}} type {{ethernet}} ipv4.method {{auto}} ipv6.method {{auto}}
Create a static IPv6-only connection:
nmcli connection add ifname {{interface_name}} type {{ethernet}} ip6 {{2001:db8::2/64}} gw6 {{2001:db8::1}} ipv6.dns {{2001:db8::1}} ipv4.method {{ignore}}
Create a static IPv4-only connection:
nmcli connection add ifname {{interface_name}} type {{ethernet}} ip4 {{10.0.0.7/8}} gw4 {{10.0.0.1}} ipv4.dns {{10.0.0.1}} ipv6.method {{ignore}}
Create a VPN connection using OpenVPN from an OVPN file:
nmcli connection import type {{openvpn}} file {{path/to/vpn_config.ovpn}}

groupadd

Add user groups to the system. See also: groups, groupdel, groupmod. More information: https://manned.org/groupadd.

Create a new group:
sudo groupadd {{group_name}}
Create a new system group:
sudo groupadd --system {{group_name}}
Create a new group with the specific groupid:
sudo groupadd --gid {{id}} {{group_name}}

ncal

This command is an alias of cal. More information: https://manned.org/ncal.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr cal

firewall-cmd

The firewalld command-line client. More information: https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewall-cmd.

View the available firewall zones:
firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
View the rules which are currently applied:
firewall-cmd --list-all
Permanently move the interface into the block zone, effectively blocking all communication:
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone={{block}} --change-interface={{enp1s0}}
Permanently open the port for a service in the specified zone (like port 443 when in the public zone):
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone={{public}} --add-service={{https}}
Permanently close the port for a service in the specified zone (like port 80 when in the public zone):
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone={{public}} --remove-service={{http}}
Permanently open two arbitrary ports in the specified zone:
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone={{public}} --add-port={{25565/tcp}} --add-port={{19132/udp}}
Reload firewalld to force rule changes to take effect:
firewall-cmd --reload

squeue

View the jobs queued in the SLURM scheduler. More information: https://manned.org/squeue.

View the queue:
squeue
View jobs queued by a specific user:
squeue -u {{username}}
View the queue and refresh every 5 seconds:
squeue -i {{5}}
View the queue with expected start times:
squeue --start

sstat

View information about running jobs. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/sstat.html.

Display status information of a comma-separated list of jobs:
sstat --jobs={{job_id}}
Display job ID, average CPU and average virtual memory size of a comma-separated list of jobs, with pipes as column delimiters:
sstat --parsable --jobs={{job_id}} --format={{JobID}},{{AveCPU}},{{AveVMSize}}
Display list of fields available:
sstat --helpformat

jpegtran

Perform lossless transformation of JPEG files. More information: https://manned.org/jpegtran.

Mirror an image horizontally or vertically:
jpegtran -flip {{horizontal|vertical}} {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}
Rotate an image 90, 180 or 270 degrees clockwise:
jpegtran -rotate {{90|180|270}} {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}
Transpose the image across the upper-left to lower right axis:
jpegtran -transpose {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}
Transverse the image across the upper right to lower left axis:
jpegtran -transverse {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}
Convert the image to grayscale:
jpegtran -grayscale {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}
Crop the image to a rectangular region of width W and height H from the upper-left corner, saving the output to a specific file:
jpegtran -crop {{W}}x{{H}} -outfile {{path/to/output.jpg}} {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Crop the image to a rectangular region of width W and height H, starting at point X and Y from the upper-left corner:
jpegtran -crop {{W}}x{{H}}+{{X}}+{{Y}} {{path/to/image.jpg}} > {{path/to/output.jpg}}

apt-key

Key management utility for the APT Package Manager on Debian and Ubuntu. Note: apt-key is now deprecated (except for the use of apt-key del in maintainer scripts). More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt-key.8.html.

List trusted keys:
apt-key list
Add a key to the trusted keystore:
apt-key add {{public_key_file.asc}}
Delete a key from the trusted keystore:
apt-key del {{key_id}}
Add a remote key to the trusted keystore:
wget -qO - {{https://host.tld/filename.key}} | apt-key add -
Add a key from keyserver with only key id:
apt-key adv --keyserver {{pgp.mit.edu}} --recv {{KEYID}}

trace-cmd

Utility to interact with the Ftrace Linux kernel internal tracer. This utility only runs as root. More information: https://manned.org/trace-cmd.

Display the status of tracing system:
trace-cmd stat
List available tracers:
trace-cmd list -t
Start tracing with a specific plugin:
trace-cmd start -p {{timerlat|osnoise|hwlat|blk|mmiotrace|function_graph|wakeup_dl|wakeup_rt|wakeup|function|nop}}
View the trace output:
trace-cmd show
Stop the tracing but retain the buffers:
trace-cmd stop
Clear the trace buffers:
trace-cmd clear
Clear the trace buffers and stop tracing:
trace-cmd reset

qm showcmd

Show command-line which is used to start the VM (debug info). More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Show command-line for a specific virtual machine:
qm showcmd {{vm_id}}
Put each option on a new line to enhance human readability:
qm showcmd --pretty {{true}} {{vm_id}}
Fetch config values from a specific snapshot:
qm showcmd --snapshot {{string}} {{vm_id}}

qm disk move

Move a virtual disk from one storage to another within the same Proxmox cluster. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Move a virtual disk:
qm disk move {{vm_id}} {{destination}} {{index}}
Delete the previous copy of the virtual disk:
qm disk move -delete {{vm_id}} {{destination}} {{index}}

dpkg-query

A tool that shows information about installed packages. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dpkg/dpkg-query.1.html.

List all installed packages:
dpkg-query --list
List installed packages matching a pattern:
dpkg-query --list '{{libc6*}}'
List all files installed by a package:
dpkg-query --listfiles {{libc6}}
Show information about a package:
dpkg-query --status {{libc6}}
Search for packages that own files matching a pattern:
dpkg-query --search {{/etc/ld.so.conf.d}}

halt

Halt the system. More information: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/halt.8.html.

Halt the system:
halt
Power off the system (same as poweroff):
halt --poweroff
Reboot the system (same as reboot):
halt --reboot
Halt immediately without contacting the system manager:
halt --force --force
Write the wtmp shutdown entry without halting the system:
halt --wtmp-only

i3

A dynamic tiling window manager. More information: https://i3wm.org/docs/userguide.html.

Start i3 (Note that a pre-existing window manager must not be open when this command is run.):
i3
Open a new terminal window:
Super + Return
Create a new workspace:
Super + Shift + {{number}}
Switch to workspace {{number}}:
Super + {{number}}
Open new window horizontally:
Super + h
Open new window vertically:
Super + v
Open application (type out application name after executing command):
Super + D

fail2ban-client

Configure and control fail2ban server. More information: https://github.com/fail2ban/fail2ban.

Retrieve current status of the jail service:
fail2ban-client status {{jail}}
Remove the specified IP from the jail service's ban list:
fail2ban-client set {{jail}} unbanip {{ip}}
Verify fail2ban server is alive:
fail2ban-client ping

newgrp

Switch primary group membership. More information: https://manned.org/newgrp.

Change user's primary group membership:
newgrp {{group_name}}
Reset primary group membership to user's default group in /etc/passwd:
newgrp

qjoypad

Translate input from gamepads or joysticks into keyboard strokes or mouse actions. More information: http://qjoypad.sourceforge.net/.

Start QJoyPad:
qjoypad
Start QJoyPad and look for devices in a specific directory:
qjoypad --device={{path/to/directory}}
Start QJoyPad but don't show a system tray icon:
qjoypad --notray
Start QJoyPad and force the window manager to use a system tray icon:
qjoypad --force-tray
Force a running instance of QJoyPad to update its list of devices and layouts:
qjoypad --update
Load the given layout in an already running instance of QJoyPad, or start QJoyPad using the given layout:
qjoypad "{{layout}}"

blastn

Nucleotide-Nucleotide BLAST. More information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279684/table/appendices.T.blastn_application_options/.

Align two or more sequences using megablast (default), with the e-value threshold of 1e-9, pairwise output format (default):
blastn -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}} -evalue {{1e-9}}
Align two or more sequences using blastn:
blastn -task blastn -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}}
Align two or more sequences, custom tabular output format, output to file:
blastn -query {{query.fa}} -subject {{subject.fa}} -outfmt {{'6 qseqid qlen qstart qend sseqid slen sstart send bitscore evalue pident'}} -out {{output.tsv}}
Search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query, 16 threads (CPUs) to use in the BLAST search, with a maximum number of 10 aligned sequences to keep:
blastn -query {{query.fa}} -db {{path/to/blast_db}} -num_threads {{16}} -max_target_seqs {{10}}
Search the remote non-redundant nucleotide database using a nucleotide query:
blastn -query {{query.fa}} -db {{nt}} -remote
Display help (use -help for detailed help):
blastn -h

sinfo

View information about Slurm nodes and partitions. See also squeue and sbatch, which are also part of the Slurm workload manager. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/sinfo.html.

Show a quick summary overview of the cluster:
sinfo --summarize
View the detailed status of all partitions across the entire cluster:
sinfo
View the detailed status of a specific partition:
sinfo --partition {{partition_name}}
View information about idle nodes:
sinfo --states {{idle}}
Summarise dead nodes:
sinfo --dead
List dead nodes and the reasons why:
sinfo --list-reasons

mssh

GTK+ based SSH client for interacting with multiple SSH servers at once. More information: https://manned.org/mssh.

Open a new window and connect to multiple SSH servers:
mssh {{user@host1}} {{user@host2}} {{...}}
Open a new window and connect to a group of servers predefined in ~/.mssh_clusters:
mssh --alias {{alias_name}}

hwclock

Used for reading or changing the hardware clock. Usually requires root. More information: https://manned.org/hwclock.

Display the current time as reported by the hardware clock:
hwclock
Write the current software clock time to the hardware clock (sometimes used during system setup):
hwclock --systohc
Write the current hardware clock time to the software clock:
hwclock --hctosys

fscrypt

Go tool for managing Linux filesystem encryption. More information: https://github.com/google/fscrypt.

Prepare the root filesystem for use with fscrypt:
fscrypt setup
Enable filesystem encryption for a directory:
fscrypt encrypt {{path/to/directory}}
Unlock an encrypted directory:
fscrypt unlock {{path/to/encrypted_directory}}
Lock an encrypted directory:
fscrypt lock {{path/to/encrypted_directory}}

playerctl

Utility to control different media players. More information: https://github.com/altdesktop/playerctl.

Toggle play:
playerctl play-pause
Next media:
playerctl next
Previous media:
playerctl previous
List all players:
playerctl --list-all
Send a command to a specific player:
playerctl --player={{player_name}} {{command}}
Send a command to all players:
playerctl --all-players {{command}}
Show now playing:
playerctl metadata --format "Now playing: {{artist}} - {{album}} - {{title}}"

dropbearkey

Generate SSH keys in Dropbear format. More information: https://manned.org/dropbearkey.1.

Generate an SSH key of [t]ype ed25519 and write it to key [f]ile:
dropbearkey -t {{ed25519}} -f {{path/to/key_file}}
Generate an SSH key of [t]ype ecdsa and write it to key [f]ile:
dropbearkey -t {{ecdsa}} -f {{path/to/key_file}}
Generate an SSH key of [t]ype RSA with 4096-bit key [s]ize and write it to key [f]ile:
dropbearkey -t {{rsa}} -s {{4096}} -f {{path/to/key_file}}
Print the private key fingerprint and public key in key [f]ile:
dropbearkey -y -f {{path/to/key_file}}

lxc

Manage Linux containers using the lxd REST API. Any container names or patterns can be prefixed with the name of a remote server. More information: https://manned.org/lxc.

List local containers matching a string. Omit the string to list all local containers:
lxc list {{match_string}}
List images matching a string. Omit the string to list all images:
lxc image list [{{remote}}:]{{match_string}}
Create a new container from an image:
lxc init [{{remote}}:]{{image}} {{container}}
Start a container:
lxc start [{{remote}}:]{{container}}
Stop a container:
lxc stop [{{remote}}:]{{container}}
Show detailed info about a container:
lxc info [{{remote}}:]{{container}}
Take a snapshot of a container:
lxc snapshot [{{remote}}:]{{container}} {{snapshot}}
Execute a specific command inside a container:
lxc exec [{{remote}}:]{{container}} {{command}}

rolldice

Roll virtual dice. More information: https://manned.org/rolldice.

Roll a single 20 sided dice:
rolldice d{{20}}
Roll two six sided dice and drop the lowest roll:
rolldice {{2}}d{{6}}s{{1}}
Roll two 20 sided dice and add a modifier value:
rolldice {{2}}d{{20}}{{+5}}
Roll a 20 sided dice two times:
rolldice {{2}}xd{{20}}

trizen

Arch Linux utility for building packages from the Arch User Repository (AUR). More information: https://github.com/trizen/trizen.

Synchronize and update all AUR packages:
trizen -Syua
Install a new package:
trizen -S {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
trizen -Rs {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword:
trizen -Ss {{keyword}}
Show information about a package:
trizen -Si {{package}}
List installed packages and versions:
trizen -Qe

whatis

Display one-line descriptions from manual pages. More information: https://manned.org/whatis.

Display a description from a man page:
whatis {{command}}
Don't cut the description off at the end of the line:
whatis --long {{command}}
Display descriptions for all commands matching a glob:
whatis --wildcard {{net*}}
Search man page descriptions with a regular expression:
whatis --regex '{{wish[0-9]\.[0-9]}}'
Display descriptions of a specific language (requires manpage-{{locale}} package):
whatis --locale={{en}} {{command}}

systemd-run

Run programs in transient scope units, service units, or path-, socket-, or timer-triggered service units. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-run.html.

Start a transient service:
sudo systemd-run {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Start a transient service under the service manager of the current user (no privileges):
systemd-run --user {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Start a transient service with a custom unit name and description:
sudo systemd-run --unit={{name}} --description={{string}} {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Start a transient service that does not get cleaned up after it terminates with a custom environment variable:
sudo systemd-run --remain-after-exit --set-env={{name}}={{value}} {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Start a transient timer that periodically runs its transient service (see man systemd.time for calendar event format):
sudo systemd-run --on-calendar={{calendar_event}} {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Share the terminal with the program (allowing interactive input/output) and make sure the execution details remain after the program exits:
systemd-run --remain-after-exit --pty {{command}}
Set properties (e.g. CPUQuota, MemoryMax) of the process and wait until it exits:
systemd-run --property MemoryMax={{memory_in_bytes}} --property CPUQuota={{percentage_of_CPU_time}}% --wait {{command}}
Use the program in a shell pipeline:
{{command1}} | systemd-run --pipe {{command2}} | {{command3}}

btrfs rescue

Try to recover a damaged btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-rescue.html.

Rebuild the filesystem metadata tree (very slow):
sudo btrfs rescue chunk-recover {{path/to/partition}}
Fix device size alignment related problems (e.g. unable to mount the filesystem with super total bytes mismatch):
sudo btrfs rescue fix-device-size {{path/to/partition}}
Recover a corrupted superblock from correct copies (recover the root of filesystem tree):
sudo btrfs rescue super-recover {{path/to/partition}}
Recover from an interrupted transactions (fixes log replay problems):
sudo btrfs rescue zero-log {{path/to/partition}}
Create a /dev/btrfs-control control device when mknod is not installed:
sudo btrfs rescue create-control-device

ip rule

IP routing policy database management. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip-rule.8.html.

Display the routing policy:
ip rule {{show|list}}
Add a new rule based on packet source addresses:
sudo ip rule add from {{192.168.178.2/32}}
Add a new rule based on packet destination addresses:
sudo ip rule add to {{192.168.178.2/32}}
Delete a rule based on packet source addresses:
sudo ip rule delete from {{192.168.178.2/32}}
Delete a rule based on packet destination addresses:
sudo ip rule delete to {{192.168.178.2/32}}
Flush all deleted rules:
ip rule flush
Save all rules to a file:
ip rule save > {{path/to/ip_rules.dat}}
Restore all rules from a file:
ip rule restore < {{path/to/ip_rules.dat}}

debtap

Convert Debian packages into Arch Linux packages. See also: pacman-upgrade. More information: https://github.com/helixarch/debtap.

Update debtap database (before the first run):
sudo debtap --update
Convert the specified package:
debtap {{path/to/package.deb}}
Convert the specified package bypassing all questions, except for editing metadata files:
debtap --quiet {{path/to/package.deb}}
Generate a PKGBUILD file:
debtap --pkgbuild {{path/to/package.deb}}

scanimage

Scan images with the Scanner Access Now Easy API. More information: http://sane-project.org/man/scanimage.1.html.

List available scanners to ensure the target device is connected and recognized:
scanimage -L
Scan an image and save it to a file:
scanimage --format={{pnm|tiff|png|jpeg}} > {{path/to/new_image}}

bmon

Monitor bandwidth and capture network related statistics. More information: https://github.com/tgraf/bmon.

Display the list of all the interfaces:
bmon -a
Display data transfer rates in bits per second:
bmon -b
Set policy to define which network interface(s) is/are displayed:
bmon -p {{interface_1,interface_2,interface_3}}
Set interval (in seconds) in which rate per counter is calculated:
bmon -R {{2.0}}

systemctl

Control the systemd system and service manager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemctl.html.

Show all running services:
systemctl status
List failed units:
systemctl --failed
Start/Stop/Restart/Reload a service:
systemctl {{start|stop|restart|reload}} {{unit}}
Show the status of a unit:
systemctl status {{unit}}
Enable/Disable a unit to be started on bootup:
systemctl {{enable|disable}} {{unit}}
Mask/Unmask a unit to prevent enablement and manual activation:
systemctl {{mask|unmask}} {{unit}}
Reload systemd, scanning for new or changed units:
systemctl daemon-reload
Check if a unit is enabled:
systemctl is-enabled {{unit}}

postfix

Postfix mail transfer agent (MTA) control program. See also dovecot, a mail delivery agent (MDA) that integrates with Postfix. More information: http://www.postfix.org.

Check the configuration:
sudo postfix check
Check the status of the Postfix daemon:
sudo postfix status
Start Postfix:
sudo postfix start
Gracefully stop Postfix:
sudo postfix stop
Flush the mail queue:
sudo postfix flush
Reload the configuration files:
sudo postfix reload

aplay

Command-line sound player for ALSA soundcard driver. More information: https://manned.org/aplay.

Play a specific file (sampling rate, bit depth, etc. will be automatically determined for the file format):
aplay {{path/to/file}}
Play the first 10 seconds of a specific file at 2500 Hz:
aplay --duration={{10}} --rate={{2500}} {{path/to/file}}
Play the raw file as a 22050 Hz, mono, 8-bit, Mu-Law .au file:
aplay --channels={{1}} --file-type {{raw}} --rate={{22050}} --format={{mu_law}} {{path/to/file}}

reboot

Reboot the system. More information: https://manned.org/reboot.8.

Reboot the system:
reboot
Power off the system (same as poweroff):
reboot --poweroff
Halt the system (same as halt):
reboot --halt
Reboot immediately without contacting the system manager:
reboot --force
Write the wtmp shutdown entry without rebooting the system:
reboot --wtmp-only

cal

Prints calendar information, with the current day highlighted. More information: https://manned.org/cal.

Display a calendar for the current month:
cal
Display previous, current and next month:
cal -3
Use Monday as the first day of the week:
cal --monday
Display a calendar for a specific year (4 digits):
cal {{year}}
Display a calendar for a specific month and year:
cal {{month}} {{year}}

xdotool

Command-line automation for X11. More information: https://manned.org/xdotool.

Retrieve the X-Windows window ID of the running Firefox window(s):
xdotool search --onlyvisible --name {{firefox}}
Click the right mouse button:
xdotool click {{3}}
Get the ID of the currently active window:
xdotool getactivewindow
Focus on the window with ID of 12345:
xdotool windowfocus --sync {{12345}}
Type a message, with a 500ms delay for each letter:
xdotool type --delay {{500}} "Hello world"
Press the enter key:
xdotool key {{KP_Enter}}

netselect-apt

Create a sources.list file for a Debian mirror with the lowest latency. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/netselect-apt/netselect-apt.html.

Create sources.list using the lowest latency server:
sudo netselect-apt
Specify Debian branch, stable is used by default:
sudo netselect-apt {{testing}}
Include non-free section:
sudo netselect-apt --non-free
Specify a country for the mirror list lookup:
sudo netselect-apt -c {{India}}

mkfs.cramfs

Creates a ROM filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.cramfs.

Create a ROM filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.cramfs {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create a ROM filesystem with a volume-name:
mkfs.cramfs -n {{volume_name}} {{/dev/sdb1}}

silentcast

Silent screencast creator. Saves in .mkv and animated GIF formats. More information: https://github.com/colinkeenan/silentcast.

Launch silentcast:
silentcast
Launch silentcast on a specific display:
silentcast --display={{display}}

fsck

Check the integrity of a filesystem or repair it. The filesystem should be unmounted at the time the command is run. More information: https://manned.org/fsck.

Check filesystem /dev/sdXN, reporting any damaged blocks:
sudo fsck {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem /dev/sdXN, reporting any damaged blocks and interactively letting the user choose to repair each one:
sudo fsck -r {{/dev/sdXN}}
Check filesystem /dev/sdXN, reporting any damaged blocks and automatically repairing them:
sudo fsck -a {{/dev/sdXN}}

notify-send

Uses the current desktop environment's notification system to create a notification. More information: https://manned.org/notify-send.

Show a notification with the title "Test" and the content "This is a test":
notify-send "{{Test}}" "{{This is a test}}"
Show a notification with a custom icon:
notify-send -i {{icon.png}} "{{Test}}" "{{This is a test}}"
Show a notification for 5 seconds:
notify-send -t 5000 "{{Test}}" "{{This is a test}}"
Show a notification with an app's icon and name:
notify-send "{{Test}}" --icon={{google-chrome}} --app-name="{{Google Chrome}}"

scancel

Cancel a Slurm job. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/scancel.html.

Cancel a job using its ID:
scancel {{job_id}}
Cancel all jobs from a user:
scancel {{user_name}}

ifmetric

An IPv4 route metrics manipulation tool. More information: https://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/ifmetric/.

Set the priority of the specified network interface (a higher number indicates lower priority):
sudo ifmetric {{interface}} {{value}}
Reset the priority of the specified network interface:
sudo ifmetric {{interface}} {{0}}

systemd-detect-virt

Detect execution in a virtualized environment. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-detect-virt.html.

List detectable virtualization technologies:
systemd-detect-virt --list
Detect virtualization, print the result and return a zero status code when running in a VM or a container, and a non-zero code otherwise:
systemd-detect-virt
Silently check without printing anything:
systemd-detect-virt --quiet
Only detect container virtualization:
systemd-detect-virt --container
Only detect hardware virtualization:
systemd-detect-virt --vm

distrobox-create

Create a distrobox container. See also: tldr distrobox. The container created will be tightly integrated with the host, allowing sharing of the user's HOME directory, external storage, external USB devices, graphical apps (X11/Wayland), and audio. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-create.html.

Create a distrobox container using the Ubuntu image:
distrobox-create {{container_name}} --image {{ubuntu:latest}}
Clone a distrobox container:
distrobox-create --clone {{container_name}} {{cloned_container_name}}

rename

Rename multiple files. NOTE: this page refers to the command from the util-linux package. For the Perl version, see file-rename or perl-rename. Warning: This command has no safeguards and will overwrite files without prompting. More information: https://manned.org/rename.

Rename files using simple substitutions (substitute 'foo' with 'bar' wherever found):
rename {{foo}} {{bar}} {{*}}
Dry-run - display which renames would occur without performing them:
rename -vn {{foo}} {{bar}} {{*}}
Do not overwrite existing files:
rename -o {{foo}} {{bar}} {{*}}
Change file extensions:
rename {{.ext}} {{.bak}} {{*.ext}}
Prepend "foo" to all filenames in the current directory:
rename {{''}} {{'foo'}} {{*}}
Rename a group of increasingly numbered files zero-padding the numbers up to 3 digits:
rename {{foo}} {{foo00}} {{foo?}} && rename {{foo}} {{foo0}} {{foo??}}

wodim

Command (aliased as cdrecord on some systems) for recording data to CDs or DVDs. Some invocations of wodim can cause destructive actions, such as erasing all the data on a disc. More information: https://manned.org/wodim.

Display optical drives available to wodim:
wodim --devices
Record ("burn") an audio-only disc:
wodim dev=/dev/{{optical_drive}} -audio {{track*.cdaudio}}
Burn a file to a disc, ejecting the disc once done (some recorders require this):
wodim -eject dev=/dev/{{optical_drive}} -data {{file.iso}}
Burn a file to the disc in an optical drive, potentially writing to multiple discs in succession:
wodim -tao dev=/dev/{{optical_drive}} -data {{file.iso}}

qm reset

Reset a virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Reset a virtual machine:
qm reset {{vm_id}}
Reset a virtual machine and skip lock (only root can use this option):
qm reset --skiplock {{true}} {{vm_id}}

ipcalc

Perform simple operations and calculations on IP addresses and networks. More information: https://manned.org/ipcalc.

Show information about an address or network with a given subnet mask:
ipcalc {{1.2.3.4}} {{255.255.255.0}}
Show information about an address or network in CIDR notation:
ipcalc {{1.2.3.4}}/{{24}}
Show the broadcast address of an address or network:
ipcalc -b {{1.2.3.4}}/{{30}}
Show the network address of provided IP address and netmask:
ipcalc -n {{1.2.3.4}}/{{24}}
Display geographic information about a given IP address:
ipcalc -g {{1.2.3.4}}

w

Display who is logged in and their processes. More information: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/w-command-in-linux-with-examples/.

Display information about all users who are currently logged in:
w
Display information about a specific user:
w {{username}}
Display information without including the header:
w --no-header
Display information without including the login, JCPU and PCPU columns:
w --short

xterm

A terminal emulator for the X Window System. More information: https://manned.org/xterm.

Open the terminal with a title of Example:
xterm -T {{Example}}
Open the terminal in fullscreen mode:
xterm -fullscreen
Open the terminal with a dark blue background and yellow foreground (font color):
xterm -bg {{darkblue}} -fg {{yellow}}
Open the terminal with 100 characters per line and 35 lines, in screen position x=200px, y=20px:
xterm -geometry {{100}}x{{35}}+{{200}}+{{20}}
Open the terminal using a Serif font and a font size equal to 20:
xterm -fa {{'Serif'}} -fs {{20}}

startx

The startx script is a front end to xinit that provides a nice user interface for running a single session of the X Window System. More information: https://x.org/releases/X11R7.5/doc/man/man1/startx.1.html.

Start an X session:
startx
Start an X session with a predefined depth value:
startx -- -depth {{value}}
Start an X session with a predefined dpi value:
startx -- -dpi {{value}}
Override the settings in the .xinitrc file and start a new X session:
startx /{{path/to/window_manager_or_desktop_environment}}

apt-get

Debian and Ubuntu package management utility. Search for packages using apt-cache. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt-get.8.html.

Update the list of available packages and versions (it's recommended to run this before other apt-get commands):
apt-get update
Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
apt-get install {{package}}
Remove a package:
apt-get remove {{package}}
Remove a package and its configuration files:
apt-get purge {{package}}
Upgrade all installed packages to their newest available versions:
apt-get upgrade
Clean the local repository - removing package files (.deb) from interrupted downloads that can no longer be downloaded:
apt-get autoclean
Remove all packages that are no longer needed:
apt-get autoremove
Upgrade installed packages (like upgrade), but remove obsolete packages and install additional packages to meet new dependencies:
apt-get dist-upgrade

slop

Get a selection of the screen. More information: https://github.com/naelstrof/slop.

Wait for the user to make a selection and output its geometry to stdout:
slop
Double click, rather than click and drag, to draw a selection:
slop -D
Highlight the selection rather than outlining it:
slop -l
Specify the output format:
slop -f {{format_string}}
Specify the selection rectangle's color:
slop -c {{red}},{{green}},{{blue}},{{alpha}}

filefrag

Report how badly fragmented a particular file might be. More information: https://manned.org/filefrag.

Display a report for a specific file:
filefrag {{path/to/file}}
Display a report for space-separated list of files:
filefrag {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}
Display a report using a 1024 byte blocksize:
filefrag -b {{path/to/file}}
Sync the file before requesting the mapping:
filefrag -s {{path/to/files}}
Display mapping of extended attributes:
filefrag -x {{path/to/files}}
Display a report with verbose information:
filefrag -v {{path/to/files}}

rpi-eeprom-update

Tool to update EEPROM and view other EEPROM information. More information: https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/raspberry-pi.html#rpi-eeprom-update.

Print information about the current raspberry pi EEPROM installed:
sudo rpi-eeprom-update
Update a raspberry pi EEPROM:
sudo rpi-eeprom-update -a
Cancel the pending update:
sudo rpi-eeprom-update -r
Display help:
rpi-eeprom-update -h

upower

System utility to provide power and battery information and statistics. More information: https://upower.freedesktop.org/docs/upower.1.html.

Display power and battery information:
upower --dump
List all power devices:
upower --enumerate
Watch for and print power status changes:
upower --monitor
Watch for and print detailed power status changes:
upower --monitor-detail
Display version:
upower --version

wol

Client for sending Wake-on-LAN magic packets. More information: https://sourceforge.net/projects/wake-on-lan/.

Send a WoL packet to a device:
wol {{mac_address}}
Send a WoL packet to a device in another subnet based on its IP:
wol --ipaddr={{ip_address}} {{mac_address}}
Send a WoL packet to a device in another subnet based on its hostname:
wol --host={{hostname}} {{mac_address}}
Send a WoL packet to a specific port on a host:
wol --port={{port_number}} {{mac_address}}
Read hardware addresses, IP addresses/hostnames, optional ports and SecureON passwords from a file:
wol --file={{path/to/file}}
Turn on verbose output:
wol --verbose {{mac_address}}

dmesg

Write the kernel messages to stdout. More information: https://manned.org/dmesg.

Show kernel messages:
dmesg
Show kernel error messages:
dmesg --level err
Show kernel messages and keep reading new ones, similar to tail -f (available in kernels 3.5.0 and newer):
dmesg -w
Show how much physical memory is available on this system:
dmesg | grep -i memory
Show kernel messages 1 page at a time:
dmesg | less
Show kernel messages with a timestamp (available in kernels 3.5.0 and newer):
dmesg -T
Show kernel messages in human-readable form (available in kernels 3.5.0 and newer):
dmesg -H
Colorize output (available in kernels 3.5.0 and newer):
dmesg -L

stegsnow

Steganography tool for concealing and extracting messages in text files encoded as tabs and spaces. More information: https://darkside.com.au/snow/manual.html.

Extract [m]essage from file:
stegsnow {{path/to/file.txt}}
Extract [C]ompressed and [p]assword protected [m]essage from file:
stegsnow -C -p {{password}} {{path/to/file.txt}}
Determine approximate [S]torage capacity with line [l]ength less than 72 for file:
stegsnow -S -l 72 {{path/to/file.txt}}
Conceal [m]essage in text from file and save to result:
stegsnow -m '{{message}}' {{path/to/file.txt}} {{path/to/result.txt}}
Conceal message [f]ile content [C]ompressed in text from file and save to result:
stegsnow -C -f '{{path/to/message.txt}}' {{path/to/file.txt}} {{path/to/result.txt}}
Conceal [m]essage [C]ompressed and [p]assword protected in text from file and save to result:
stegsnow -C -p {{password}} -m '{{message}}' {{path/to/file.txt}} {{path/to/result.txt}}

apt moo

An APT easter egg. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt.8.html.

Print a cow easter egg:
apt moo

dbus-daemon

The D-Bus message daemon, allowing multiple programs to exchange messages. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/.

Run the daemon with a configuration file:
dbus-daemon --config-file {{path/to/file}}
Run the daemon with the standard per-login-session message bus configuration:
dbus-daemon --session
Run the daemon with the standard systemwide message bus configuration:
dbus-daemon --system
Set the address to listen on and override the configuration value for it:
dbus-daemon --address {{address}}
Output the process ID to stdout:
dbus-daemon --print-pid
Force the message bus to write to the system log for messages:
dbus-daemon --syslog

qm shutdown

Shutdown a virtual machine on QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Shutdown a virtual machine:
qm shutdown {{VM_ID}}
Shutdown a virtual machine after wait for at most 10 seconds:
qm shutdown --timeout {{10}} {{VM_ID}}
Shutdown a virtual machine and do not deactivate storage volumes:
qm shutdown --keepActive {{true}} {{VM_ID}}
Shutdown a virtual machine and skip lock (only root can use this option):
qm shutdown --skiplock {{true}} {{VM_ID}}
Stop and shutdown a virtual machine:
qm shutdown --forceStop {{true}} {{VM_ID}}

pamac

A command-line utility for the GUI package manager pamac. If you can't see the AUR packages, enable it in /etc/pamac.conf or in the GUI. More information: https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php/Pamac.

Install a new package:
pamac install {{package_name}}
Remove a package and its no longer required dependencies (orphans):
pamac remove --orphans {{package_name}}
Search the package database for a package:
pamac search {{package_name}}
List installed packages:
pamac list --installed
Check for package updates:
pamac checkupdates
Upgrade all packages:
pamac upgrade

iw

Show and manipulate wireless devices. More information: https://manned.org/iw.

Scan for available wireless networks:
iw dev {{wlp}} scan
Join an open wireless network:
iw dev {{wlp}} connect {{SSID}}
Close the current connection:
iw dev {{wlp}} disconnect
Show information about the current connection:
iw dev {{wlp}} link

qm mtunnel

Used by qmigrate. It should not be invoked manually. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Command used by qmigrate during data migration from a VM to another host:
qm mtunnel

setfacl

Set file access control lists (ACL). More information: https://manned.org/setfacl.

Modify ACL of a file for user with read and write access:
setfacl -m u:{{username}}:rw {{file}}
Modify default ACL of a file for all users:
setfacl -d -m u::rw {{file}}
Remove ACL of a file for a user:
setfacl -x u:{{username}} {{file}}
Remove all ACL entries of a file:
setfacl -b {{file}}

paru

An AUR helper and pacman wrapper. More information: https://github.com/Morganamilo/paru.

Interactively search for and install a package:
paru {{package_name_or_search_term}}
Synchronize and update all packages:
paru
Upgrade AUR packages:
paru -Sua
Get information about a package:
paru -Si {{package}}
Download PKGBUILD and other package source files from the AUR or ABS:
paru --getpkgbuild {{package}}
Display the PKGBUILD file of a package:
paru --getpkgbuild --print {{package}}

pkgctl version

Display pkgctl version information. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl-version.1.

Display version:
pkgctl version

esearch

Perform a new Entrez search using terms in indexed fields. It is part of the edirect package. More information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179288/.

Search the pubmed database for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor:
esearch -db pubmed -query "{{selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor}}"
Search the protein database using a query and regexp:
esearch -db {{protein}} -query {{'Escherichia*'}}
Search the nucleotide database for sequences whose metadata contain insulin and rodents:
esearch -db nuccore -query "{{insulin [PROT] AND rodents [ORGN]}}"
Display [h]elp:
esearch -h

a2enconf

Enable an Apache configuration file on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2enconf.8.en.html.

Enable a configuration file:
sudo a2enconf {{configuration_file}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2enconf --quiet {{configuration_file}}

systemd-ac-power

Report whether the computer is connected to an external power source. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-ac-power.html.

Silently check and return a 0 status code when running on AC power, and a non-zero code otherwise:
systemd-ac-power
Additionally print yes or no to stdout:
systemd-ac-power --verbose

latte-dock

Replacement dock for Plasma desktop. More information: https://github.com/KDE/latte-dock.

Clear QML cache:
latte-dock --clear-cache
Import and load default layout on startup:
latte-dock --default-layout
Load a specific layout on startup:
latte-dock --layout {{layout_name}}
Import and load a specific layout:
latte-dock --import-layout {{path/to/file}}

pro

Manage Ubuntu Pro services. More information: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/latest/en/man1/ubuntu-advantage.1.html.

Connect your system to the Ubuntu Pro support contract:
sudo pro attach
Display the status of Ubuntu Pro services:
pro status
Check if the system is affected by a specific vulnerability (and apply a fix if possible):
pro fix {{CVE-number}}
Display the number of unsupported packages:
pro security-status
List packages that are no longer available for download:
pro security-status --unavailable
List third-party packages:
pro security-status --thirdparty

terminator

Arrange multiple GNOME terminals in one window. More information: https://gnome-terminator.org/.

Start terminator window:
terminator
Start with a fullscreen window:
terminator -f
Split terminals horizontally:
Ctrl + Shift + O
Split terminals vertically:
Ctrl + Shift + E
Open new tab:
Ctrl + Shift + T

megadl

This command is an alias of megatools-dl. More information: https://megatools.megous.com/man/megatools-dl.html.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr megatools-dl

raw

Bind a Unix raw character device. More information: https://manned.org/raw.8.

Bind a raw character device to a block device:
raw /dev/raw/raw{{1}} {{/dev/block_device}}
Query an existing binding instead of setting a new one:
raw /dev/raw/raw{{1}}
Query all bound raw devices:
raw -qa

screenkey

A screencast tool to display keys pressed. More information: https://www.thregr.org/~wavexx/software/screenkey/.

Display keys which are currently being pressed on the screen:
screenkey
Display keys and mouse buttons which are currently being pressed on the screen:
screenkey --mouse
Launch the settings menu of screenkey:
screenkey --show-settings
Launch screenkey at a specific position:
screenkey --position {{top|center|bottom|fixed}}
Change the format of the key modifiers displayed on screen:
screenkey --mods-mode {{normal|emacs|mac|win|tux}}
Change the appearance of screenkey:
screenkey --bg-color "{{#a1b2c3}}" --font {{Hack}} --font-color {{yellow}} --opacity {{0.8}}
Drag and select a window on screen to display screenkey:
screenkey --position fixed --geometry {{$(slop -n -f '%g')}}

qm

QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

List all virtual machines:
qm list
Using an ISO file uploaded on the local storage, create a virtual machine with a 4 GB IDE disk on the local-lvm storage and an ID of 100:
qm create {{100}} -ide0 {{local-lvm:4}} -net0 {{e1000}} -cdrom {{local:iso/proxmox-mailgateway_2.1.iso}}
Show the configuration of a virtual machine, specifying its ID:
qm config {{100}}
Start a specific virtual machine:
qm start {{100}}
Send a shutdown request, then wait until the virtual machine is stopped:
qm shutdown {{100}} && qm wait {{100}}
Destroy a virtual machine and remove all related resources:
qm destroy {{100}} --purge

gdebi

Simple tool to install .deb files. More information: https://www.commandlinux.com/man-page/man1/gdebi.1.html.

Install local .deb packages resolving and installing its dependencies:
gdebi {{path/to/package.deb}}
Display the program version:
gdebi --version
Do not show progress information:
gdebi {{path/to/package.deb}} --quiet
Set an APT configuration option:
gdebi {{path/to/package.deb}} --option={{APT_OPTS}}
Use alternative root dir:
gdebi {{path/to/package.deb}} --root={{path/to/root_dir}}

isosize

Display the size of an ISO file. More information: https://manned.org/isosize.

Display the size of an ISO file:
isosize {{path/to/file.iso}}
Display the block count and block size of an ISO file:
isosize --sectors {{path/to/file.iso}}
Display the size of an ISO file divided by a given number (only usable when --sectors is not given):
isosize --divisor={{number}} {{path/to/file.iso}}

csplit

Split a file into pieces. This generates files named "xx00", "xx01", and so on. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/csplit.

Split a file at lines 5 and 23:
csplit {{path/to/file}} {{5}} {{23}}
Split a file every 5 lines (this will fail if the total number of lines is not divisible by 5):
csplit {{path/to/file}} {{5}} {*}
Split a file every 5 lines, ignoring exact-division error:
csplit -k {{path/to/file}} {{5}} {*}
Split a file at line 5 and use a custom prefix for the output files:
csplit {{path/to/file}} {{5}} -f {{prefix}}
Split a file at a line matching a regular expression:
csplit {{path/to/file}} /{{regular_expression}}/

vcgencmd

Print system information for a Raspberry Pi. More information: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/computers/os.html#vcgencmd.

List all available commands:
vcgencmd commands
Print the current CPU temperature:
vcgencmd measure_temp
Print the current voltage:
vcgencmd measure_volts
Print the throttled state of the system as a bit pattern:
vcgencmd get_throttled
Print the bootloader config (only available on Raspberry Pi 4 models):
vcgencmd bootloader_config
Display Help:
vcgencmd --help

sacctmgr

View, setup, and manage Slurm accounts. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/sacctmgr.html.

Show current configuration:
sacctmgr show configuration
Add a cluster to the slurm database:
sacctmgr add cluster {{cluster_name}}
Add an account to the slurm database:
sacctmgr add account {{account_name}} cluster={{cluster_of_account}}
Show details of user/association/cluster/account using a specific format:
sacctmgr show {{user|association|cluster|account}} format="Account%10" format="GrpTRES%30"

nmcli agent

Run nmcli as a NetworkManager secret agent or polkit agent. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli a. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

cockpit-ws

Communicate between the browser application and various configuration tools and services like cockpit-bridge. More information: https://cockpit-project.org/guide/latest/cockpit-ws.8.html.

Start with authentication via SSH at 127.0.0.1 with port 22 enabled:
cockpit-ws --local-ssh
Start an HTTP server on a specific port:
cockpit-ws --port {{port}}
Start and bind to a specific IP address (defaults to 0.0.0.0):
cockpit-ws --address {{ip_address}}
Start without TLS:
cockpit-ws --no-tls
Display help:
cockpit-ws --help

fatlabel

Sets or gets the label of a FAT32 partition. More information: https://manned.org/fatlabel.

Get the label of a FAT32 partition:
fatlabel {{/dev/sda1}}
Set the label of a FAT32 partition:
fatlabel {{/dev/sdc3}} "{{new_label}}"

qm guest exec

Execute a specific command via a guest agent. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Execute a specific command via a guest agent:
qm guest exec {{vm_id}} {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}
Execute a specific command via a guest agent asynchronously:
qm guest exec {{vm_id}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}} --synchronous 0
Execute a specific command via a guest agent with a specified timeout of 10 seconds:
qm guest exec {{vm_id}} {{argument1 argument2...}} --timeout {{10}}
Execute a specific command via a guest agent and forward input from STDIN until EOF to the guest agent:
qm guest exec {{vm_id}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}} --pass-stdin 1

deluser

Delete a user from the system. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/adduser/deluser.html.

Remove a user:
sudo deluser {{username}}
Remove a user and their home directory:
sudo deluser --remove-home {{username}}
Remove a user and their home, but backup their files into a .tar.gz file in the specified directory:
sudo deluser --backup-to {{path/to/backup_directory}} --remove-home {{username}}
Remove a user, and all files owned by them:
sudo deluser --remove-all-files {{username}}

semanage fcontext

Manage persistent SELinux security context rules on files/directories. See also: semanage, restorecon. More information: https://manned.org/semanage-fcontext.

List all file labelling rules:
sudo semanage fcontext --list
List all user-defined file labelling rules without headings:
sudo semanage fcontext --list --locallist --noheading
Add a user-defined rule that labels any path which matches a PCRE regex:
sudo semanage fcontext --add --type {{samba_share_t}} {{'/mnt/share(/.*)?'}}
Delete a user-defined rule using its PCRE regex:
sudo semanage fcontext --delete {{'/mnt/share(/.*)?'}}
Relabel a directory recursively by applying the new rules:
restorecon -R -v {{path/to/directory}}

wmctrl

CLI for X Window Manager. More information: https://manned.org/wmctrl.

List all windows, managed by the window manager:
wmctrl -l
Switch to the first window whose (partial) title matches:
wmctrl -a {{window_title}}
Move a window to the current workspace, raise it and give it focus:
wmctrl -R {{window_title}}
Switch to a workspace:
wmctrl -s {{workspace_number}}
Select a window and toggle fullscreen:
wmctrl -r {{window_title}} -b toggle,fullscreen
Select a window a move it to a workspace:
wmctrl -r {{window_title}} -t {{workspace_number}}

apt-cache

Debian and Ubuntu package query tool. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt-cache.8.html.

Search for a package in your current sources:
apt-cache search {{query}}
Show information about a package:
apt-cache show {{package}}
Show whether a package is installed and up to date:
apt-cache policy {{package}}
Show dependencies for a package:
apt-cache depends {{package}}
Show packages that depend on a particular package:
apt-cache rdepends {{package}}

dnf

Package management utility for RHEL, Fedora, and CentOS (replaces yum). For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://dnf.readthedocs.io.

Upgrade installed packages to the newest available versions:
sudo dnf upgrade
Search packages via keywords:
dnf search {{keyword1 keyword2 ...}}
Display details about a package:
dnf info {{package}}
Install a new package (use -y to confirm all prompts automatically):
sudo dnf install {{package1 package2 ...}}
Remove a package:
sudo dnf remove {{package1 package2 ...}}
List installed packages:
dnf list --installed
Find which packages provide a given command:
dnf provides {{command}}
View all past operations:
dnf history

e4defrag

Defragment an ext4 filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/e4defrag.

Defragment the filesystem:
e4defrag {{/dev/sdXN}}
See how fragmented a filesystem is:
e4defrag -c {{/dev/sdXN}}
Print errors and the fragmentation count before and after each file:
e4defrag -v {{/dev/sdXN}}

distrobox

Use any Linux distribution inside your terminal in a container. Install & use packages inside it while tightly integrating with the host OS, sharing storage (home directory) and hardware. It uses Podman or Docker to create your containers. More information: https://github.com/89luca89/distrobox.

View documentation for creating containers:
tldr distrobox-create
View documentation for listing container's information:
tldr distrobox-list
View documentation for entering the container:
tldr distrobox-enter
View documentation for executing a command on the host from inside a container:
tldr distrobox-host-exec
View documentation for exporting app/service/binary from the container to the host:
tldr distrobox-export
View documentation for upgrading containers:
tldr distrobox-upgrade
View documentation for stopping the containers:
tldr distrobox-stop
View documentation for removing the containers:
tldr distrobox-rm

phpenmod

Enable PHP extensions on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://salsa.debian.org/php-team/php-defaults.

Enable the JSON extension for every SAPI of every PHP version:
sudo phpenmod {{json}}
Enable the JSON extension for PHP 7.3 with the cli SAPI:
sudo phpenmod -v {{7.3}} -s {{cli}} {{json}}

getcap

Command to display the name and capabilities of each specified file. More information: https://manned.org/getcap.

Get capabilities for the given files:
getcap {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Get capabilities for all the files recursively under the given directories:
getcap -r {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Displays all searched entries even if no capabilities are set:
getcap -v {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}

help

Display information about Bash builtin commands. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-help.

Display the full list of builtin commands:
help
Print instructions on how to use the while loop construct:
help while
Print instructions on how to use the for loop construct:
help for
Print instructions on how to use [[ ]] for conditional commands:
help [[ ]]
Print instruction on how to use (( )) to evaluate arithmetic expressions:
help 
Print instructions on how to use the cd command:
help cd

xdg-user-dirs-update

Update XDG user directories. More information: https://manned.org/xdg-user-dirs-update.

Change XDG's DESKTOP directory to the specified directory (must be absolute):
xdg-user-dirs-update --set DESKTOP "{{path/to/directory}}"
Write the result to the specified dry-run-file instead of the user-dirs.dirs file:
xdg-user-dirs-update --dummy-output "{{path/to/dry_run_file}}" --set {{xdg_user_directory}} "{{path/to/directory}}"

steghide

Steganography tool for JPEG, BMP, WAV and AU file formats. More information: https://github.com/StefanoDeVuono/steghide.

Embed data in a PNG, prompting for a passphrase:
steghide embed --coverfile {{path/to/image.png}} --embedfile {{path/to/data.txt}}
Extract data from a WAV audio file:
steghide extract --stegofile {{path/to/sound.wav}}
Display file information, trying to detect an embedded file:
steghide info {{path/to/file.jpg}}
Embed data in a JPEG image, using maximum compression:
steghide embed --coverfile {{path/to/image.jpg}} --embedfile {{path/to/data.txt}} --compress {{9}}
Get the list of supported encryption algorithms and modes:
steghide encinfo
Embed encrypted data in a JPEG image, e.g. with Blowfish in CBC mode:
steghide embed --coverfile {{path/to/image.jpg}} --embedfile {{path/to/data.txt}} --encryption {{blowfish|...}} {{cbc|...}}

imgp

Command-line image resizer and rotator for JPEG and PNG images. More information: https://github.com/jarun/imgp.

Convert single images and/or whole directories containing valid image formats:
imgp -x {{1366x1000}} {{path/to/directory}} {{path/to/file}}
Scale an image by 75% and overwrite the source image to a target resolution:
imgp -x {{75}} -w {{path/to/file}}
Rotate an image clockwise by 90 degrees:
imgp -o {{90}} {{path/to/file}}

mmcli

Control and monitor the ModemManager. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/ModemManager/man/latest/mmcli.1.html.

List available modems:
mmcli --list-modems
Print information about a modem:
mmcli --modem={{modem}}
Enable a modem:
mmcli --modem={{modem}} --enable
List SMS messages available on the modem:
sudo mmcli --modem={{modem}} --messaging-list-sms
Delete a message from the modem, specifying its path:
sudo mmcli --modem={{modem}} --messaging-delete-sms={{path/to/message_file}}

lvdisplay

Display information about Logical Volume Manager (LVM) logical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvdisplay.8.html.

Display information about all logical volumes:
sudo lvdisplay
Display information about all logical volumes in volume group vg1:
sudo lvdisplay {{vg1}}
Display information about logical volume lv1 in volume group vg1:
sudo lvdisplay {{vg1/lv1}}

scriptreplay

Replay a typescript created by the script command to stdout. More information: https://manned.org/scriptreplay.

Replay a typescript at the speed it was recorded:
scriptreplay {{path/to/timing_file}} {{path/to/typescript}}
Replay a typescript at double the original speed:
scriptreplay {{path/to/timingfile}} {{path/to/typescript}} 2
Replay a typescript at half the original speed:
scriptreplay {{path/to/timingfile}} {{path/to/typescript}} 0.5

unzipsfx

Create a self-extracting compressed binary file by prepending self-extracting stubs on a zip file. More information: https://manned.org/unzipsfx.

Create a self-extracting binary file of a zip archive:
cat unzipsfx {{path/to/archive.zip}} > {{filename}} && chmod 755 {{filename}}
Extract a self-extracting binary in the current directory:
{{./path/to/binary)}}
Test a self-extracting binary for errors:
{{./path/to/binary)}} -t
Print content of a file in the self-extracting binary without extraction:
{{./path/to/binary)}} -c {{path/to/filename}}
Print comments on zip archive in the self-extracting binary:
{{./path/to/binary)}} -z

debsecan

Debian Security Analyzer, a tool to list vulnerabilities on a particular Debian installation. More information: https://gitlab.com/fweimer/debsecan.

List vulnerable installed packages on the current host:
debsecan
List vulnerable installed packages of a specific suite:
debsecan --suite {{release_code_name}}
List only fixed vulnerabilities:
debsecan --suite {{release_code_name}} --only-fixed
List only fixed vulnerabilities of unstable ("sid") and mail to root:
debsecan --suite {{sid}} --only-fixed --format {{report}} --mailto {{root}} --update-history
Upgrade vulnerable installed packages:
sudo apt upgrade $(debsecan --only-fixed --format {{packages}})

microcom

A minimalistic terminal program, used to access remote devices via a serial, CAN or telnet connection from the console. More information: https://manned.org/microcom.

Open a serial port using the specified baud rate:
microcom --port {{path/to/serial_port}} --speed {{baud_rate}}
Establish a telnet connection to the specified host:
microcom --telnet {{hostname}}:{{port}}

ports

Update/list the ports tree on a CRUX system. More information: https://manned.org/ports.

Update the ports tree:
ports -u
List the ports in the current tree:
ports -l
Check the differences between installed packages and the ports tree:
ports -d

just

A V8 JavaScript runtime for Linux. More information: https://github.com/just-js/just.

Start a REPL (interactive shell):
just
Run a JavaScript file:
just {{path/to/file.js}}
Evaluate JavaScript code by passing it as an argument:
just eval "{{code}}"
Initialize a new project in a directory of the same name:
just init {{project_name}}
Build a JavaScript application into an executable:
just build {{path/to/file.js}} --static

batcat

This command is an alias of bat. More information: https://github.com/sharkdp/bat.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr bat

dnsrecon

DNS enumeration tool. More information: https://github.com/darkoperator/dnsrecon.

Scan a domain and save the results to a SQLite database:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} --db {{path/to/database.sqlite}}
Scan a domain, specifying the nameserver and performing a zone transfer:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} --name_server {{nameserver.example.com}} --type axfr
Scan a domain, using a brute-force attack and a dictionary of subdomains and hostnames:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} --dictionary {{path/to/dictionary.txt}} --type brt
Scan a domain, performing a reverse lookup of IP ranges from the SPF record and saving the results to a JSON file:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} -s --json
Scan a domain, performing a Google enumeration and saving the results to a CSV file:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} -g --csv
Scan a domain, performing DNS cache snooping:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} --type snoop --name_server {{nameserver.example.com}} --dictionary {{path/to/dictionary.txt}}
Scan a domain, performing zone walking:
dnsrecon --domain {{example.com}} --type zonewalk

gcov

Code coverage analysis and profiling tool that discovers untested parts of a program. Also displays a copy of source code annotated with execution frequencies of code segments. More information: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Invoking-Gcov.html.

Generate a coverage report named file.cpp.gcov:
gcov {{path/to/file.cpp}}
Write individual execution counts for every basic block:
gcov --all-blocks {{path/to/file.cpp}}
Write branch frequencies to the output file and print summary information to stdout as a percentage:
gcov --branch-probabilities {{path/to/file.cpp}}
Write branch frequencies as the number of branches taken, rather than the percentage:
gcov --branch-counts {{path/to/file.cpp}}
Do not create a gcov output file:
gcov --no-output {{path/to/file.cpp}}
Write file level as well as function level summaries:
gcov --function-summaries {{path/to/file.cpp}}

x0vncserver

TigerVNC Server for X displays. More information: https://tigervnc.org/doc/x0vncserver.html.

Start a VNC server using a passwordfile:
x0vncserver -display {{:0}} -passwordfile {{path/to/file}}
Start a VNC server using a specific port:
x0vncserver -display {{:0}} -rfbport {{port}}

homectl

Create, remove, change or inspect home directories using the systemd-homed service. More information: https://manned.org/homectl.

List user accounts and their associated home directories:
homectl list
Create a user account and their associated home directory:
sudo homectl create {{username}}
Remove a specific user and the associated home directory:
sudo homectl remove {{username}}
Change the password for a specific user:
sudo homectl passwd {{username}}
Run a shell or a command with access to a specific home directory:
sudo homectl with {{username}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Lock or unlock a specific home directory:
sudo homectl {{lock|unlock}} {{username}}
Change the disk space assigned to a specific home directory to 100 GiB:
sudo homectl resize {{username}} {{100G}}
Display help:
homectl --help

needrestart

Check which daemons need to be restarted after library upgrades. More information: https://github.com/liske/needrestart.

List outdated processes:
needrestart
Interactively restart services:
sudo needrestart
List outdated processes in [v]erbose or [q]uiet mode:
needrestart -{{v|q}}
Check if the [k]ernel is outdated:
needrestart -k
Check if the CPU microcode is outdated:
needrestart -w
List outdated processes in [b]atch mode:
needrestart -b
List outdated processed using a specific [c]onfiguration file:
needrestart -c {{path/to/config}}
Display help:
needrestart --help

size

Displays the sizes of sections inside binary files. More information: https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/binutils/size.html.

Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file:
size {{path/to/file}}
Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file in [o]ctal:
size {{-o|--radix=8}} {{path/to/file}}
Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file in [d]ecimal:
size {{-d|--radix=10}} {{path/to/file}}
Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file in he[x]adecimal:
size {{-x|--radix=16}} {{path/to/file}}

qm list

List all virtual machines. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

List all virtual machines:
qm list
List all virtual machines with a full status about the ones which are currently running:
qm list --full 1

zile

Zile is a lightweight clone of the Emacs text editor. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/zile/.

Start a buffer for temporary notes, which won't be saved:
zile
Open a file:
zile {{path/to/file}}
Save a file:
Ctrl + X, Ctrl + S
Quit:
Ctrl + X, Ctrl + C
Open a file at a specified line number:
zile +{{line_number}} {{path/to/file}}
Undo changes:
Ctrl + X, U

toolbox help

Displays help information about toolbox. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-help.1.

Display the toolbox manual:
toolbox help
Display the toolbox manual for a specific subcommand:
toolbox help {{subcommand}}

kpackagetool5

KPackage Manager: Install, list, remove Plasma packages. More information: https://techbase.kde.org/Development/Tutorials/Plasma5/QML2/GettingStarted#Kpackagetool5.

List all known package types that can be installed:
kpackagetool5 --list-types
Install the package from a directory:
kpackagetool5 --type {{package_type}} --install {{path/to/directory}}
Update installed package from a directory:
kpackagetool5 --type {{package_type}} --upgrade {{path/to/directory}}
List installed plasmoids (--global for all users):
kpackagetool5 --type Plasma/Applet --list --global
Remove a plasmoid by name:
kpackagetool5 --type Plasma/Applet --remove "{{name}}"

fakeroot

Run a command in an environment faking root privileges for file manipulation. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/fakeroot/fakeroot.1.html.

Start the default shell as fakeroot:
fakeroot
Run a command as fakeroot:
fakeroot -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a command as fakeroot and save the environment to a file on exit:
fakeroot -s {{path/to/file}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Load a fakeroot environment and run a command as fakeroot:
fakeroot -i {{path/to/file}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a command keeping the real ownership of files instead of pretending they are owned by root:
fakeroot --unknown-is-real -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Display help:
fakeroot --help

cewl

URL spidering tool for making a cracking wordlist from web content. More information: https://digi.ninja/projects/cewl.php.

Create a wordlist file from the given URL up to 2 links depth:
cewl --depth {{2}} --write {{path/to/wordlist.txt}} {{url}}
Output an alphanumeric wordlist from the given URL with words of minimum 5 characters:
cewl --with-numbers --min_word_length {{5}} {{url}}
Output a wordlist from the given URL in debug mode including email addresses:
cewl --debug --email {{url}}
Output a wordlist from the given URL using HTTP Basic or Digest authentication:
cewl --auth_type {{basic|digest}} --auth_user {{username}} --auth_pass {{password}} {{url}}
Output a wordlist from the given URL through a proxy:
cewl --proxy_host {{host}} --proxy_port {{port}} {{url}}

firejail

Securely sandboxes processes to containers using built-in Linux capabilities. More information: https://manned.org/firejail.

Integrate firejail with your desktop environment:
sudo firecfg
Open a restricted Mozilla Firefox:
firejail {{firefox}}
Start a restricted Apache server on a known interface and address:
firejail --net={{eth0}} --ip={{192.168.1.244}} {{/etc/init.d/apache2}} {{start}}
List running sandboxes:
firejail --list
List network activity from running sandboxes:
firejail --netstats
Shutdown a running sandbox:
firejail --shutdown={{7777}}

partx

Parse a partition table and tell the kernel about it. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/partx.8.html.

List the partitions on a block device or disk image:
sudo partx --list {{path/to/device_or_disk_image}}
Add all the partitions found in a given block device to the kernel:
sudo partx --add --verbose {{path/to/device_or_disk_image}}
Delete all the partitions found from the kernel (does not alter partitions on disk):
sudo partx --delete {{path/to/device_or_disk_image}}

usermod

Modifies a user account. See also: users, useradd, userdel. More information: https://manned.org/usermod.

Change a username:
sudo usermod --login {{new_username}} {{username}}
Change a user id:
sudo usermod --uid {{id}} {{username}}
Change a user shell:
sudo usermod --shell {{path/to/shell}} {{username}}
Add a user to supplementary groups (mind the lack of whitespace):
sudo usermod --append --groups {{group1,group2,...}} {{username}}
Change a user home directory:
sudo usermod --move-home --home {{path/to/new_home}} {{username}}

krita

Krita is a sketching and painting program designed for digital artists. See also: gimp. More information: https://docs.krita.org/en/reference_manual/linux_command_line.html.

Start Krita:
krita
Open specific files:
krita {{path/to/image1 path/to/image2 ...}}
Start without a splash screen:
krita --nosplash
Start with a specific workspace:
krita --workspace {{Animation}}
Start in fullscreen mode:
krita --fullscreen

debuild

Tool to build a Debian package from source. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/devscripts/debuild.1.en.html.

Build the package in the current directory:
debuild
Build a binary package only:
debuild -b
Do not run lintian after building the package:
debuild --no-lintian

isoinfo

Utility programs for dumping and verifying ISO disk images. More information: https://manned.org/isoinfo.

List all the files included in an ISO image:
isoinfo -f -i {{path/to/image.iso}}
E[x]tract a specific file from an ISO image and send it out stdout:
isoinfo -i {{path/to/image.iso}} -x {{/PATH/TO/FILE/INSIDE/ISO.EXT}}
Show header information for an ISO disk image:
isoinfo -d -i {{path/to/image.iso}}

dconf write

Write key values in dconf databases. See also: dconf. More information: https://manned.org/dconf.

Write a specific key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "{{value}}"
Write a specific string key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "'{{string}}'"
Write a specific integer key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "{{5}}"
Write a specific boolean key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "{{true|false}}"
Write a specific array key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "[{{'first', 'second', ...}}]"
Write a specific empty array key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "@as []"

pacman --sync

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Install a new package:
sudo pacman --sync {{package}}
Synchronize and update all packages (add --downloadonly to download the packages and not update them):
sudo pacman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade
Update all packages and install a new one without prompting:
sudo pacman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade --noconfirm {{package}}
Search the package database for a regular expression or keyword:
pacman --sync --search "{{search_pattern}}"
Display information about a package:
pacman --sync --info {{package}}
Overwrite conflicting files during a package update:
sudo pacman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade --overwrite {{path/to/file}}
Synchronize and update all packages, but ignore a specific package (can be used more than once):
sudo pacman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade --ignore {{package}}
Remove not installed packages and unused repositories from the cache (use two --clean flags to clean all packages):
sudo pacman --sync --clean

systemd-umount

This command is an alias of systemd-mount --umount.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr systemd-mount

dconf

Manage dconf databases. See also: dconf-read, dconf-reset, dconf-write, gsettings. More information: https://manned.org/dconf.

Print a specific key value:
dconf read {{/path/to/key}}
Print a specific path sub-directories and sub-keys:
dconf list {{/path/to/directory/}}
Write a specific key value:
dconf write {{/path/to/key}} "{{value}}"
Reset a specific key value:
dconf reset {{/path/to/key}}
Watch a specific key/directory for changes:
dconf watch {{/path/to/key|/path/to/directory/}}
Dump a specific directory in INI file format:
dconf dump {{/path/to/directory/}}

dropbearconvert

Convert between Dropbear and OpenSSH private key formats. More information: https://manned.org/dropbearconvert.1.

Convert an OpenSSH private key to the Dropbear format:
dropbearconvert openssh dropbear {{path/to/input_key}} {{path/to/output_key}}
Convert a Dropbear private key to the OpenSSH format:
dropbearconvert dropbear openssh {{path/to/input_key}} {{path/to/output_key}}

debchange

Tool for maintenance of the debian/changelog file in a Debian source package. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/devscripts/debchange.1.en.html.

Add a new version for a non-maintainer upload to the changelog:
debchange --nmu
Add a changelog entry to the current version:
debchange --append
Add a changelog entry to close the bug with specified ID:
debchange --closes {{bug_id}}

xinput

List available input devices, query information about a device and change input device settings. More information: https://manned.org/xinput.

List all input devices:
xinput list
Disable an input:
xinput disable {{id}}
Enable an input:
xinput enable {{id}}
Disconnect an input from its master:
xinput float {{id}}
Reattach an input as slave to a master:
xinput reattach {{id}} {{master_id}}
List settings of an input device:
xinput list-props {{id}}
Change a setting of an input device:
xinput set-prop {{id}} {{setting_id}} {{value}}

kscreen-doctor

Change and manipulate the screen setup. More information: https://invent.kde.org/plasma/libkscreen.

Show display output information:
kscreen-doctor --outputs
Set the rotation of a display output with an ID of 1 to the right:
kscreen-doctor {{output.1.rotation.right}}
Set the scale of a display output with an ID of HDMI-2 to 2 (200%):
kscreen-doctor {{output.HDMI-2.scale.2}}

deborphan

Display orphan packages on operating systems using the APT package manager. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/deborphan/deborphan.html.

Display library packages (from the "libs" section of the package repository) which are not required by another package:
deborphan
List orphan packages from the "libs" section as well as orphan packages that have a name that looks like a library name:
deborphan --guess-all
Find packages which are only recommended or suggested (but not required) by another package:
deborphan --nice-mode

adduser

User addition utility. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/adduser/adduser.html.

Create a new user with a default home directory and prompt the user to set a password:
adduser {{username}}
Create a new user without a home directory:
adduser --no-create-home {{username}}
Create a new user with a home directory at the specified path:
adduser --home {{path/to/home}} {{username}}
Create a new user with the specified shell set as the login shell:
adduser --shell {{path/to/shell}} {{username}}
Create a new user belonging to the specified group:
adduser --ingroup {{group}} {{username}}

a2dissite

Disable an Apache virtual host on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2dissite.8.en.html.

Disable a virtual host:
sudo a2dissite {{virtual_host}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2dissite --quiet {{virtual_host}}

cpufreq-aperf

Calculate the average CPU frequency over a time period. Requires root privileges. More information: https://manned.org/cpufreq-aperf.

Start calculating, defaulting to all CPU cores and 1 second refresh interval:
sudo cpufreq-aperf
Start calculating for CPU 1 only:
sudo cpufreq-aperf -c {{1}}
Start calculating with a 3 second refresh interval for all CPU cores:
sudo cpufreq-aperf -i {{3}}
Calculate only once:
sudo cpufreq-aperf -o

swaplabel

Print or change the label or UUID of a swap area. Note: path/to/file can either point to a regular file or a swap partition. More information: https://manned.org/swaplabel.

Display the current label and UUID of a swap area:
swaplabel {{path/to/file}}
Set the label of a swap area:
swaplabel --label {{new_label}} {{path/to/file}}
Set the UUID of a swap area (you can generate a UUID using uuidgen):
swaplabel --uuid {{new_uuid}} {{path/to/file}}

logrotate

Rotates, compresses, and mails system logs. More information: https://manned.org/logrotate.

Trigger a run manually:
logrotate {{path/to/logrotate.conf}} --force
Run using a specific command to mail reports:
logrotate {{path/to/logrotate.conf}} --mail {{/usr/bin/mail_command}}
Run without using a state (lock) file:
logrotate {{path/to/logrotate.conf}} --state /dev/null
Run and skip the state (lock) file check:
logrotate {{path/to/logrotate.conf}} --skip-state-lock
Tell logrotate to log verbose output into the log file:
logrotate {{path/to/logrotate.conf}} --log {{path/to/log_file}}

genie

Set up and use a "bottle" namespace to run systemd under WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux). To run these from Windows rather than an already-running distribution, precede them with wsl. More information: https://github.com/arkane-systems/genie.

Initialize the bottle (run once, at start):
genie -i
Run a login shell inside the bottle:
genie -s
Run a specified command inside the bottle:
genie -c {{command}}

winetricks

Manage Wine virtual Windows environments. More information: https://wiki.winehq.org/Winetricks.

Start a graphical setup at the default Wine location:
winetricks
Specify a custom Wine directory to run Winetricks in:
WINEPREFIX={{path/to/wine_directory}} winetricks
Install a Windows DLL or component to the default Wine directory:
winetricks {{package}}

dunstify

A notification tool that is an extension of notify-send, but has more features based around dunst. Works with all options that work for notify-send. More information: https://github.com/dunst-project/dunst/wiki/Guides.

Show a notification with a given title and message:
dunstify "{{Title}}" "{{Message}}"
Show a notification with specified urgency:
dunstify "{{Title}}" "{{Message}}" -u {{low|normal|critical}}
Specify a message ID (overwrites any previous messages with the same ID):
dunstify "{{Title}}" "{{Message}}" -r {{123}}
To see other possible options:
notify-send --help

fprintd-delete

Remove fingerprints from the database. More information: https://manned.org/fprintd-delete.

Remove all fingerprints for a specific user:
fprintd-delete {{username}}
Remove a specific fingerprints for a specific user:
fprintd-delete {{username}} --finger {{left-thumb|left-index-finger|left-middle-finger|left-ring-finger|left-little-finger|right-thumb|right-index-finger|right-middle-finger|right-ring-finger|right-little-finger}}
Display help:
fprintd-delete

btrfs version

Display btrfs-progs version. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs.html.

Display btrfs-progs version:
btrfs version
Display help:
btrfs version --help

gnome-terminal

The GNOME Terminal emulator. More information: https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-terminal/stable/.

Open a new GNOME terminal window:
gnome-terminal
Run a specific command in a new terminal window:
gnome-terminal -- {{command}}
Open a new tab in the last opened window instead:
gnome-terminal --tab
Set the title of the new tab:
gnome-terminal --tab --title "{{title}}"

edit

An alias to a run-mailcap's action edit. Originally run-mailcap is used to process/edit mime-type/file. More information: https://www.computerhope.com/unix/uedit.htm.

Edit action can be used to view any file on default mailcap explorer:
edit {{filename}}
With run-mailcap:
run-mailcap --action=edit {{filename}}

daemon

Run processes into daemons. More information: https://manned.org/man/daemon.1.

Run a command as a daemon:
daemon --name="{{name}}" {{command}}
Run a command as a daemon which will restart if the command crashes:
daemon --name="{{name}}" --respawn {{command}}
Run a command as a daemon which will restart if it crashes, with two attempts every 10 seconds:
daemon --name="{{name}}" --respawn --attempts=2 --delay=10 {{command}}
Run a command as a daemon, writing logs to a specific file:
daemon --name="{{name}}" --errlog={{path/to/file.log}} {{command}}
Kill a daemon (SIGTERM):
daemon --name="{{name}}" --stop
List daemons:
daemon --list

brightnessctl

Utility for reading and controlling device brightness for GNU/Linux operating systems. More information: https://github.com/Hummer12007/brightnessctl.

List devices with changeable brightness:
brightnessctl --list
Print the current brightness of the display backlight:
brightnessctl get
Set the brightness of the display backlight to a specified percentage within range:
brightnessctl set {{50%}}
Increase brightness by a specified increment:
brightnessctl set {{+10%}}
Decrease brightness by a specified decrement:
brightnessctl set {{10%-}}

networkctl

Query the status of network links. Manage the network configuration using systemd-networkd. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/networkctl.html.

Show a list of existing links and their status:
networkctl list
Show an overall network status:
networkctl status
Bring network devices up:
networkctl up {{interface1 interface2 ...}}
Bring network devices down:
networkctl down {{interface1 interface2 ...}}
Renew dynamic configurations (e.g. IP addresses received from a DHCP server):
networkctl renew {{interface1 interface2 ...}}
Reload configuration files (.netdev and .network):
networkctl reload
Reconfigure network interfaces (if you edited the config, you need to call networkctl reload first):
networkctl reconfigure {{interface1 interface2 ...}}

debman

Read man pages from uninstalled packages. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/debian-goodies/debman.1.html.

Read a man page for a command that is provided by a specified package:
debman -p {{package}} {{command}}
Specify a package version to download:
debman -p {{package}}={{version}} {{command}}
Read a man page in a .deb file:
debman -f {{path/to/filename.deb}} {{command}}

battop

An interactive viewer for the batteries installed in your notebook. More information: https://github.com/svartalf/rust-battop.

Display battery information:
battop
Change battery information measurement [u]nit (default: human):
battop -u {{human|si}}

watch

Execute a command repeatedly, and monitor the output in full-screen mode. More information: https://manned.org/watch.

Monitor files in the current directory:
watch {{ls}}
Monitor disk space and highlight the changes:
watch -d {{df}}
Monitor "node" processes, refreshing every 3 seconds:
watch -n {{3}} "{{ps aux | grep node}}"
Monitor disk space and if it changes, stop monitoring:
watch -g {{df}}

nixos-option

Inspect a NixOS configuration. More information: https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-modularity.

List all subkeys of a given option key:
nixos-option {{option_key}}
List current boot kernel modules:
nixos-option boot.kernelModules
List authorized keys for a specific user:
nixos-option users.users.{{username}}.openssh.authorizedKeys.{{keyFiles|keys}}
List all remote builders:
nixos-option nix.buildMachines
List all subkeys of a given key on another NixOS configuration:
NIXOS_CONFIG={{path_to_configuration.nix}} nixos-option {{option_key}}
Show recursively all values of a user:
nixos-option -r users.users.{{user}}

systemd-sysext

Activate or deactivate system extension images. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-sysext.html.

List installed extension images:
systemd-sysext list
Merge system extension images into /usr/ and /opt/:
systemd-sysext merge
Check the current merge status:
systemd-sysext status
Unmerge all currently installed system extension images from /usr/ and /opt/:
systemd-sysext unmerge
Refresh system extension images (a combination of unmerge and merge):
systemd-sysext refresh

cgcreate

Create cgroups, used to limit, measure, and control resources used by processes. cgroups types can be memory, cpu, net_cls, etc. More information: https://manned.org/cgcreate.

Create a new group:
cgcreate -g {{group_type}}:{{group_name}}
Create a new group with multiple cgroup types:
cgcreate -g {{group_type1}},{{group_type2}}:{{group_name}}
Create a subgroup:
mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/{{group_type}}/{{group_name}}/{{subgroup_name}}

pwd

Print name of current/working directory. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pwd.

Print the current directory:
pwd
Print the current directory, and resolve all symlinks (i.e. show the "physical" path):
pwd --physical
Print the current logical directory:
pwd --logical

logwatch

Summarizes many different logs for common services (e.g. apache, pam_unix, sshd, etc.) in a single report. More information: https://manned.org/logwatch.

Analyze logs for a range of dates at a certain level of detail:
logwatch --range {{yesterday|today|all|help}} --detail {{low|medium|others}}'
Restrict report to only include information for a selected service:
logwatch --range {{all}} --service {{apache|pam_unix|etc}}

img2txt

Convert images to colour ASCII characters and output them to text-based coloured files. More information: https://manned.org/img2txt.

Set output column count to a specific value:
img2txt --width={{10}}
Set output line count to a specific value:
img2txt --height={{5}}
Set output font width to a specific value:
img2txt --font-width={{12}}
Set output font height to a specific value:
img2txt --font-height={{14}}
Set image brightness to a specific value:
img2txt --brightness={{2}}

top

Display dynamic real-time information about running processes. More information: https://manned.org/top.

Start top:
top
Do not show any idle or zombie processes:
top -i
Show only processes owned by given user:
top -u {{username}}
Sort processes by a field:
top -o {{field_name}}
Show the individual threads of a given process:
top -Hp {{process_id}}
Show only the processes with the given PID(s), passed as a comma-separated list. (Normally you wouldn't know PIDs off hand. This example picks the PIDs from the process name):
top -p $(pgrep -d ',' {{process_name}})
Get help about interactive commands:
?

rusnapshot

BTRFS snapshotting utility written in Rust. More information: https://github.com/Edu4rdSHL/rusnapshot.

Create a snapshot using a config file:
sudo rusnapshot --config {{path/to/config.toml}} --cr
List created snapshots:
sudo rusnapshot -c {{path/to/config.toml}} --list
Delete a snapshot by ID or the name of the snapshot:
sudo rusnapshot -c {{path/to/config.toml}} --del --id {{snapshot_id}}
Delete all hourly snapshots:
sudo rusnapshot -c {{path/to/config.toml}} --list --keep {{0}} --clean --kind {{hourly}}
Create a read-write snapshot:
sudo rusnapshot -c {{path/to/config.toml}} --cr --rw
Restore a snapshot:
sudo rusnapshot -c {{path/to/config.toml}} --id {{snapshot_id}} --restore

wall

Write a message on the terminals of users currently logged in. More information: https://manned.org/wall.

Send a message:
wall {{message}}
Send a message to users that belong to a specific group:
wall --group {{group_name}} {{message}}
Send a message from a file:
wall {{file}}
Send a message with timeout (default 300):
wall --timeout {{seconds}} {{file}}

arpspoof

Forge ARP replies to intercept packets. More information: https://monkey.org/~dugsong/dsniff.

Poison all hosts to intercept packets on [i]nterface for the host:
sudo arpspoof -i {{wlan0}} {{host_ip}}
Poison [t]arget to intercept packets on [i]nterface for the host:
sudo arpspoof -i {{wlan0}} -t {{target_ip}} {{host_ip}}
Poison both [t]arget and host to intercept packets on [i]nterface for the host:
sudo arpspoof -i {{wlan0}} -r -t {{target_ip}} {{host_ip}}

smbnetfs

Mount SMB shares interactively. More information: https://sourceforge.net/projects/smbnetfs/.

Make shares available at mountpoint:
smbnetfs {{mountpoint}}

apx

Package management utility with support for multiple sources, allowing you to install packages in subsystems. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/apx.

View documentation for managing package managers:
tldr apx pkgmanagers
View documentation for managing stacks:
tldr apx stacks
View documentation for managing subsystems:
tldr apx subsystems

apt-mark

Utility to change the status of installed packages. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt-mark.8.html.

Mark a package as automatically installed:
sudo apt-mark auto {{package}}
Hold a package at its current version and prevent updates to it:
sudo apt-mark hold {{package}}
Allow a package to be updated again:
sudo apt-mark unhold {{package}}
Show manually installed packages:
apt-mark showmanual
Show held packages that aren't being updated:
apt-mark showhold

numlockx

Control the number lock key status in X11 sessions. More information: http://www.mike-devlin.com/linux/README-numlockx.htm.

Show the current number lock status:
numlockx status
Turn the number lock on:
numlockx on
Turn the number lock off:
numlockx off
Toggle the current state:
numlockx toggle

mycli

A CLI for MySQL, MariaDB, and Percona with auto-completion and syntax highlighting. More information: https://manned.org/mycli.

Connect to a database with the currently logged in user:
mycli {{database_name}}
Connect to a database with the specified user:
mycli -u {{user}} {{database_name}}
Connect to a database on the specified host with the specified user:
mycli -u {{user}} -h {{host}} {{database_name}}

qm migrate

Migrate a virtual machine. Used to create a new migration task. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Migrate a specific virtual machine:
qm migrate {{vm_id}} {{target}}
Override the current I/O bandwidth limit with 10 KiB/s:
qm migrate {{vm_id}} {{target}} --bwlimit 10
Allow migration of virtual machines using local devices (root only):
qm migrate {{vm_id}} {{target}} --force true
Use online/live migration if a virtual machine is running:
qm migrate {{vm_id}} {{target}} --online true
Enable live storage migration for local disks:
qm migrate {{vm_id}} {{target}} --with-local-disks true

schroot

Run a command or start an interactive shell with a different root directory. More customizable than chroot. More information: https://wiki.debian.org/Schroot.

List available chroots:
schroot --list
Run a command in a specific chroot:
schroot --chroot {{chroot}} {{command}}
Run a command with options in a specific chroot:
schroot --chroot {{chroot}} {{command}} -- {{command_options}}
Run a command in all available chroots:
schroot --all {{command}}
Start an interactive shell within a specific chroot as a specific user:
schroot --chroot {{chroot}} --user {{user}}
Begin a new session (a unique session ID is returned on stdout):
schroot --begin-session --chroot {{chroot}}
Connect to an existing session:
schroot --run-session --chroot {{session_id}}
End an existing session:
schroot --end-session --chroot {{session_id}}

alternatives

This command is an alias of update-alternatives. More information: https://manned.org/alternatives.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr update-alternatives

bpftool

Tool for inspection and simple manipulation of eBPF programs and maps. Some subcommands such as bpftool prog have their own usage documentation. More information: https://manned.org/bpftool.

List information about loaded eBPF programs:
bpftool prog list
List eBPF program attachments in the kernel networking subsystem:
bpftool net list
List all active links:
bpftool link list
List all raw_tracepoint, tracepoint, kprobe attachments in the system:
bpftool perf list
List BPF Type Format (BTF) data:
bpftool btf list
List information about loaded maps:
bpftool map list
Probe a network device "eth0" for supported eBPF features:
bpftool feature probe dev {{eth0}}
Run commands in batch mode from a file:
bpftool batch file {{myfile}}

a2dismod

Disable an Apache module on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2dismod.8.en.html.

Disable a module:
sudo a2dismod {{module}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2dismod --quiet {{module}}

xfce4-terminal

The XFCE4 terminal emulator. More information: https://docs.xfce.org/apps/xfce4-terminal/start.

Open a new terminal window:
xfce4-terminal
Set the initial title:
xfce4-terminal --initial-title "{{initial_title}}"
Open a new tab in the current terminal window:
xfce4-terminal --tab
Execute a command in a new terminal window:
xfce4-terminal --command "{{command_with_args}}"
Keep the terminal around after the executed command finishes executing:
xfce4-terminal --command "{{command_with_args}}" --hold
Open multiple new tabs, executing a command in each:
xfce4-terminal --tab --command "{{command_a}}" --tab --command "{{command_b}}"

xrdb

X window server's resource database utility for Unix-like systems. More information: https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/man/man1/xrdb.1.xhtml.

Start xrdb in interactive mode:
xrdb
Load values (e.g. style rules) from a resource file:
xrdb -load {{~/.Xresources}}
Query the resource database and print currently set values:
xrdb -query

pacman --upgrade

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Install one or more packages from files:
sudo pacman --upgrade {{path/to/package1.pkg.tar.zst}} {{path/to/package2.pkg.tar.zst}}
Install a package without prompting:
sudo pacman --upgrade --noconfirm {{path/to/package.pkg.tar.zst}}
Overwrite conflicting files during a package installation:
sudo pacman --upgrade --overwrite {{path/to/file}} {{path/to/package.pkg.tar.zst}}
Install a package, skipping the dependency version checks:
sudo pacman --upgrade --nodeps {{path/to/package.pkg.tar.zst}}
List packages that would be affected (does not install any packages):
pacman --upgrade --print {{path/to/package.pkg.tar.zst}}
Display help:
pacman --upgrade --help

obabel

Translate chemistry-related data. More information: https://openbabel.org/wiki/Main_Page.

Convert a .mol file to XYZ coordinates:
obabel {{path/to/file.mol}} -O {{path/to/output_file.xyz}}
Convert a SMILES string to a 500x500 picture:
obabel -:"{{SMILES}} -O {{path/to/output_file.png}} -xp 500
Convert a file of SMILES string to separate 3D .mol files:
obabel {{path/to/file.smi}} -O {{path/to/output_file.mol}} --gen3D -m
Render multiple inputs into one picture:
obabel {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} -O {{path/to/output_file.png}}

at

Executes commands at a specified time. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/at.1.

Open an at prompt to create a new set of scheduled commands, press Ctrl + D to save and exit:
at {{hh:mm}}
Execute the commands and email the result using a local mailing program such as Sendmail:
at {{hh:mm}} -m
Execute a script at the given time:
at {{hh:mm}} -f {{path/to/file}}
Display a system notification at 11pm on February 18th:
echo "notify-send '{{Wake up!}}'" | at {{11pm}} {{Feb 18}}

collectd

System statistics collection daemon. More information: https://collectd.org/.

Show usage help, including the program version:
collectd -h
Test the configuration file and then exit:
collectd -t
Test plugin data collection functionality and then exit:
collectd -T
Start collectd:
collectd
Specify a custom configuration file location:
collectd -C {{path/to/file}}
Specify a custom PID file location:
collectd -P {{path/to/file}}
Don't fork into the background:
collectd -f

mcookie

Generates random 128-bit hexadecimal numbers. More information: https://manned.org/mcookie.

Generate a random number:
mcookie
Generate a random number, using the contents of a file as a seed for the randomness:
mcookie --file {{path/to/file}}
Generate a random number, using a specific number of bytes from a file as a seed for the randomness:
mcookie --file {{path/to/file}} --max-size {{number_of_bytes}}
Print the details of the randomness used, such as the origin and seed for each source:
mcookie --verbose

dstat

Versatile tool for generating system resource statistics. More information: http://dag.wieers.com/home-made/dstat.

Display CPU, disk, net, paging and system statistics:
dstat
Display statistics every 5 seconds and 4 updates only:
dstat {{5}} {{4}}
Display CPU and memory statistics only:
dstat --cpu --mem
List all available dstat plugins:
dstat --list
Display the process using the most memory and most CPU:
dstat --top-mem --top-cpu
Display battery percentage and remaining battery time:
dstat --battery --battery-remain

synoupgrade

Upgrade Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) - the Synology NAS operating system. More information: https://www.synology.com/dsm.

Check if upgrades are available:
sudo synoupgrade --check
Check for patches without upgrading the DSM version:
sudo synoupgrade --check-smallupdate
Download the latest upgrade available (use --download-smallupdate for patches):
sudo synoupgrade --download
Start the upgrade process:
sudo synoupgrade --start
Upgrade to the latest version automatically:
sudo synoupgrade --auto
Apply patches without upgrading the DSM version automatically:
sudo synoupgrade --auto-smallupdate
Upgrade the DSM using a patch file (should be an absolute path):
sudo synoupgrade --patch {{/path/to/file.pat}}
Display help:
synoupgrade

ddcutil

Control the settings of connected displays via DDC/CI. This command requires the kernel module i2c-dev to be loaded. See also: modprobe. More information: https://www.ddcutil.com.

List all compatible displays:
ddcutil detect
Change the brightness (option 0x10) of display 1 to 50%:
ddcutil --display {{1}} setvcp {{10}} {{50}}
Increase the contrast (option 0x12) of display 1 by 5%:
ddcutil -d {{1}} setvcp {{12}} {{+}} {{5}}
Read the settings of display 1:
ddcutil -d {{1}} getvcp {{ALL}}

bspc

A tool to control bspwm. More information: https://github.com/baskerville/bspwm.

Define two virtual desktop:
bspc monitor --reset-desktops {{1}} {{2}}
Focus the given desktop:
bspc desktop --focus {{number}}
Close the windows rooted at the selected node:
bspc node --close
Send the selected node to the given desktop:
bspc node --to-desktop {{number}}
Toggle full screen mode for the selected node:
bspc node --state ~fullscreen

foreman

Manage Procfile-based applications. More information: https://manned.org/foreman.

Start an application with the Procfile in the current directory:
foreman start
Start an application with a specified Procfile:
foreman start -f {{Procfile}}
Start a specific application:
foreman start {{process}}
Validate Procfile format:
foreman check
Run one-off commands with the process's environment:
foreman run {{command}}
Start all processes except the one named "worker":
foreman start -m all=1,{{worker}}=0

head

Output the first part of files. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/head.

Output the first few lines of a file:
head --lines {{count}} {{path/to/file}}
Output the first few bytes of a file:
head --bytes {{count}} {{path/to/file}}
Output everything but the last few lines of a file:
head --lines -{{count}} {{path/to/file}}
Output everything but the last few bytes of a file:
head --bytes -{{count}} {{path/to/file}}

autorandr

Automatically change screen layout. More information: https://github.com/phillipberndt/autorandr.

Save the current screen layout:
autorandr --save {{profile_name}}
Show the saved profiles:
autorandr
Load the first detected profile:
autorandr --change
Load a specific profile:
autorandr --load {{profile_name}}
Set the default profile:
autorandr --default {{profile_name}}

rc-service

Locate and run OpenRC services with arguments. See also openrc. More information: https://manned.org/rc-service.

Show a service's status:
rc-service {{service_name}} status
Start a service:
sudo rc-service {{service_name}} start
Stop a service:
sudo rc-service {{service_name}} stop
Restart a service:
sudo rc-service {{service_name}} restart
Simulate running a service's custom command:
sudo rc-service --dry-run {{service_name}} {{command_name}}
Actually run a service's custom command:
sudo rc-service {{service_name}} {{command_name}}
Resolve the location of a service definition on disk:
sudo rc-service --resolve {{service_name}}

picom

Standalone compositor for Xorg. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/picom.

Enable picom during a session:
picom &
Start picom as a background process:
picom -b
Use a custom configuration file:
picom --config {{path/to/config_file}}

grub-install

Install GRUB to a device. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Installing-GRUB-using-grub_002dinstall.html.

Install GRUB on a BIOS system:
grub-install --target={{i386-pc}} {{path/to/device}}
Install GRUB on an UEFI system:
grub-install --target={{x86_64-efi}} --efi-directory={{path/to/efi_directory}} --bootloader-id={{GRUB}}
Install GRUB pre-loading specific modules:
grub-install --target={{x86_64-efi}} --efi-directory={{path/to/efi_directory}} --modules="{{part_gpt part_msdos}}"

aspell

Interactive spell checker. More information: http://aspell.net/.

Spell check a single file:
aspell check {{path/to/file}}
List misspelled words from stdin:
cat {{path/to/file}} | aspell list
Show available dictionary languages:
aspell dicts
Run aspell with a different language (takes two-letter ISO 639 language code):
aspell --lang={{cs}}
List misspelled words from stdin and ignore words from personal word list:
cat {{path/to/file}} | aspell --personal={{personal-word-list.pws}} list

homeshick

Synchronize Git dotfiles. More information: https://github.com/andsens/homeshick/wiki.

Create a new castle:
homeshick generate {{castle_name}}
Add a file to your castle:
homeshick track {{castle_name}} {{path/to/file}}
Go to a castle:
homeshick cd {{castle_name}}
Clone a castle:
homeshick clone {{github_username}}/{{repository_name}}
Symlink all files from a castle:
homeshick link {{castle_name}}

mount.cifs

Mount SMB (Server Message Block) or CIFS (Common Internet File System) shares. Note: you can also do the same thing by passing the -t cifs option to mount. More information: https://manned.org/mount.cifs.

Connect using the specified username or $USER by default (you will be prompted for a password):
mount.cifs -o user={{username}} //{{server}}/{{share_name}} {{mountpoint}}
Connect as the guest user (without a password):
mount.cifs -o guest //{{server}}/{{share_name}} {{mountpoint}}
Set ownership information for the mounted directory:
mount.cifs -o uid={{user_id|username}},gid={{group_id|groupname}} //{{server}}/{{share_name}} {{mountpoint}}

toolbox rmi

Remove one or more toolbox images. See also: toolbox rm. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-rmi.1.

Remove a toolbox image:
toolbox rmi {{image_name}}
Remove all toolbox images:
toolbox rmi --all
Force the removal of a toolbox image which is currently being used by a container (the container will be removed as well):
toolbox rmi --force {{image_name}}

cgroups

Cgroups aka control groups is a Linux kernel feature for limiting, measuring, and controlling resource usage by processes. Cgroups however is not a command, but rather a collection of commands, see the relevant pages below. More information: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt.

Show the tldr page for cgclassify:
tldr cgclassify
Show the tldr page for cgcreate:
tldr cgcreate
Show the tldr page for cgexec:
tldr cgexec

etckeeper

Track system configuration files in Git. More information: http://etckeeper.branchable.com/.

Set up a Git repo and perform various setup tasks (run from /etc):
sudo etckeeper init
Commit all changes in /etc:
sudo etckeeper commit {{message}}
Run arbitrary Git commands:
sudo etckeeper vcs {{status}}
Check if there are uncommitted changes (only returns an exit code):
sudo etckeeper unclean
Destroy existing repo and stop tracking changes:
sudo etckeeper uninit

asciiart

Convert images to ASCII. More information: https://github.com/nodanaonlyzuul/asciiart.

Read an image from a file and print in ASCII:
asciiart {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Read an image from a URL and print in ASCII:
asciiart {{www.example.com/image.jpg}}
Choose the output width (default is 100):
asciiart --width {{50}} {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Colorize the ASCII output:
asciiart --color {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Choose the output format (default format is text):
asciiart --format {{text|html}} {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Invert the character map:
asciiart --invert-chars {{path/to/image.jpg}}

genisoimage

Pre-mastering program to generate ISO9660/Joliet/HFS hybrid filesystems. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/genisoimage/genisoimage.1.en.html.

Create an ISO image from the given source directory:
genisoimage -o {{myimage.iso}} {{path/to/source_directory}}
Create an ISO image with files larger than 2GiB by reporting a smaller apparent size for ISO9660 filesystems:
genisoimage -o -allow-limited-size {{myimage.iso}} {{path/to/source_directory}}

pyrit

WPA/WPA2 cracking tool using computational power. More information: https://github.com/JPaulMora/Pyrit.

Display system cracking speed:
pyrit benchmark
List available cores:
pyrit list_cores
Set [e]SSID:
pyrit -e "{{ESSID}}" create_essid
[r]ead and analyze a specific packet capture file:
pyrit -r {{path/to/file.cap|path/to/file.pcap}} analyze
Read and [i]mport passwords to the current database:
pyrit -i {{path/to/file}} {{import_unique_passwords|unique_passwords|import_passwords}}
Exp[o]rt passwords from database to a specific file:
pyrit -o {{path/to/file}} export_passwords
Translate passwords with Pired Master Keys:
pyrit batch
[r]ead the capture file and crack the password:
pyrit -r {{path/to/file}} attack_db

wdctl

Show the hardware watchdog status. More information: https://manned.org/wdctl.

Display the watchdog status:
wdctl
Display the watchdog status in a single line in key-value pairs:
wdctl --oneline
Display only specific watchdog flags (list is driver specific):
wdctl --flags {{flag_list}}

nmon

A system administrator, tuner, and benchmark tool. More information: https://manned.org/nmon.

Start nmon:
nmon
Save records to file ("-s 300 -c 288" by default):
nmon -f
Save records to file with a total of 240 measurements, by taking 30 seconds between each measurement:
nmon -f -s {{30}} -c {{240}}

hlint

Tool for suggesting improvements to Haskell code. More information: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hlint.

Display suggestions for a given file:
hlint {{path/to/file}} options
Check all Haskell files and generate a report:
hlint {{path/to/directory}} --report
Automatically apply most suggestions:
hlint {{path/to/file}} --refactor
Display additional options:
hlint {{path/to/file}} --refactor-options
Generate a settings file ignoring all outstanding hints:
hlint {{path/to/file}} --default > {{.hlint.yaml}}

ipcrm

Delete IPC (Inter-process Communication) resources. More information: https://manned.org/ipcrm.

Delete a shared memory segment by ID:
ipcrm --shmem-id {{shmem_id}}
Delete a shared memory segment by key:
ipcrm --shmem-key {{shmem_key}}
Delete an IPC queue by ID:
ipcrm --queue-id {{ipc_queue_id}}
Delete an IPC queue by key:
ipcrm --queue-key {{ipc_queue_key}}
Delete a semaphore by ID:
ipcrm --semaphore-id {{semaphore_id}}
Delete a semaphore by key:
ipcrm --semaphore-key {{semaphore_key}}
Delete all IPC resources:
ipcrm --all

ifdown

Disable network interfaces. More information: https://manned.org/ifdown.

Disable interface eth0:
ifdown {{eth0}}
Disable all interfaces which are enabled:
ifdown -a

smem

Print memory usage for programs. More information: https://manned.org/smem.

Print memory usage for current processes:
smem
Print memory usage for current processes for a every user on a system:
smem --users
Print memory usage for current processes for a specified user:
smem --userfilter {{username}}
Print system memory information:
smem --system

xdg-mime

Query and manage MIME types according to the XDG standard. More information: https://portland.freedesktop.org/doc/xdg-mime.html.

Display the MIME type of a file:
xdg-mime query filetype {{path/to/file}}
Display the default application for opening PNGs:
xdg-mime query default {{image/png}}
Display the default application for opening a specific file:
xdg-mime query default $(xdg-mime query filetype {{path/to/file}})
Set imv as the default application for opening PNG and JPEG images:
xdg-mime default {{imv.desktop}} {{image/png}} {{image/jpeg}}

systemd-tmpfiles

Create, delete and clean up volatile and temporary files and directories. This command is automatically invoked on boot by systemd services, and running it manually is usually not needed. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-tmpfiles.html.

Create files and directories as specified in the configuration:
systemd-tmpfiles --create
Clean up files and directories with age parameters configured:
systemd-tmpfiles --clean
Remove files and directories as specified in the configuration:
systemd-tmpfiles --remove
Apply operations for user-specific configurations:
systemd-tmpfiles --create --user
Execute lines marked for early boot:
systemd-tmpfiles --create --boot

lxi

Control LXI compatible instruments such as oscilloscopes. More information: https://github.com/lxi-tools/lxi-tools.

Discover LXI devices on available networks:
lxi discover
Capture a screenshot, detecting a plugin automatically:
lxi screenshot --address {{ip_address}}
Capture a screenshot using a specified plugin:
lxi screenshot --address {{ip_address}} --plugin {{rigol-1000z}}
Send an SCPI command to an instrument:
lxi scpi --address {{ip_address}} "{{*IDN?}}"
Run a benchmark for request and response performance:
lxi benchmark --address {{ip_address}}

caffeine-indicator

Manually inhibit desktop idleness with a toggle. More information: https://manned.org/caffeine-indicator.

Manually inhibit desktop idleness with a toggle:
caffeine-indicator

openrc

The OpenRC service manager. See also rc-status, rc-update, and rc-service. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/OpenRC.

Change to a specific runlevel:
sudo openrc {{runlevel_name}}
Change to a specific runlevel, but don't stop any existing services:
sudo openrc --no-stop {{runlevel_name}}

zypper

SUSE & openSUSE package management utility. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Zypper_manual.

Synchronize list of packages and versions available:
zypper refresh
Install a new package:
zypper install {{package}}
Remove a package:
zypper remove {{package}}
Upgrade installed packages to the newest available versions:
zypper update
Search package via keyword:
zypper search {{keyword}}
Show information related to configured repositories:
zypper repos --sort-by-priority

dpkg-deb

Pack, unpack and provide information about Debian archives. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dpkg/dpkg-deb.html.

Display information about a package:
dpkg-deb --info {{path/to/file.deb}}
Display the package's name and version on one line:
dpkg-deb --show {{path/to/file.deb}}
List the package's contents:
dpkg-deb --contents {{path/to/file.deb}}
Extract package's contents into a directory:
dpkg-deb --extract {{path/to/file.deb}} {{path/to/directory}}
Create a package from a specified directory:
dpkg-deb --build {{path/to/directory}}

setsid

Run a program in a new session if the calling process is not a process group leader. The created session is by default not controlled by the current terminal. More information: https://manned.org/setsid.

Run a program in a new session:
setsid {{program}}
Run a program in a new session discarding the resulting output and error:
setsid {{program}} > /dev/null 2>&1
Run a program creating a new process:
setsid --fork {{program}}
Return the exit code of a program as the exit code of setsid when the program exits:
setsid --wait {{program}}
Run a program in a new session setting the current terminal as the controlling terminal:
setsid --ctty {{program}}

lxc profile

Manage profiles for LXD containers. More information: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd/docs/master/profiles.

List all available profiles:
lxc profile list
Show the configuration of a specific profile:
lxc profile show {{profile_name}}
Edit a specific profile in the default editor:
lxc profile edit {{profile_name}}
Edit a specific profile importing the configuration values from a file:
lxc profile edit {{profile_name}} < {{config.yaml}}
Launch a new container with specific profiles:
lxc launch {{container_image}} {{container_name}} --profile {{profile1}} --profile {{profile2}}
Change the profiles of a running container:
lxc profile assign {{container_name}} {{profile1,profile2}}

powerprofilesctl

Make power profiles handling available over D-Bus. More information: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/hadess/power-profiles-daemon/.

List available power profiles:
powerprofilesctl list
Set a specific power profile:
powerprofilesctl set {{profile_name}}

optimus-manager

GPU switching utility for Nvidia Optimus laptops. More information: https://github.com/Askannz/optimus-manager.

Switch between different GPU modes:
optimus-manager --switch {{nvidia|integrated|hybrid}}
Clean up:
optimus-manager --cleanup

fprintd-list

List enrolled fingerprints. More information: https://manned.org/fprintd-list.

List enrolled fingerprints for a specific user:
fprintd-list {{username}}
List enrolled fingerprints for a space-separated list of users:
fprintd-list {{username1 username2 ...}}
Display help:
fprintd-list

module

Modify a users' environment using the module command. More information: https://lmod.readthedocs.io/en/latest/010_user.html.

Display available modules:
module avail
Search for a module by name:
module avail {{module_name}}
Load a module:
module load {{module_name}}
Display loaded modules:
module list
Unload a specific loaded module:
module unload {{module_name}}
Unload all loaded modules:
module purge
Specify user-created modules:
module use {{path/to/modulefiles}}

ego

Funtoo's official system personality management tool. More information: https://funtoo-ego.readthedocs.io/en/develop/.

Synchronize the Portage tree:
ego sync
Update the bootloader configuration:
ego boot update
Read a Funtoo wiki page by name:
ego doc {{wiki_page}}
Print current profile:
ego profile show
Enable/Disable mix-ins:
ego profile mix-in +{{gnome}} -{{kde-plasma-5}}
Query Funtoo bugs, related to a specified package:
ego query bug {{package}}

mkfs.fat

Creates an MS-DOS filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.fat.

Create a fat filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.fat {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-name:
mkfs.fat -n {{volume_name}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-id:
mkfs.fat -i {{volume_id}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Use 5 instead of 2 file allocation tables:
mkfs.fat -f 5 {{/dev/sdb1}}

login

Initiates a session for a user. More information: https://manned.org/login.

chntpw

A utility that can edit windows registry, reset user password, promote users to administrator by modifying the Windows SAM. Boot target machine with live cd like Kali Linux and run with elevated privileges. More information: http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd.

List all users in the SAM file:
chntpw -l {{path/to/sam_file}}
Edit [u]ser interactively:
chntpw -u {{username}} {{path/to/sam_file}}
Use chntpw [i]nteractively:
chntpw -i {{path/to/sam_file}}

lastb

Show a listing of last logged in users. More information: https://manned.org/lastb.

Show a list of all last logged in users:
sudo lastb
Show a list of all last logged in users since a given time:
sudo lastb --since {{YYYY-MM-DD}}
Show a list of all last logged in users until a given time:
sudo lastb --until {{YYYY-MM-DD}}
Show a list of all logged in users at a specific time:
sudo lastb --present {{hh:mm}}
Show a list of all last logged in users and translate the IP into a hostname:
sudo lastb --dns

dos2unix

Change DOS-style line endings to Unix-style. Replaces CRLF with LF. More information: https://manned.org/dos2unix.

Change the line endings of a file:
dos2unix {{filename}}
Create a copy with Unix-style line endings:
dos2unix -n {{filename}} {{new_filename}}

addpart

Tells the Linux kernel about the existence of the specified partition. The command is a simple wrapper around the add partition ioctl. More information: https://manned.org/addpart.

Tell the kernel about the existence of the specified partition:
addpart {{device}} {{partition}} {{start}} {{length}}

rmmod

Remove modules from the Linux kernel. More information: https://manned.org/rmmod.

Remove a module from the kernel:
sudo rmmod {{module_name}}
Remove a module from the kernel and display verbose information:
sudo rmmod --verbose {{module_name}}
Remove a module from the kernel and send errors to syslog instead of stderr:
sudo rmmod --syslog {{module_name}}
Display help:
rmmod --help
Display version:
rmmod --version

id3v2

Manages id3v2 tags, converts and lists id3v1. More information: https://manned.org/id3v2.1.

List all genres:
id3v2 ‐‐list‐genres
List all tags of specific files:
id3v2 --list-tags {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Delete all id3v2 or id3v1 tags of specific files:
id3v2 {{--delete‐v2|--delete‐v1}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Display help:
id3v2 --help
Display version:
id3v2 ‐‐version

tac

Display and concatenate files with lines in reversed order. See also: cat. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tac.

Concatenate specific files in reversed order:
tac {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Display stdin in reversed order:
{{cat path/to/file}} | tac
Use a specific separator:
tac --separator {{,}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Use a specific regex as a separator:
tac --regex --separator {{[,;]}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Use a separator before each file:
tac --before {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}

pwdx

Print working directory of a process. More information: https://manned.org/pwdx.

Print current working directory of a process:
pwdx {{process_id}}

pihole

Terminal interface for the Pi-hole ad-blocking DNS server. More information: https://docs.pi-hole.net/core/pihole-command/.

Check the Pi-hole daemon's status:
pihole status
Update Pi-hole and Gravity:
pihole -up
Monitor detailed system status:
pihole chronometer
Start or stop the daemon:
pihole {{enable|disable}}
Restart the daemon (not the server itself):
pihole restartdns
Whitelist or blacklist a domain:
pihole {{whitelist|blacklist}} {{example.com}}
Search the lists for a domain:
pihole query {{example.com}}
Open a real-time log of connections:
pihole tail

rfkill

Enable and disable wireless devices. More information: https://manned.org/rfkill.

List devices:
rfkill
Filter by columns:
rfkill -o {{ID,TYPE,DEVICE}}
Block devices by type (e.g. bluetooth, wlan):
rfkill block {{bluetooth}}
Unblock devices by type (e.g. bluetooth, wlan):
rfkill unblock {{wlan}}
Output in JSON format:
rfkill -J

lrztar

A wrapper for lrzip to simplify compression of directories. See also: tar, lrzuntar, lrunzip. More information: https://manned.org/lrztar.

Archive a directory with tar, then compress:
lrztar {{path/to/directory}}
Same as above, with ZPAQ - extreme compression, but very slow:
lrztar -z {{path/to/directory}}
Specify the output file:
lrztar -o {{path/to/file}} {{path/to/directory}}
Override the number of processor threads to use:
lrztar -p {{8}} {{path/to/directory}}
Force overwriting of existing files:
lrztar -f {{path/to/directory}}

groupdel

Delete existing user groups from the system. See also: groups, groupadd, groupmod. More information: https://manned.org/groupdel.

Delete an existing group:
sudo groupdel {{group_name}}

virt-xml

Edit libvirt Domain XML files with explicit command-line options. NOTE: 'domain' refers to the name, UUID or ID for the existing VMs (See: tldr virsh). More information: https://github.com/virt-manager/virt-manager/blob/main/man/virt-xml.rst.

List all the suboptions for a specific option:
virt-xml --{{option}}=?
List all the suboptions for disk, network, and boot:
virt-xml --disk=? --network=? --boot=?
Edit a value for a specific domain:
virt-xml {{domain}} --edit --{{option}} {{suboption}}={{new_value}}
Change the description for a specific domain:
virt-xml {{domain}} --edit --metadata description="{{new_description}}"
Enable/Disable the boot device menu for a specific domain:
virt-xml {{domain}} --edit --boot bootmenu={{on|off}}
Attach host USB hub to a running VM (See: tldr lsusb):
virt-xml {{domain}} --update --add-device --hostdev {{bus}}.{{device}}

termusic

A terminal music player written in Rust that uses vim-like key bindings. More information: https://github.com/tramhao/termusic.

Open termusic to a specific directory. (It can be set permanently in ~/.config/termusic/config.toml):
termusic {path/to/directory}
Disable showing the album cover for a specific file:
termusic -c {path/to/music_file}
View termusic's usage info:
termusic --help

a2query

Retrieve runtime configuration from Apache on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2query.html.

List enabled Apache modules:
sudo a2query -m
Check if a specific module is installed:
sudo a2query -m {{module_name}}
List enabled virtual hosts:
sudo a2query -s
Display the currently enabled Multi Processing Module:
sudo a2query -M
Display the Apache version:
sudo a2query -v

namcap

Check binary packages and source PKGBUILDs for common packaging mistakes. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/namcap.1.

Check a specific PKGBUILD file:
namcap {{path/to/pkgbuild}}
Check a specific package file:
namcap {{path/to/package.pkg.tar.zst}}
Check a file, printing extra [i]nformational messages:
namcap -i {{path/to/file}}

chfn

Update finger info for a user. More information: https://manned.org/chfn.

Update a user's "Name" field in the output of finger:
chfn -f {{new_display_name}} {{username}}
Update a user's "Office Room Number" field for the output of finger:
chfn -o {{new_office_room_number}} {{username}}
Update a user's "Office Phone Number" field for the output of finger:
chfn -p {{new_office_telephone_number}} {{username}}
Update a user's "Home Phone Number" field for the output of finger:
chfn -h {{new_home_telephone_number}} {{username}}

gummy

Screen brightness/temperature manager for Linux/X11. More information: https://github.com/Fushko/gummy.

Set the screen temperature to 3000K:
gummy --temperature {{3000}}
Set the screen backlight to 50%:
gummy --backlight {{50}}
Set the screen pixel brightness to 45%:
gummy --brightness {{45}}
Increase current screen pixel brightness by 10%:
gummy --brightness {{+10}}
Decrease current screen pixel brightness by 10%:
gummy --brightness {{-10}}
Set the temperature and pixel brightness for the second screen:
gummy --screen {{1}} --temperature {{3800}} --brightness {{65}}

xauth

Edit and display the authorization information used in connecting to the X server. More information: https://manned.org/xauth.

Start interactive mode with a specific authority file (defaults to ~/.Xauthority):
xauth -f {{path/to/file}}
Display information about the authority file:
xauth info
Display authorization entries for all the displays:
xauth list
Add an authorization for a specific display:
xauth add {{display_name}} {{protocol_name}} {{key}}
Remove the authorization for a specific display:
xauth remove {{display_name}}
Print the authorization entry for the current display to stdout:
xauth extract - $DISPLAY
Merge the authorization entries from a specific file into the authorization database:
cat {{path/to/file}} | xauth merge -
Display help:
xauth --help

rpm

RPM Package Manager. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://rpm.org/.

Show version of httpd package:
rpm --query {{httpd}}
List versions of all matching packages:
rpm --query --all '{{mariadb*}}'
Forcibly install a package regardless of currently installed versions:
rpm --upgrade {{path/to/package.rpm}} --force
Identify owner of a file and show version of the package:
rpm --query --file {{/etc/postfix/main.cf}}
List package-owned files:
rpm --query --list {{kernel}}
Show scriptlets from an RPM file:
rpm --query --package --scripts {{package.rpm}}
Show changed, missing and/or incorrectly installed files of matching packages:
rpm --verify --all '{{php-*}}'
Display the changelog of a specific package:
rpm --query --changelog {{package}}

cam

Frontend tool for libcamera. More information: https://libcamera.org/docs.html.

List available cameras:
cam --list
List controls of a camera:
cam --camera {{camera_index}} --list-controls
Write frames to a folder:
cam --camera {{camera_index}} --capture={{frames_to_capture}} --file
Display camera feed in a window:
cam --camera {{camera_index}} --capture --sdl

larasail

Manage Laravel on Digital Ocean servers. More information: https://github.com/thedevdojo/larasail.

Set up the server with Laravel dependencies using the default PHP version:
larasail setup
Set up the server with Laravel dependencies using a specific PHP version:
larasail setup {{php71}}
Add a new Laravel site:
larasail host {{domain}} {{path/to/site_directory}}
Retrieve the Larasail user password:
larasail pass
Retrieve the Larasail MySQL password:
larasail mysqlpass

ubuntu-security-status

Display information about security support for installed Ubuntu packages. More information: https://git.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/update-manager/tree/ubuntu-security-status.

Display the number of unsupported packages:
ubuntu-security-status
List packages that are no longer available for download:
ubuntu-security-status --unavailable
List third-party packages:
ubuntu-security-status --thirdparty

edquota

Edit quotas for a user or group. By default it operates on all filesystems with quotas. Quota information is stored permanently in the quota.user and quota.group files in the root of the filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/edquota.

Edit quota of the current user:
edquota --user $(whoami)
Edit quota of a specific user:
sudo edquota --user {{username}}
Edit quota for a group:
sudo edquota --group {{group}}
Restrict operations to a given filesystem (by default edquota operates on all filesystems with quotas):
sudo edquota --file-system {{filesystem}}
Edit the default grace period:
sudo edquota -t
Duplicate a quota to other users:
sudo edquota -p {{reference_user}} {{destination_user1}} {{destination_user2}}

systemd-sysusers

Create system users and groups. If the config file is not specified, files in the sysusers.d directories are used. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-sysusers.html.

Create users and groups from a specific configuration file:
systemd-sysusers {{path/to/file}}
Process configuration files and print what would be done without actually doing anything:
systemd-sysusers --dry-run {{path/to/file}}
Print the contents of all config files (before each file, its name is printed as a comment):
systemd-sysusers --cat-config

xfce4-screenshooter

The XFCE4 screenshot tool. More information: https://docs.xfce.org/apps/xfce4-screenshooter/start.

Launch the screenshooter GUI:
xfce4-screenshooter
Take a screenshot of the entire screen and launch the GUI to ask how to proceed:
xfce4-screenshooter --fullscreen
Take a screenshot of the entire screen and save it in the specified directory:
xfce4-screenshooter --fullscreen --save {{path/to/directory}}
Wait some time before taking the screenshot:
xfce4-screenshooter --delay {{seconds}}
Take a screenshot of a region of the screen (select using the mouse):
xfce4-screenshooter --region
Take a screenshot of the active window, and copy it to the clipboard:
xfce4-screenshooter --window --clipboard
Take a screenshot of the active window, and open it with a chosen program:
xfce4-screenshooter --window --open {{gimp}}

alpine

An email client and Usenet newsgroup program with a pico/nano-inspired interface. Supports most modern email services through IMAP. More information: https://manned.org/alpine.

Open alpine normally:
alpine
Open alpine directly to the message composition screen to send an email to a given email address:
alpine {{[email protected]}}
Quit alpine:
'q' then 'y'

rpcclient

MS-RPC client tool (part of the samba suite). More information: https://www.samba.org/samba/docs/current/man-html/rpcclient.1.html.

Connect to a remote host:
rpcclient --user {{domain}}\{{username}}%{{password}} {{ip}}
Connect to a remote host on a domain without a password:
rpcclient --user {{username}} --workgroup {{domain}} --no-pass {{ip}}
Connect to a remote host, passing the password hash:
rpcclient --user {{domain}}\{{username}} --pw-nt-hash {{ip}}
Execute shell commands on a remote host:
rpcclient --user {{domain}}\{{username}}%{{password}} --command {{semicolon_separated_commands}} {{ip}}
Display domain users:
rpcclient $> enumdomusers
Display privileges:
rpcclient $> enumprivs
Display information about a specific user:
rpcclient $> queryuser {{username|rid}}
Create a new user in the domain:
rpcclient $> createdomuser {{username}}

check-support-status

Identify installed Debian packages for which support has had to be limited or prematurely ended. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/debian-security-support/check-support-status.html.

Display packages whose support is limited, has already ended or will end earlier than the distribution's end of life:
check-support-status
Display only packages whose support has ended:
check-support-status --type {{ended}}
Skip printing a headline:
check-support-status --no-heading

i3status

Status line for the i3 window manager. This command is usually called from the i3 configuration file. More information: https://i3wm.org/i3status/manpage.html.

Print the status line to stdout periodically, using the default configuration:
i3status
Print the status line to stdout periodically, using a specific configuration:
i3status -c {{path/to/i3status.conf}}
Display the i3status version and help:
i3status -h

setxkbmap

Set the keyboard using the X Keyboard Extension. More information: https://manned.org/setxkbmap.

Set the keyboard in French AZERTY:
setxkbmap {{fr}}
Set multiple keyboard layouts, their variants and switching option:
setxkbmap -layout {{us,de}} -variant {{,qwerty}} -option {{'grp:alt_caps_toggle'}}
Get help:
setxkbmap -help
List all layouts:
localectl list-x11-keymap-layouts
List variants for the layout:
localectl list-x11-keymap-variants {{de}}
List available switching options:
localectl list-x11-keymap-options | grep grp:

lvreduce

Reduce the size of a logical volume. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvreduce.8.html.

Reduce a volume's size to 120 GB:
lvreduce --size {{120G}} {{logical_volume}}
Reduce a volume's size by 40 GB as well as the underlying filesystem:
lvreduce --size -{{40G}} -r {{logical_volume}}

xsetwacom

Command-line tool to change settings for Wacom pen tablets at runtime. More information: https://manned.org/xsetwacom.

List all the available Wacom devices. The device name is in the first column:
xsetwacom list
Set Wacom area to specific screen. Get name of the screen with xrandr:
xsetwacom set "{{device_name}}" MapToOutput {{screen}}
Set mode to relative (like a mouse) or absolute (like a pen) mode:
xsetwacom set "{{device_name}}" Mode "{{Relative|Absolute}}"
Rotate the input (useful for tablet-PC when rotating screen) by 0|90|180|270 degrees from "natural" rotation:
xsetwacom set "{{device_name}}" Rotate {{none|half|cw|ccw}}
Set button to only work when the tip of the pen is touching the tablet:
xsetwacom set "{{device_name}}" TabletPCButton "on"

sm

Displays a short message fullscreen. More information: https://github.com/nomeata/screen-message.

Display a message in full-screen:
sm "{{Hello World!}}"
Display a message with inverted colors:
sm -i "{{Hello World!}}"
Display a message with a custom foreground color:
sm -f {{blue}} "{{Hello World!}}"
Display a message with a custom background color:
sm -b {{#008888}} "{{Hello World!}}"
Display a message rotated 3 times (in steps of 90 degrees, counterclockwise):
sm -r {{3}} "{{Hello World!}}"
Display a message using the output from another command:
{{echo "Hello World!"}} | sm -

qtile

A full-featured, hackable tiling window manager written and configured in Python. More information: https://docs.qtile.org/en/latest/manual/commands/shell/index.html.

Start the window manager, if it is not running already (should ideally be run from .xsession or similar):
qtile start
Check the configuration file for any compilation errors (default location is ~/.config/qtile/config.py):
qtile check
Show current resource usage information:
qtile top --force
Open the program xterm as a floating window on the group named test-group:
qtile run-cmd --group {{test-group}} --float {{xterm}}
Restart the window manager:
qtile cmd-obj --object cmd --function restart

kjv

The word of God available right on your desktop. More information: https://github.com/bontibon/kjv.

Display books:
kjv -l
Open a specific book:
kjv {{Genesis}}
Open a specific chapter of a book:
kjv {{Genesis}} {{2}}
Open a specific verse of a specific chapter of a book:
kjv {{John}} {{3}}:{{16}}
Open a specific range of verses of a book's chapter:
kjv {{Proverbs}} {{3}}:{{1-6}}
Display a specific range of verses of a book from different chapters:
kjv {{Matthew}} {{1}}:{{7}}-{{2}}:{{6}}
Display all verses that match a pattern:
kjv /{{Plagues}}
Display all verses that match a pattern in a specific book:
kjv {{1Jn}}/{{antichrist}}

cpufreq-info

A tool to show CPU frequency information. More information: https://manned.org/cpufreq-info.

Show CPU frequency information for all CPUs:
cpufreq-info
Show CPU frequency information for the specified CPU:
cpufreq-info -c {{cpu_number}}
Show the allowed minimum and maximum CPU frequency:
cpufreq-info -l
Show the current minimum and maximum CPU frequency and policy in table format:
cpufreq-info -o
Show available CPU frequency policies:
cpufreq-info -g
Show current CPU work frequency in a human-readable format, according to the cpufreq kernel module:
cpufreq-info -f -m
Show current CPU work frequency in a human-readable format, by reading it from hardware (only available to root):
sudo cpufreq-info -w -m

distrobox-upgrade

Upgrade one or multiple distrobox containers. Subcommand of distrobox. See also: tldr distrobox. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-upgrade.html.

Upgrade a container using the container's native package manager:
distrobox-upgrade {{container_name}}
Upgrade all containers using the container's native package managers:
distrobox-upgrade --all
Upgrade specific containers via the container's native package manager:
distrobox-upgrade {{container1 container2 ...}}

kpartx

Create device maps from partition tables. More information: https://manned.org/kpartx.

Add partition mappings:
kpartx -a {{whole_disk.img}}
Delete partition mappings:
kpartx -d {{whole_disk.img}}
List partition mappings:
kpartx -l {{whole_disk.img}}

goldeneye.py

A HTTP DoS test tool. More information: https://github.com/jseidl/GoldenEye.

Test a specific website:
./goldeneye.py {{url}}
Test a specific website with 100 user agents and 200 concurrent sockets:
./goldeneye.py {{url}} --useragents 100 --sockets 200
Test a specific website without verifying the SSL certificate:
./goldeneye.py {{url}} --nosslcheck
Test a specific website in debug mode:
./goldeneye.py {{url}} --debug
Display help:
./goldeneye.py --help

qm resize

This command is an alias of qm-disk-resize. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr qm-disk-resize

mpstat

Report CPU statistics. More information: https://manned.org/mpstat.

Display CPU statistics every 2 seconds:
mpstat {{2}}
Display 5 reports, one by one, at 2 second intervals:
mpstat {{2}} {{5}}
Display 5 reports, one by one, from a given processor, at 2 second intervals:
mpstat -P {{0}} {{2}} {{5}}

nsnake

Snake game in the terminal. More information: https://github.com/alexdantas/nsnake/.

Start a snake game:
nsnake
Navigate the snake:
{{Up|Down|Left|Right}} arrow key
Pause/unpause the game:
p
Quit the game:
q
Show help during the game:
h

atop

Linux system and process monitor. More information: https://manned.org/atop.

Start:
atop
Start and display memory consumption for each process:
atop -m
Start and display disk information:
atop -d
Start and display background process information:
atop -c
Start and display thread-specific resource utilization information:
atop -y
Start and display the number of processes for each user:
atop -au
Display help about interactive commands:
?

dockerd

A persistent process to start and manage docker containers. More information: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/.

Run docker daemon:
dockerd
Run docker daemon and config it to listen to specific sockets (UNIX and TCP):
dockerd --host unix://{{path/to/tmp.sock}} --host tcp://{{ip}}
Run with specific daemon PID file:
dockerd --pidfile {{path/to/pid_file}}
Run in debug mode:
dockerd --debug
Run and set a specific log level:
dockerd --log-level={{debug|info|warn|error|fatal}}

lsinitrd

Show the contents of an initramfs image. See also: dracut. More information: https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/blob/master/man/lsinitrd.1.asc.

Show the contents of the initramfs image for the current kernel:
lsinitrd
Show the contents of the initramfs image for the specified kernel:
lsinitrd --kver {{kernel_version}}
Show the contents of the specified initramfs image:
lsinitrd {{path/to/initramfs.img}}
List modules included in the initramfs image:
lsinitrd --mod
Unpack the initramfs to the current directory:
lsinitrd --unpack

systemd-path

List and query system and user paths. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-path.html.

Display a list of known paths and their current values:
systemd-path
Query the specified path and display its value:
systemd-path "{{path_name}}"
Suffix printed paths with suffix_string:
systemd-path --suffix {{suffix_string}}
Print a short version string and then exit:
systemd-path --version

yum

Package management utility for RHEL, Fedora, and CentOS (for older versions). For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://manned.org/yum.

Install a new package:
yum install {{package}}
Install a new package and assume yes to all questions (also works with update, great for automated updates):
yum -y install {{package}}
Find the package that provides a particular command:
yum provides {{command}}
Remove a package:
yum remove {{package}}
Display available updates for installed packages:
yum check-update
Upgrade installed packages to the newest available versions:
yum upgrade

nethogs

Monitor bandwidth usage per process. More information: https://github.com/raboof/nethogs.

Start NetHogs as root (default device is eth0):
sudo nethogs
Monitor bandwidth on specific device:
sudo nethogs {{device}}
Monitor bandwidth on multiple devices:
sudo nethogs {{device1}} {{device2}}
Specify refresh rate:
sudo nethogs -t {{seconds}}

smbpasswd

Add/remove a Samba user or change its password. Samba users must have an existing local Unix account. More information: https://manned.org/smbpasswd.8.

Change the current user's SMB password:
smbpasswd
Add a specified user to Samba and set password (user should already exist in system):
sudo smbpasswd -a {{username}}
Modify an existing Samba user's password:
sudo smbpasswd {{username}}
Delete a Samba user (use pdbedit instead if the Unix account has been deleted):
sudo smbpasswd -x {{username}}

i3lock

Simple screen locker built for the i3 window manager. More information: https://i3wm.org/i3lock.

Lock the screen showing a white background:
i3lock
Lock the screen with a simple color background (rrggbb format):
i3lock --color {{0000ff}}
Lock the screen to a PNG background:
i3lock --image {{path/to/file.png}}
Lock the screen and disable the unlock indicator (removes feedback on keypress):
i3lock --no-unlock-indicator
Lock the screen and don't hide the mouse pointer:
i3lock --pointer {{default}}
Lock the screen to a PNG background tiled over all monitors:
i3lock --image {{path/to/file.png}} --tiling
Lock the screen and show the number of failed login attempts:
i3lock --show-failed-attempts

pacman4console

A text-based console game inspired by the original Pacman. More information: https://github.com/YoctoForBeaglebone/pacman4console.

Start a game at Level 1:
pacman4console
Start a game on a certain level (there are nine official levels):
pacman4console --level={{level_number}}
Start the pacman4console level editor, saving to a specified text file:
pacman4consoleedit {{path/to/level_file}}
Play a custom level:
pacman4console --level={{path/to/level_file}}

trash

Manage the trashcan/recycling bin. More information: https://github.com/andreafrancia/trash-cli.

Delete a file and send it to the trash:
trash {{path/to/file}}
List all files in the trash:
trash-list
Interactively restore a file from the trash:
trash-restore
Empty the trash:
trash-empty
Permanently delete all files in the trash which are older than 10 days:
trash-empty {{10}}
Remove all files in the trash, which match a specific blob pattern:
trash-rm "{{*.o}}"
Remove all files with a specific original location:
trash-rm {{/path/to/file_or_directory}}

qm rescan

Rescan all storages and update disk sizes and unused disk images of a virtual machine. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Rescan all storages and update disk sizes and unused disk images of a specific virtual machine:
qm rescan {{vm_id}}
Perform a dry-run of rescan on a specific virtual machine and do not write any changes to configurations:
qm rescan --dryrun {{true}} {{vm_id}}

lxc network

Manage networks for LXD containers. More information: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd/docs/master/networks.

List all available networks:
lxc network list
Show the configuration of a specific network:
lxc network show {{network_name}}
Add a running instance to a specific network:
lxc network attach {{network_name}} {{container_name}}
Create a new managed network:
lxc network create {{network_name}}
Set a bridge interface of a specific network:
lxc network set {{network_name}} bridge.external_interfaces {{eth0}}
Disable NAT for a specific network:
lxc network set {{network_name}} ipv{{4}}.nat false

xbps-query

XBPS utility to query for package and repository information. See also: xbps. More information: https://man.voidlinux.org/xbps-query.1.

Search for a package in remote repositories using a regular expression or a keyword (if --regex is omitted):
xbps-query --search {{regular_expression|keyword}} --repository --regex
Show information about an installed package:
xbps-query --show {{package}}
Show information about a package in remote repositories:
xbps-query --show {{package}} --repository
List packages registered in the package database:
xbps-query --list-pkgs
List explicitly installed packages (i.e. not automatically installed as dependencies):
xbps-query --list-manual-pkgs

lvremove

Remove one or more logical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvremove.8.html.

Remove a logical volume in a volume group:
sudo lvremove {{volume_group}}/{{logical_volume}}
Remove all logical volumes in a volume group:
sudo lvremove {{volume_group}}

service

Manage services by running init scripts. The full script path should be omitted (/etc/init.d/ is assumed). More information: https://manned.org/service.

List the name and status of all services:
service --status-all
Start/Stop/Restart/Reload service (start/stop should always be available):
service {{service_name}} {{start|stop|restart|reload}}
Do a full restart (runs script twice with start and stop):
service {{service_name}} --full-restart
Show the current status of a service:
service {{service_name}} status

nmcli monitor

Monitor changes to the NetworkManager connection status. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli m. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Start monitoring NetworkManager changes:
nmcli monitor

mke2fs

Creates a Linux filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mke2fs.

Create an ext2 filesystem in partition 1 of device b (sdb1):
mkfs.ext2 {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create an ext3 filesystem in partition 1 of device b (sdb1):
mkfs.ext3 {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create an ext4 filesystem in partition 1 of device b (sdb1):
mkfs.ext4 {{/dev/sdb1}}

killall

Send kill signal to all instances of a process by name (must be exact name). All signals except SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can be intercepted by the process, allowing a clean exit. More information: https://manned.org/killall.

Terminate a process using the default SIGTERM (terminate) signal:
killall {{process_name}}
List available signal names (to be used without the 'SIG' prefix):
killall --list
Interactively ask for confirmation before termination:
killall -i {{process_name}}
Terminate a process using the SIGINT (interrupt) signal, which is the same signal sent by pressing Ctrl + C:
killall -INT {{process_name}}
Force kill a process:
killall -KILL {{process_name}}

nmtui-edit

This command is an alias of nmtui edit.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr nmtui

duc

Duc is a collection of tools for indexing, inspecting and visualizing disk usage. Duc maintains a database of accumulated sizes of directories of the file system, allowing queries this database, or create fancy graphs to show where data is. More information: https://duc.zevv.nl/.

Index the /usr directory, writing to the default database location ~/.duc.db:
duc index {{/usr}}
List all files and directories under /usr/local, showing relative file sizes in a [g]raph:
duc ls --classify --graph {{/usr/local}}
List all files and directories under /usr/local using treeview recursively:
duc ls --classify --graph --recursive {{/usr/local}}
Start the graphical interface to explore the file system using sunburst graphs:
duc gui {{/usr}}
Run the ncurses console interface to explore the file system:
duc ui {{/usr}}
Dump database info:
duc info

gedit

Text editor of the GNOME Desktop project. More information: https://help.gnome.org/users/gedit/stable/.

Open a text file:
gedit {{path/to/file}}
Open multiple text files:
gedit {{file1 file2 ...}}
Open a text file with a specific encoding:
gedit --encoding={{UTF-8}} {{path/to/file}}
Display a list of supported encodings:
gedit --list-encodings

pasuspender

Temporarily suspends pulseaudio while another command is running to allow access to alsa. More information: https://manned.org/pasuspender.

Suspend PulseAudio while running jackd:
pasuspender -- {{jackd -d alsa --device hw:0}}

qm move_disk

This command and qm move-disk is an alias of qm disk move. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr qm-disk-move

namei

Follows a pathname (which can be a symbolic link) until a terminal point is found (a file/directory/char device etc). This program is useful for finding "too many levels of symbolic links" problems. More information: https://manned.org/namei.

Resolve the pathnames specified as the argument parameters:
namei {{path/to/a}} {{path/to/b}} {{path/to/c}}
Display the results in a long-listing format:
namei --long {{path/to/a}} {{path/to/b}} {{path/to/c}}
Show the mode bits of each file type in the style of ls:
namei --modes {{path/to/a}} {{path/to/b}} {{path/to/c}}
Show owner and group name of each file:
namei --owners {{path/to/a}} {{path/to/b}} {{path/to/c}}
Don't follow symlinks while resolving:
namei --nosymlinks {{path/to/a}} {{path/to/b}} {{path/to/c}}

btrfs property

Get, set, or list properties for a given btrfs filesystem object (files, directories, subvolumes, filesystems, or devices). More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-property.html.

List available properties (and descriptions) for the given btrfs object:
sudo btrfs property list {{path/to/btrfs_object}}
Get all properties for the given btrfs object:
sudo btrfs property get {{path/to/btrfs_object}}
Get the label property for the given btrfs filesystem or device:
sudo btrfs property get {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}} label
Get all object type-specific properties for the given btrfs filesystem or device:
sudo btrfs property get -t {{subvol|filesystem|inode|device}} {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Set the compression property for a given btrfs inode (either a file or directory):
sudo btrfs property set {{path/to/btrfs_inode}} compression {{zstd|zlib|lzo|none}}

grub-reboot

Set the default boot entry for GRUB, for the next boot only. More information: https://manned.org/grub-reboot.

Set the default boot entry to an entry number, name or identifier for the next boot:
sudo grub-reboot {{entry_number}}
Set the default boot entry to an entry number, name or identifier for an alternative boot directory for the next boot:
sudo grub-reboot --boot-directory {{/path/to/boot_directory}} {{entry_number}}

manpath

Determine the search path for manual pages. More information: https://manned.org/manpath.

Display the search path used to find man pages:
manpath
Show the entire global manpath:
manpath --global

sxiv

Simple X Image Viewer. More information: https://github.com/muennich/sxiv.

Open an image:
sxiv {{path/to/file}}
Open an image in fullscreen mode:
sxiv -f {{path/to/file}}
Open a newline-separated list of images, reading filenames from stdin:
echo {{path/to/file}} | sxiv -i
Open a space-separated list of images as a slideshow:
sxiv -S {{seconds}} {{path/to/file}}
Open a space-separated list of images in thumbnail mode:
sxiv -t {{path/to/file}}

fwupdmgr

A tool for updating device firmware, including UEFI, using fwupd. More information: https://fwupd.org/.

Display all devices detected by fwupd:
fwupdmgr get-devices
Download the latest firmware metadata from LVFS:
fwupdmgr refresh
List the updates available for devices on your system:
fwupdmgr get-updates
Install firmware updates:
fwupdmgr update

hardinfo

Show hardware information in GUI window. More information: https://github.com/lpereira/hardinfo.

Start hardinfo:
hardinfo
Print report to stdout:
hardinfo -r
Save report to HTML file:
hardinfo -r -f html > hardinfo.html

qm cloudinit dump

Generate cloudinit configuration files. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Generate a cloudinit file for a specific configuration type:
qm cloudinit dump {{virtual_machine_id}} {{meta|network|user}}

ddrescue

Data recovery tool that reads data from damaged block devices. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/.

Take an image of a device, creating a log file:
sudo ddrescue {{/dev/sdb}} {{path/to/image.dd}} {{path/to/log.txt}}
Clone Disk A to Disk B, creating a log file:
sudo ddrescue --force --no-scrape {{/dev/sdX}} {{/dev/sdY}} {{path/to/log.txt}}

farge

Display the color of a specific pixel on the screen in either hexadecimal or RGB formats. More information: https://github.com/sdushantha/farge.

Display a small preview window of a pixel's color with it's hexadecimal value, and copy this value to the clipboard:
farge
Copy a pixel's hexadecimal value to the clipboard without displaying a preview window:
farge --no-preview
Output a pixel's hexadecimal value to stdout, and copy this value to the clipboard:
farge --stdout
Output a pixel's RGB value to stdout, and copy this value to the clipboard:
farge --rgb --stdout
Display a pixel's hexadecimal value as a notification which expires in 5000 milliseconds, and copy this value to the clipboard:
farge --notify --expire-time 5000

free

Display amount of free and used memory in the system. More information: https://manned.org/free.

Display system memory:
free
Display memory in Bytes/KB/MB/GB:
free -{{b|k|m|g}}
Display memory in human-readable units:
free -h
Refresh the output every 2 seconds:
free -s {{2}}

legit

Complementary command-line interface for Git. More information: https://frostming.github.io/legit.

Switch to a specified branch, stashing and restoring unstaged changes:
git switch {{target_branch}}
Synchronize current branch, automatically merging or rebasing, and stashing and unstashing:
git sync
Publish a specified branch to the remote server:
git publish {{branch_name}}
Remove a branch from the remote server:
git unpublish {{branch_name}}
List all branches and their publication status:
git branches {{glob_pattern}}
Remove the last commit from the history:
git undo {{--hard}}

mkfs.ntfs

Creates a NTFS filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.ntfs.

Create a NTFS filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.ntfs {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-label:
mkfs.ntfs -L {{volume_label}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with specific UUID:
mkfs.ntfs -U {{UUID}} {{/dev/sdb1}}

mkfs.btrfs

Create a btrfs filesystem. Defaults to raid1, which specifies 2 copies of a given data block spread across 2 different devices. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mkfs.btrfs.html.

Create a btrfs filesystem on a single device:
sudo mkfs.btrfs --metadata single --data single {{/dev/sda}}
Create a btrfs filesystem on multiple devices with raid1:
sudo mkfs.btrfs --metadata raid1 --data raid1 {{/dev/sda}} {{/dev/sdb}} {{/dev/sdN}}
Set a label for the filesystem:
sudo mkfs.btrfs --label "{{label}}" {{/dev/sda}} [{{/dev/sdN}}]

mate-calc-cmd

Calculate mathematic expressions in MATE desktop environment in terminal. More information: https://manned.org/mate-calc-cmd.

Start an interactive calculator session:
mate-calc-cmd
Calculate a specific mathematic expression:
{{2 + 5}}

xmodmap

Utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X. More information: https://manned.org/xmodmap.

Swap left-click and right-click on the pointer:
xmodmap -e 'pointer = 3 2 1'
Reassign a key on the keyboard to another key:
xmodmap -e 'keycode {{keycode}} = {{keyname}}'
Disable a key on the keyboard:
xmodmap -e 'keycode {{keycode}} ='
Execute all xmodmap expressions in the specified file:
xmodmap {{path/to/file}}

cpulimit

A tool to throttle the CPU usage of other processes. More information: http://cpulimit.sourceforge.net/.

Limit an existing process with PID 1234 to only use 25% of the CPU:
cpulimit --pid {{1234}} --limit {{25%}}
Limit an existing program by its executable name:
cpulimit --exe {{program}} --limit {{25}}
Launch a given program and limit it to only use 50% of the CPU:
cpulimit --limit {{50}} -- {{program argument1 argument2 ...}}
Launch a program, limit its CPU usage to 50% and run cpulimit in the background:
cpulimit --limit {{50}} --background -- {{program}}
Kill its process if the program's CPU usage goes over 50%:
cpulimit --limit 50 --kill -- {{program}}
Throttle both it and its child processes so that none go about 25% CPU:
cpulimit --limit {{25}} --monitor-forks -- {{program}}

mdadm

RAID management utility. More information: https://manned.org/mdadm.

Create array:
sudo mdadm --create {{/dev/md/MyRAID}} --level {{raid_level}} --raid-devices {{number_of_disks}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Stop array:
sudo mdadm --stop {{/dev/md0}}
Mark disk as failed:
sudo mdadm --fail {{/dev/md0}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Remove disk:
sudo mdadm --remove {{/dev/md0}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Add disk to array:
sudo mdadm --assemble {{/dev/md0}} {{/dev/sdXN}}
Show RAID info:
sudo mdadm --detail {{/dev/md0}}
Reset disk by deleting RAID metadata:
sudo mdadm --zero-superblock {{/dev/sdXN}}

cockpit-bridge

Relay messages and commands between the front end and server in the cockpit suite. More information: https://cockpit-project.org/guide/latest/cockpit-bridge.1.html.

List all cockpit packages:
cockpit-bridge --packages
Display help:
cockpit-bridge --help

betterdiscordctl

A program for managing BetterDiscord on Linux. More information: https://github.com/bb010g/betterdiscordctl#manual.

Install BetterDiscord on Discord Stable:
sudo betterdiscordctl install
Install BetterDiscord on Discord Canary:
sudo betterdiscordctl --d-flavors canary install
Install BetterDiscord on Discord PTB:
sudo betterdiscordctl --d-flavors ptb install
Install BetterDiscord on Discord installed with Flatpak:
sudo betterdiscordctl --d-install flatpak install
Install BetterDiscord on Discord installed with Snap:
sudo betterdiscordctl --d-install snap install

powertop

Optimize battery power usage. More information: https://github.com/fenrus75/powertop.

Calibrate power usage measurements:
sudo powertop --calibrate
Generate HTML power usage report in the current directory:
sudo powertop --html={{power_report.html}}
Tune to optimal settings:
sudo powertop --auto-tune
Generate a report for a specified number of seconds (instead of 20 by default):
sudo powertop --time={{5}}

btrbk

A tool for creating snapshots and remote backups of btrfs subvolumes. More information: https://digint.ch/btrbk/doc/readme.html.

Print statistics about configured subvolumes and snapshots:
sudo btrbk stats
List configured subvolumes and snapshots:
sudo btrbk list
Print what would happen in a run without making the displayed changes:
sudo btrbk --verbose dryrun
Run backup routines verbosely, show progress bar:
sudo btrbk --progress --verbose run
Only create snapshots for configured subvolumes:
sudo btrbk snapshot

pkginfo

Query the package database on a CRUX system. More information: https://crux.nu/Main/Handbook3-6#ntoc19.

List installed packages and their versions:
pkginfo -i
List files owned by a package:
pkginfo -l {{package}}
List the owner(s) of files matching a pattern:
pkginfo -o {{pattern}}
Print the footprint of a file:
pkginfo -f {{path/to/file}}

flatpak

Build, install and run flatpak applications and runtimes. More information: https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/flatpak-command-reference.html#flatpak.

Run an installed application:
flatpak run {{name}}
Install an application from a remote source:
flatpak install {{remote}} {{name}}
List all installed applications and runtimes:
flatpak list
Update all installed applications and runtimes:
flatpak update
Add a remote source:
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists {{remote_name}} {{remote_url}}
Remove an installed application:
flatpak remove {{name}}
Remove all unused applications:
flatpak remove --unused
Show information about an installed application:
flatpak info {{name}}

bspwm

A tiling window manager based on binary space partitioning. More information: https://github.com/baskerville/bspwm.

Start bspwm (note that a pre-existing window manager must not be open when this command is run):
bspwm -c {{path/to/config}}
View documentation for bspc:
tldr bspc

dolphin

KDE's file manager to manage files and directories. More information: https://apps.kde.org/dolphin/.

Launch the file manager:
dolphin
Open specific directories:
dolphin {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Open with specific files or directories selected:
dolphin --select {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Open a new window:
dolphin --new-window
Open specific directories in split view:
dolphin --split {{path/to/directory1}} {{path/to/directory2}}
Launch the daemon (only required to use the DBus interface):
dolphin --daemon
Display help:
dolphin --help

grub-mkconfig

Generate a GRUB configuration file. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Invoking-grub_002dmkconfig.html.

Do a dry run and print the configuration to stdout:
sudo grub-mkconfig
Generate the configuration file:
sudo grub-mkconfig --output={{/boot/grub/grub.cfg}}
Print the help page:
grub-mkconfig --help

mocp

Music on Console (MOC) audio player. More information: https://manned.org/mocp.

Launch the MOC terminal UI:
mocp
Launch the MOC terminal UI in a specific directory:
mocp {{path/to/directory}}
Start the MOC server in the background, without launching the MOC terminal UI:
mocp --server
Add a specific song to the play queue while MOC is in the background:
mocp --enqueue {{path/to/audio_file}}
Add songs recursively to the play queue while MOC is in the background:
mocp --append {{path/to/directory}}
Clear the play queue while MOC is in the background:
mocp --clear
Play or stop the currently queued song while MOC is in the background:
mocp --{{play|stop}}
Stop the MOC server while it's in the background:
mocp --exit

zipcloak

Encrypt the contents within a zipfile. More information: https://manned.org/zipcloak.

Encrypt the contents of a zipfile:
zipcloak {{path/to/archive.zip}}
[d]ecrypt the contents of a zipfile:
zipcloak -d {{path/to/archive.zip}}
[O]utput the encrypted contents into a new zipfile:
zipcloak {{path/to/archive.zip}} -O {{path/to/encrypted.zip}}

mediamtx

Real-time media server and proxy. More information: https://github.com/bluenviron/mediamtx.

Run MediaMTX:
mediamtx
Run MediaMTX with a custom config location:
mediamtx {{path/to/config}}.yml
Start MediaMTX as a daemon:
systemctl start mediamtx

checkupdates

Tool to check pending updates in Arch Linux. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/checkupdates.8.

List pending updates:
checkupdates
List pending updates and download the packages to the pacman cache:
checkupdates --download
List pending updates using a specific pacman database:
CHECKUPDATES_DB={{path/to/directory}} checkupdates
Display help:
checkupdates --help

parted

A partition manipulation program. See also: partprobe. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/parted/parted.html.

List partitions on all block devices:
sudo parted --list
Start interactive mode with the specified disk selected:
sudo parted {{/dev/sdX}}
Create a new partition table of the specified label-type:
sudo parted --script {{/dev/sdX}} mklabel {{aix|amiga|bsd|dvh|gpt|loop|mac|msdos|pc98|sun}}
Show partition information in interactive mode:
print
Select a disk in interactive mode:
select {{/dev/sdX}}
Create a 16 GB partition with the specified filesystem in interactive mode:
mkpart {{primary|logical|extended}} {{btrfs|ext2|ext3|ext4|fat16|fat32|hfs|hfs+|linux-swap|ntfs|reiserfs|udf|xfs}} {{0%}} {{16G}}
Resize a partition in interactive mode:
resizepart {{/dev/sdXN}} {{end_position_of_partition}}
Remove a partition in interactive mode:
rm {{/dev/sdXN}}

diff3

Compare three files line by line. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/manual/html_node/Invoking-diff3.html.

Compare files:
diff3 {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} {{path/to/file3}}
Show all changes, outlining conflicts:
diff3 --show-all {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} {{path/to/file3}}

lvresize

Change the size of a logical volume. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvresize.8.html.

Change the size of a logical volume to 120 GB:
lvresize --size {{120G}} {{volume_group}}/{{logical_volume}}
Extend the size of a logical volume as well as the underlying filesystem by 120 GB:
lvresize --size +{{120G}} --resizefs {{volume_group}}/{{logical_volume}}
Extend the size of a logical volume to 100% of the free physical volume space:
lvresize --size {{100}}%FREE {{volume_group}}/{{logical_volume}}
Reduce the size of a logical volume as well as the underlying filesystem by 120 GB:
lvresize --size -{{120G}} --resizefs {{volume_group}}/{{logical_volume}}

vgscan

Scan for volume groups on all supported Logical Volume Manager (LVM) block devices. See also lvm, vgchange. More information: https://manned.org/vgscan.

Scan for volume groups and print information about each group found:
sudo vgscan
Scan for volume groups and add the special files in /dev, if they don't already exist, needed to access the logical volumes in the found groups:
sudo vgscan --mknodes

checkupdates-aur

Tool to check pending updates from the Arch User Repository (AUR). More information: https://metacpan.org/dist/OS-CheckUpdates-AUR.

List pending updates for AUR packages:
checkupdates-aur
List pending updates for AUR packages in debug mode:
CHECKUPDATES_DEBUG=1 checkupdates-aur
Display help:
checkupdates-aur --help

mkfs.minix

Creates a Minix filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.minix.

Create a Minix filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.minix {{/dev/sdb1}}

http_load

An HTTP benchmarking tool. Runs multiple HTTP fetches in parallel to test the throughput of a web server. More information: http://www.acme.com/software/http_load/.

Emulate 20 requests based on a given URL list file per second for 60 seconds:
http_load -rate {{20}} -seconds {{60}} {{path/to/urls.txt}}
Emulate 5 concurrent requests based on a given URL list file for 60 seconds:
http_load -parallel {{5}} -seconds {{60}} {{path/to/urls.txt}}
Emulate 1000 requests at 20 requests per second, based on a given URL list file:
http_load -rate {{20}} -fetches {{1000}} {{path/to/urls.txt}}
Emulate 1000 requests at 5 concurrent requests at a time, based on a given URL list file:
http_load -parallel {{5}} -fetches {{1000}} {{path/to/urls.txt}}

pvdisplay

Display information about Logical Volume Manager (LVM) physical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/pvdisplay.8.html.

Display information about all physical volumes:
sudo pvdisplay
Display information about the physical volume on drive /dev/sdXY:
sudo pvdisplay {{/dev/sdXY}}

vipw

Edit the password file. More information: https://manned.org/vipw.

Edit the password file:
vipw
Display the current version of vipw:
vipw --version

trayer

A lightweight GTK-2 based systray. More information: https://github.com/sargon/trayer-srg.

Run trayer:
trayer
Position trayer to a specific edge:
trayer --edge {{left|right|top|bottom}}
Provide a specific height and width of the panel (in pixels):
trayer --width {{10}} --height {{32}}
Provide the width of the panel in pixels or percentages:
trayer --widthtype {{pixel|percent}} --width {{72}}
Align trayer to a specific direction:
trayer --align {{left|center|right}}
Provide spacing between icons (in pixels):
trayer --iconspacing {{10}}

lynis

System and security auditing tool. More information: https://cisofy.com/documentation/lynis/.

Check that Lynis is up-to-date:
sudo lynis update info
Run a security audit of the system:
sudo lynis audit system
Run a security audit of a Dockerfile:
sudo lynis audit dockerfile {{path/to/dockerfile}}

arpaname

Provides corresponding ARPA name for IP addresses. More information: https://manned.org/arpaname.

Translate IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) to the corresponding ARPA name:
arpaname {{ip_address}}

v4l2-ctl

Control video devices. More information: https://manned.org/v4l2-ctl.

List all video devices:
v4l2-ctl --list-devices
List supported video formats and resolutions of default video device /dev/video0:
v4l2-ctl --list-formats-ext
List supported video formats and resolutions of a specific video device:
v4l2-ctl --list-formats-ext --device {{path/to/video_device}}
Get all details of a video device:
v4l2-ctl --all --device {{path/to/video_device}}
Capture a JPEG photo with a specific resolution from video device:
v4l2-ctl --device {{path/to/video_device}} --set-fmt-video=width={{width}},height={{height}},pixelformat=MJPG --stream-mmap --stream-to={{path/to/output.jpg}} --stream-count=1
Capture a raw video stream from video device:
v4l2-ctl --device {{path/to/video_device}} --set-fmt-video=width={{width}},height={{height}},pixelformat={{format}} --stream-mmap --stream-to={{path/to/output}} --stream-count={{number_of_frames_to_capture}}
List all video device's controls and their values:
v4l2-ctl --list-ctrls --device {{path/to/video_device}}
Set the value of a video device control:
v4l2-ctl --device {{path/to/video_device}} --set-ctrl={{control_name}}={{value}}

httpie

A user friendly HTTP tool. More information: https://github.com/httpie/httpie.

Send a GET request (default method with no request data):
http {{https://example.com}}
Send a POST request (default method with request data):
http {{https://example.com}} {{hello=World}}
Send a POST request with redirected input:
http {{https://example.com}} < {{file.json}}
Send a PUT request with a given JSON body:
http PUT {{https://example.com/todos/7}} {{hello=world}}
Send a DELETE request with a given request header:
http DELETE {{https://example.com/todos/7}} {{API-Key:foo}}
Show the whole HTTP exchange (both request and response):
http -v {{https://example.com}}
Download a file:
http --download {{https://example.com}}
Follow redirects and show intermediary requests and responses:
http --follow --all {{https://example.com}}

udevadm

Linux udev management tool. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udevadm.

Monitor all device events:
sudo udevadm monitor
Print uevents sent out by the kernel:
sudo udevadm monitor --kernel
Print device events after being processed by udev:
sudo udevadm monitor --udev
List attributes of a device:
sudo udevadm info --attribute-walk --path {{/dev/sda1}}
Reload all udev rules:
sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
Trigger all udev rules to run:
sudo udevadm trigger

minicom

A program to communicate with the serial interface of a device. More information: https://manned.org/minicom.

Open a given serial port:
sudo minicom --device {{/dev/ttyUSB0}}
Open a given serial port with a given baud rate:
sudo minicom --device {{/dev/ttyUSB0}} --baudrate {{115200}}
Enter the configuration menu before communicating with a given serial port:
sudo minicom --device {{/dev/ttyUSB0}} --setup

grub-script-check

The program grub-script-check takes a GRUB script file and checks it for syntax errors. It may take a path as a non-option argument. If none is supplied, it will read from stdin. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Invoking-grub_002dscript_002dcheck.html.

Check a specific script file for syntax errors:
grub-script-check {{path/to/grub_config_file}}
Display each line of input after reading it:
grub-script-check --verbose
Display version:
grub-script-check --version
Display help:
grub-script-check --help

rmdir

Remove directories without files. See also: rm. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rmdir.

Remove specific directories:
rmdir {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Remove specific nested directories recursively:
rmdir --parents {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}

faketime

Fake the system time for a given command. More information: https://manned.org/faketime.

Fake the time to this evening, before printing the result of date:
faketime '{{today 23:30}}' {{date}}
Open a new bash shell, which uses yesterday as the current date:
faketime '{{yesterday}}' {{bash}}
Simulate how a program would act next Friday night:
faketime '{{next Friday 1 am}}' {{path/to/program}}

laptop-detect

Attempt to determine if the script is running on a laptop or desktop. More information: https://gitlab.com/debiants/laptop-detect.

Return an exit status of 0 if the current device is likely a laptop, else returns 1:
laptop-detect
Print the type of device that the current system is detected as:
laptop-detect --verbose
Display the version:
laptop-detect --version

flash

Flash cards in the terminal. More information: https://github.com/tallguyjenks/fla.sh.

Open a menu of available flashcard decks for selection:
flash
Display the program version:
flash -v
Display information about the flashcard system:
flash -i
Display a list of available commands:
flash -h
Change the previewer from default bat to cat:
flash -p {{cat}}

virt-xml-validate

Validate libvirt XML files against a schema. If a schema is not specified, the schema is determined by the root element in the XML file. More information: https://libvirt.org/manpages/virt-xml-validate.html.

Validate an XML file against a specific schema:
virt-xml-validate {{path/to/file.xml}} {{schema}}
Validate the domain XML against the domain schema:
virt-xml-validate {{path/to/domain.xml}} domain

toilet

A tool to display ASCII-art fonts. More information: http://caca.zoy.org/wiki/toilet.

Generate ASCII art for a given text:
toilet {{input_text}}
Generate ASCII art using a custom font file:
toilet {{input_text}} -f {{font_filename}}
Generate ASCII art using a filter:
toilet {{input_text}} --filter {{filter_name}}
Show available toilet filters:
toilet --filter list

systemd-hwdb

Hardware database management tool. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-hwdb.html.

Update the binary hardware database in /etc/udev:
systemd-hwdb update
Query the hardware database and print the result for a specific modalias:
systemd-hwdb query {{modalias}}
Update the binary hardware database, returning a non-zero exit value on any parsing error:
systemd-hwdb --strict update
Update the binary hardware database in /usr/lib/udev:
systemd-hwdb --usr update
Update the binary hardware database in the specified root path:
systemd-hwdb --root={{path/to/root}} update

exif

Show and change EXIF information in JPEG files. More information: https://github.com/libexif/exif/.

Show all recognized EXIF information in an image:
exif {{path/to/image.jpg}}
Show a table listing known EXIF tags and whether each one exists in an image:
exif --list-tags --no-fixup {{image.jpg}}
Extract the image thumbnail into the file thumbnail.jpg:
exif --extract-thumbnail --output={{thumbnail.jpg}} {{image.jpg}}
Show the raw contents of the "Model" tag in the given image:
exif --ifd={{0}} --tag={{Model}} --machine-readable {{image.jpg}}
Change the value of the "Artist" tag to John Smith and save to new.jpg:
exif --output={{new.jpg}} --ifd={{0}} --tag="{{Artist}}" --set-value="{{John Smith}}" --no-fixup {{image.jpg}}

vgcreate

Create volume groups combining multiple mass-storage devices. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/vgcreate.8.html.

Create a new volume group called vg1 using the /dev/sda1 device:
vgcreate {{vg1}} {{/dev/sda1}}
Create a new volume group called vg1 using multiple devices:
vgcreate {{vg1}} {{/dev/sda1}} {{/dev/sdb1}} {{/dev/sdc1}}

photorec

Deleted file recovery tool. It is recommended to write recovered files to a disk separate to the one being recovered from. More information: https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec.

Run PhotoRec on a specific device:
sudo photorec {{/dev/sdb}}
Run PhotoRec on a disk image (image.dd):
sudo photorec {{path/to/image.dd}}

print

An alias to a run-mailcap's action print. Originally run-mailcap is used to process mime-type/file. More information: https://manned.org/print.

Print action can be used to print any file on default run-mailcap tool:
print {{filename}}
With run-mailcap:
run-mailcap --action=print {{filename}}

qm monitor

Enter the QEMU Monitor interface. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Enter the QEMU Monitor interface of a specific virtual machine:
qm monitor {{vm_id}}

gnome-screenshot

Capture the screen, a window, or a user-defined area and save the image to a file. More information: https://manned.org/gnome-screenshot.

Take a screenshot and save it to the default location, normally ~/Pictures:
gnome-screenshot
Take a screenshot and save it to the named file location:
gnome-screenshot --file {{path/to/file}}
Take a screenshot and save it to the clipboard:
gnome-screenshot --clipboard
Take a screenshot after the specified number of seconds:
gnome-screenshot --delay {{5}}
Launch the GNOME Screenshot GUI:
gnome-screenshot --interactive
Take a screenshot of the current window and save it to the specified file location:
gnome-screenshot --window --file {{path/to/file}}
Take a screenshot after the specified number of seconds and save it to the clipboard:
gnome-screenshot --delay {{10}} --clipboard
Display the version:
gnome-screenshot --version

pivpn

Easy security-hardened OpenVPN setup and manager. Originally designed for the Raspberry Pi, but works on other Linux devices too. More information: http://www.pivpn.io/.

Add a new client device:
sudo pivpn add
List all client devices:
sudo pivpn list
List currently connected devices and their statistics:
sudo pivpn clients
Revoke a previously authenticated device:
sudo pivpn revoke
Uninstall PiVPN:
sudo pivpn uninstall

numactl

Control NUMA policy for processes or shared memory. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/numactl.8.html.

Run a command on node 0 with memory allocated on node 0 and 1:
numactl --cpunodebind={{0}} --membind={{0,1}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a command on CPUs (cores) 0-4 and 8-12 of the current cpuset:
numactl --physcpubind={{+0-4,8-12}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Run a command with its memory interleaved on all CPUs:
numactl --interleave={{all}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

fdisk

A program for managing partition tables and partitions on a hard disk. See also: partprobe. More information: https://manned.org/fdisk.

List partitions:
sudo fdisk -l
Start the partition manipulator:
sudo fdisk {{/dev/sdX}}
Once partitioning a disk, create a partition:
n
Once partitioning a disk, select a partition to delete:
d
Once partitioning a disk, view the partition table:
p
Once partitioning a disk, write the changes made:
w
Once partitioning a disk, discard the changes made:
q
Once partitioning a disk, open a help menu:
m

po4a

Update both PO files and translated documents. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a.1.php.

Update PO files and documents according to the specified config file:
po4a {{path/to/config_file}}

iwconfig

Configure and show the parameters of a wireless network interface. More information: https://manned.org/iwconfig.

Show the parameters and statistics of all the interfaces:
iwconfig
Show the parameters and statistics of the specified interface:
iwconfig {{interface}}
Set the ESSID (network name) of the specified interface (e.g. eth0 or wlp2s0):
iwconfig {{interface}} {{new_network_name}}
Set the operating mode of the specified interface:
iwconfig {{interface}} mode {{ad hoc|Managed|Master|Repeater|Secondary|Monitor|Auto}}

rc-status

Show status info about runlevels. See also openrc. More information: https://manned.org/rc-status.

Show a summary of services and their status:
rc-status
Include services in all runlevels in the summary:
rc-status --all
List services that have crashed:
rc-status --crashed
List manually started services:
rc-status --manual
List supervised services:
rc-status --supervised
Get the current runlevel:
rc-status --runlevel
List all runlevels:
rc-status --list

coredumpctl

Retrieve and process saved core dumps and metadata. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredumpctl.html.

List all captured core dumps:
coredumpctl list
List captured core dumps for a program:
coredumpctl list {{program}}
Show information about the core dumps matching a program with PID:
coredumpctl info {{PID}}
Invoke debugger using the last core dump of a program:
coredumpctl debug {{program}}
Extract the last core dump of a program to a file:
coredumpctl --output={{path/to/file}} dump {{program}}

reptyr

Move a running process to a new terminal. Best used when you forget to start a long running task in screen. More information: https://github.com/nelhage/reptyr.

Move a running process to your current terminal:
reptyr {{pid}}

mkfs.vfat

Creates an MS-DOS filesystem inside a partition. More information: https://manned.org/mkfs.vfat.

Create a vfat filesystem inside partition 1 on device b (sdb1):
mkfs.vfat {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-name:
mkfs.vfat -n {{volume_name}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Create filesystem with a volume-id:
mkfs.vfat -i {{volume_id}} {{/dev/sdb1}}
Use 5 instead of 2 file allocation tables:
mkfs.vfat -f 5 {{/dev/sdb1}}

mount.smb3

This command is an alias of mount.cifs. Note: for SMB versions before 3 you have to use mount.cifs instead.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr mount.cifs

pacaur

A utility for Arch Linux to build and install packages from the Arch User Repository. More information: https://github.com/rmarquis/pacaur.

Synchronize and update all packages (includes AUR):
pacaur -Syu
Synchronize and update only AUR packages:
pacaur -Syua
Install a new package (includes AUR):
pacaur -S {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies (includes AUR packages):
pacaur -Rs {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword (includes AUR):
pacaur -Ss {{keyword}}
List all currently installed packages (includes AUR packages):
pacaur -Qs

ffuf

Subdomain and directory discovery tool. More information: https://github.com/ffuf/ffuf.

Discover directories using a [w]ordlist on a target [u]rl with [c]olorized and [v]erbose output:
ffuf -w {{path/to/wordlist}} -u {{https://target/FUZZ}} -c -v
Fuzz host-[H]eaders with a host file on a target website and [m]atch HTTP 200 [c]ode responses:
ffuf -w {{hosts.txt}} -u {{https://example.org}} -H "{{Host: FUZZ}}" -mc {{200}}
Discover directories using a [w]ordlist on a target website with a max individual job time of 60 seconds and recursion discovery depth of 2 levels:
ffuf -w {{path/to/wordlist}} -u {{https://target/FUZZ}} -maxtime-job {{60}} -recursion -recursion-depth {{2}}
Fuzz GET parameter on a target website and [f]ilter out message [s]ize response of 4242 bytes:
ffuf -w {{path/to/param_names.txt}} -u {{https://target/script.php?FUZZ=test_value}} -fs {{4242}}
Fuzz POST method with POST [d]ata of password on a target website and [f]ilter out HTTP response [c]ode 401:
ffuf -w {{path/to/postdata.txt}} -X {{POST}} -d "{{username=admin\&password=FUZZ}}" -u {{https://target/login.php}} -fc {{401}}
Discover subdomains using a subdomain list on a target website:
ffuf -w {{subdomains.txt}} -u {{https://website.com}} -H "{{Host: FUZZ.website.com}}"

sfill

Securely overwrite the free space and inodes of the partition where the specified directory resides. More information: https://manned.org/sfill.

Overwrite free space and inodes of a disk with 38 writes (slow but secure):
sfill {{/path/to/mounted_disk_directory}}
Overwrite free space and inodes of a disk with 6 writes (fast but less secure) and show status:
sfill -l -v {{/path/to/mounted_disk_directory}}
Overwrite free space and inodes of a disk with 1 write (very fast but insecure) and show status:
sfill -ll -v {{/path/to/mounted_disk_directory}}
Overwrite only free space of a disk:
sfill -I {{/path/to/mounted_disk_directory}}
Overwrite only free inodes of a disk:
sfill -i {{/path/to/mounted_disk_directory}}

xdg-desktop-menu

Command-line tool for installing or uninstalling desktop menu items. More information: https://manned.org/xdg-desktop-menu.

Install an application to the desktop menu system:
xdg-desktop-menu install {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Install an application to the desktop menu system with the vendor prefix check disabled:
xdg-desktop-menu install --novendor {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Uninstall an application from the desktop menu system:
xdg-desktop-menu uninstall {{path/to/file.desktop}}
Force an update of the desktop menu system:
xdg-desktop-menu forceupdate --mode {{user|system}}

kdocker

Easily dock applications to the system tray. More information: https://github.com/user-none/KDocker.

Display a cursor to send a window to the system tray when pressing the left mouse button (press any other mouse button to cancel):
kdocker
Open an application and send it to the system tray:
kdocker {{application}}
Send focused window to the system tray:
kdocker -f
Display a cursor to send a window to the system tray with a custom icon when pressing the left mouse button:
kdocker -i {{/path/to/icon}}
Open an application, send it to the system tray and if focus is lost, minimize it:
kdocker -l {{application}}
Print version:
kdocker --version

vrms

Report non-free packages installed on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://debian.pages.debian.net/vrms/.

List non-free and contrib packages (and their description):
vrms
Only output the package names:
vrms --sparse

qm help

Display help for a specific command. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Display help for a specific command:
qm help {{command}}
Display help for a specific command with detailed information:
qm help {{command}} --verbose {{true|false}}

nsxiv

Neo Simple X Image Viewer. More information: https://nsxiv.codeberg.page/man.

Open images:
nsxiv {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}
Open images from directories in image mode:
nsxiv {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Search directories recursively for images to view:
nsxiv -r {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}
Quit nsxiv:
q
Switch to thumbnail mode or open selected image in image mode:
Return
Count images forward in image mode:
n
Count images backward in image mode:
p

nologin

Alternative shell that prevents a user from logging in. More information: https://manned.org/nologin.5.

Set a user's login shell to nologin to prevent the user from logging in:
chsh -s {{user}} nologin
Customize message for users with the login shell of nologin:
echo "{{declined_login_message}}" > /etc/nologin.txt

wpctl

Manage WirePlumber, a session and policy manager for PipeWire. Note: you can use the special name @DEFAULT_SINK@ in place of id to operate on the default sink. More information: https://pipewire.pages.freedesktop.org/wireplumber/.

List all objects managed by WirePlumber:
wpctl status
Print all properties of an object:
wpctl inspect {{id}}
Set an object to be the default in its group:
wpctl set-default {{id}}
Get the volume of a sink:
wpctl get-volume {{id}}
Set the volume of a sink to n percent:
wpctl set-volume {{id}} {{n}}%
Increase/Decrease the volume of a sink by n percent:
wpctl set-volume {{id}} {{n}}%{{+|-}}
Mute/Unmute a sink (1 is mute, 0 is unmute):
wpctl set-mute {{id}} {{1|0|toggle}}

aura

The Aura Package Manager: A secure, multilingual package manager for Arch Linux and the AUR. More information: https://github.com/fosskers/aura.

Search for packages from the official repositories and AUR:
aura --aursync --both --search {{keyword|regular_expression}}
Install a package from the AUR:
aura --aursync {{package}}
Update all AUR packages in a verbose mode and remove all make dependencies:
aura --aursync --diff --sysupgrade --delmakedeps --unsuppress
Install a package from the official repositories:
aura --sync {{package}}
Synchronize and update all packages from the official repositories:
aura --sync --refresh --sysupgrade
Downgrade a package using the package cache:
aura --downgrade {{package}}
Remove a package and its dependencies:
aura --remove --recursive --unneeded {{package}}
Remove orphan packages (installed as dependencies but not required by any package):
aura --orphans --abandon

i3exit

Exit the i3 window manager. More information: https://gitlab.manjaro.org/packages/community/i3/i3exit.

Log out of i3:
i3exit logout
Lock i3:
i3exit lock
Shut down the system:
i3exit shutdown
Suspend the system:
i3exit suspend
Switch to the login screen to log in as a different user:
i3exit switch_user
Hibernate the system:
i3exit hibernate
Reboot the system:
i3exit reboot

qm resume

Resume a virtual machine. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Resume a specific virtual machine:
qm resume {{vm_id}}
Resume a specific virtual machine ignoring locks (requires root):
sudo qm resume {{vm_id}} --skiplock true

uuidd

Daemon for generating UUIDs. More information: https://manned.org/uuidd.

Generate a random UUID:
uuidd --random
Generate a bulk number of random UUIDs:
uuidd --random --uuids {{number_of_uuids}}
Generate a time-based UUID, based on the current time and MAC address of the system:
uuidd --time

gpasswd

Administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow. More information: https://manned.org/gpasswd.

Define group administrators:
sudo gpasswd -A {{user1,user2}} {{group}}
Set the list of group members:
sudo gpasswd -M {{user1,user2}} {{group}}
Create a password for the named group:
gpasswd {{group}}
Add a user to the named group:
gpasswd -a {{user}} {{group}}
Remove a user from the named group:
gpasswd -d {{user}} {{group}}

btrfs restore

Try to salvage files from a damaged btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-restore.html.

Restore all files from a btrfs filesystem to a given directory:
sudo btrfs restore {{path/to/btrfs_device}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
List (don't write) files to be restored from a btrfs filesystem:
sudo btrfs restore --dry-run {{path/to/btrfs_device}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Restore files matching a given regex ([c]ase-insensitive) files to be restored from a btrfs filesystem (all parent directories of target file(s) must match as well):
sudo btrfs restore --path-regex {{regex}} -c {{path/to/btrfs_device}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Restore files from a btrfs filesystem using a specific root tree bytenr (see btrfs-find-root):
sudo btrfs restore -t {{bytenr}} {{path/to/btrfs_device}} {{path/to/target_directory}}
Restore files from a btrfs filesystem (along with metadata, extended attributes, and Symlinks), overwriting files in the target:
sudo btrfs restore --metadata --xattr --symlinks --overwrite {{path/to/btrfs_device}} {{path/to/target_directory}}

eyeD3

Read and manipulate metadata of MP3 files. More information: https://eyed3.readthedocs.io.

View information about an MP3 file:
eyeD3 {{filename.mp3}}
Set the title of an MP3 file:
eyeD3 --title "{{A Title}}" {{filename.mp3}}
Set the album of all the MP3 files in a directory:
eyeD3 --album "{{Album Name}}" {{*.mp3}}
Set the front cover art for an MP3 file:
eyeD3 --add-image {{front_cover.jpeg}}:FRONT_COVER: {{filename.mp3}}

qm disk resize

Resize a virtual machine disk in the Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE). More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Add n gigabytes to a virtual disk:
qm disk resize {{vm_id}} {{disk_name}} +{{n}}G

sqfstar

Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive. More information: https://manned.org/sqfstar.

Create a squashfs filesystem (compressed using gzip by default) from an uncompressed tar archive:
sqfstar {{filesystem.squashfs}} < {{archive.tar}}
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with gzip, and [comp]ress the filesystem using a specific algorithm:
zcat {{archive.tar.gz}} | sqfstar -comp {{gzip|lzo|lz4|xz|zstd|lzma}} {{filesystem.squashfs}}
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with xz, excluding some of the files:
xzcat {{archive.tar.xz}} | sqfstar {{filesystem.squashfs}} {{file1 file2 ...}}
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with zstd, excluding files ending with .gz:
zstdcat {{archive.tar.zst}} | sqfstar {{filesystem.squashfs}} "{{*.gz}}"
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with lz4, excluding files matching a regular expression:
lz4cat {{archive.tar.lz4}} | sqfstar {{filesystem.squashfs}} -regex "{{regular_expression}}"

spi

A meta package manager that handles both packages and slackbuilds. More information: https://github.com/gapan/spi.

Update the list of available packages and slackbuilds:
spi --update
Install a package or slackbuild:
spi --install {{package/slackbuild_name}}
Upgrade all installed packages to the latest versions available:
spi --upgrade
Locate packages or slackbuilds by package name or description:
spi {{search_terms}}
Display information about a package or slackbuild:
spi --show {{package/slackbuild_name}}
Purge the local package and slackbuild caches:
spi --clean

mac2unix

Change macOS-style line endings to Unix-style. Replaces CR with LF. More information: https://waterlan.home.xs4all.nl/dos2unix.html.

Change the line endings of a file:
mac2unix {{filename}}
Create a copy with Unix-style line endings:
mac2unix -n {{filename}} {{new_filename}}

grub-set-default

Set the default boot entry for GRUB. More information: https://manned.org/grub-set-default.

Set the default boot entry to an entry number, name or identifier:
sudo grub-set-default {{entry_number}}
Set the default boot entry to an entry number, name or identifier for an alternative boot directory:
sudo grub-set-default --boot-directory {{/path/to/boot_directory}} {{entry_number}}

a2ensite

Enable an Apache virtual host on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2ensite.8.en.html.

Enable a virtual host:
sudo a2ensite {{virtual_host}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2ensite --quiet {{virtual_host}}

qm unlock

Unlock a virtual machine in QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Unlock a specific virtual machine:
qm unlock {{vm_id}}

ikaros

Vanilla OS Tool for managing drivers for your device. More information: https://github.com/Vanilla-OS/Ikaros.

Interactively install drivers for your device:
ikaros install {{device}}
Automatically install the recommended drivers for your device:
ikaros auto-install {{device}}
List devices:
ikaros list-devices

synopkg

Package management utility for Synology DiskStation Manager. More information: https://www.synology.com/dsm.

List the names of installed packages:
synopkg list --name
List packages which depend on a specific package:
synopkg list --depend-on {{package}}
Start/Stop a package:
sudo synopkg {{start|stop}} {{package}}
Print the status of a package:
synopkg status {{package}}
Uninstall a package:
sudo synopkg uninstall {{package}}
Check if updates are available for a package:
synopkg checkupdate {{package}}
Upgrade all packages to the latest version:
sudo synopkg upgradeall
Install a package from a synopkg file:
sudo synopkg install {{path/to/package.spk}}

rename

Rename multiple files. NOTE: this page refers to the command from the perl-rename Arch Linux package. More information: https://manned.org/rename.

Rename files using a Perl Common Regular Expression (substitute 'foo' with 'bar' wherever found):
rename {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Dry-run - display which renames would occur without performing them:
rename -n {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Force renaming even if the operation would remove existing destination files:
rename -f {{'s/foo/bar/'}} {{*}}
Convert filenames to lower case (use -f in case-insensitive filesystems to prevent "already exists" errors):
rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {{*}}
Replace whitespace with underscores:
rename 's/\s+/_/g' {{*}}

pw-play

Shorthand tool for pw-cat --playback. More information: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/QA:Testcase_PipeWire_PipeWire_CLI.

Play a wav sound file over the default target:
pw-play {{path/to/file.wav}}
Play a wav sound file at a different volume level:
pw-play --volume={{0.1}} {{path/to/file.wav}}

createrepo

Initializes an RPM repository in the given directory, including all XML and SQLite files. More information: https://manned.org/createrepo.

Initialize a basic repository in a directory:
createrepo {{path/to/directory}}
Initialize a repository, exclude test RPMs and display verbose logs:
createrepo -v -x {{test_*.rpm}} {{path/to/directory}}
Initialize a repository, using SHA1 as the checksum algorithm, and ignoring symbolic links:
createrepo -S -s {{sha1}} {{path/to/directory}}

snake4scores

Show the high scores from the snake4 game. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/snake4/snake4.6.en.html.

Show the highscores:
snake4scores

coproc

Bash builtin for creating interactive asynchronous subshells. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Coprocesses.

Run a subshell asynchronously:
coproc { {{command1; command2; ...}}; }
Create a coprocess with a specific name:
coproc {{name}} { {{command1; command2; ...}}; }
Write to a specific coprocess stdin:
echo "{{input}}" >&"${{{name}}[1]}"
Read from a specific coprocess stdout:
read {{variable}} <&"${{{name}}[0]}"
Create a coprocess which repeatedly reads stdin and runs some commands on the input:
coproc {{name}} { while read line; do {{command1; command2; ...}}; done }
Create a coprocess which repeatedly reads stdin, runs a pipeline on the input, and writes the output to stdout:
coproc {{name}} { while read line; do echo "$line" | {{command1 | command2 | ...}} | cat /dev/fd/0; done }
Create and use a coprocess running bc:
coproc BC { bc --mathlib; }; echo "1/3" >&"${BC[1]}"; read output <&"${BC[0]}"; echo "$output"

getfacl

Get file access control lists. More information: https://manned.org/getfacl.

Display the file access control list:
getfacl {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Display the file access control list with numeric user and group IDs:
getfacl -n {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Display the file access control list with tabular output format:
getfacl -t {{path/to/file_or_directory}}

konsave

Save and apply your Linux customizations with just one command. More information: https://github.com/Prayag2/konsave.

Save the current configuration as a profile:
konsave --save {{profile_name}}
Apply a profile:
konsave --apply {{profile_name}}
Save the current configuration as a profile, overwriting existing profiles if they exist with the same name:
konsave -s {{profile_name}} --force
List all profiles:
konsave --list
Remove a profile:
konsave --remove {{profile_name}}
Export a profile as a .knsv to the home directory:
konsave --export-profile {{profile_name}}
Import a .knsv profile:
konsave --import-profile {{path/to/profile_name.knsv}}

mate-calc

Calculate mathematic expressions in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/mate-calc.

Start the calculator:
mate-calc
Calculate a specific mathematic expression:
mate-calc --solve {{2 + 5}}

ip route show

Display subcommand for IP Routing table management. More information: https://manned.org/ip-route.

Display the routing table:
ip route show
Display the main routing table (same as first example):
ip route show {{main|254}}
Display the local routing table:
ip route show table {{local|255}}
Display all routing tables:
ip route show table {{all|unspec|0}}
List routes from a given device only:
ip route show dev {{eth0}}
List routes within a given scope:
ip route show scope link
Display the routing cache:
ip route show cache
Display only IPv6 or IPv4 routes:
ip {{-6|-4}} route show

pngcheck

Forensics tool for validating the integrity of PNG based (.png, .jng, .mng) image files. Can also extract embedded images and text from a file. More information: http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/apps/pngcheck.html.

Verify the integrity of an image file:
pngcheck {{path/to/file.png}}
Check the file with [v]erbose and [c]olorized output:
pngcheck -vc {{path/to/file.png}}
Display contents of [t]ext chunks and [s]earch for PNGs within a specific file:
pngcheck -ts {{path/to/file.png}}
Search for, and e[x]tract embedded PNGs within a specific file:
pngcheck -x {{path/to/file.png}}

archlinux-java

Switch between installed Java environments. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Java#Switching_between_JVM.

List installed Java environments:
archlinux-java status
Return the short name of the current default Java environment:
archlinux-java get
Set the default Java environment:
archlinux-java set {{java_environment}}
Unset the default Java environment:
archlinux-java unset
Fix an invalid/broken default Java environment configuration:
archlinux-java fix

xxhsum

Print or verify checksums using fast non-cryptographic algorithm xxHash. More information: https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash.

Calculate the checksum for a file using a specific algorithm:
xxhsum -H{{0|32|64|128}} {{path/to/file}}
Run benchmark:
xxhsum -b

addr2line

Convert addresses of a binary into file names and line numbers. More information: https://manned.org/addr2line.

Display the filename and line number of the source code from an instruction address of an executable:
addr2line --exe={{path/to/executable}} {{address}}
Display the function name, filename and line number:
addr2line --exe={{path/to/executable}} --functions {{address}}
Demangle the function name for C++ code:
addr2line --exe={{path/to/executable}} --functions --demangle {{address}}

nmcli general

Manage general settings of NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli g. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Show the general status of NetworkManager:
nmcli general
Show the hostname of the current device:
nmcli general hostname
Change the hostname of the current device:
sudo nmcli general hostname {{new_hostname}}
Show the permissions of NetworkManager:
nmcli general permissions
Show the current logging level and domains:
nmcli general logging
Set the logging level and/or domains (see man NetworkManager.conf for all available domains):
nmcli general logging level {{INFO|OFF|ERR|WARN|DEBUG|TRACE}} domain {{domain_1,domain_2,...}}

compopt

Print or change the completion options for a command. More information: https://manned.org/compopt.

Print the options for the currently executing completion:
compopt
Print the completion options for given command:
compopt {{command}}

semanage

SELinux Policy Management tool. More information: https://manned.org/semanage.

Output local customizations:
semanage -S {{store}} -o {{path/to/output_file}}
Take a set of commands from a specified file and load them in a single transaction:
semanage -S {{store}} -i {{path/to/input_file}}
Manage booleans. Booleans allow the administrator to modify the confinement of processes based on the current configuration:
semanage boolean -S {{store}} {{--delete|--modify|--list|--noheading|--deleteall}} {{-on|-off}} -F {{boolean|boolean_file}}
Manage policy modules:
semanage module -S {{store}} {{--add|--delete|--list|--modify}} {{--enable|--disable}} {{module_name}}
Disable/Enable dontaudit rules in policy:
semanage dontaudit -S {{store}} {{on|off}}

swapoff

Disable devices and files for swapping. Note: path/to/file can either point to a regular file or a swap partition. More information: https://manned.org/swapoff.

Disable a given swap area:
swapoff {{path/to/file}}
Disable all swap areas in /proc/swaps:
swapoff --all
Disable a swap partition by its label:
swapoff -L {{label}}

xset

User preference utility for X. More information: https://manned.org/xset.

Disable the screensaver:
xset s off
Disable the bell sound:
xset b off
Set the screensaver to start after 60 minutes of inactivity:
xset s 3600 3600
Disable DPMS (Energy Star) features:
xset -dpms
Enable DPMS (Energy Star) features:
xset +dpms

yay

Yet Another Yogurt: A utility for Arch Linux to build and install packages from the Arch User Repository. Also see pacman. More information: https://github.com/Jguer/yay.

Interactively search and install packages from the repos and AUR:
yay {{package_name|search_term}}
Synchronize and update all packages from the repos and AUR:
yay
Synchronize and update only AUR packages:
yay -Sua
Install a new package from the repos and AUR:
yay -S {{package}}
Remove an installed package and both its dependencies and configuration files:
yay -Rns {{package}}
Search the package database for a keyword from the repos and AUR:
yay -Ss {{keyword}}
Remove orphaned packages (installed as dependencies but not required by any package):
yay -Yc
Show statistics for installed packages and system health:
yay -Ps

perf

Framework for Linux performance counter measurements. More information: https://perf.wiki.kernel.org.

Display basic performance counter stats for a command:
perf stat {{gcc hello.c}}
Display system-wide real-time performance counter profile:
sudo perf top
Run a command and record its profile into perf.data:
sudo perf record {{command}}
Record the profile of an existing process into perf.data:
sudo perf record -p {{pid}}
Read perf.data (created by perf record) and display the profile:
sudo perf report

xdg-settings

Manage settings of XDG-compatible desktop environments. More information: https://portland.freedesktop.org/doc/xdg-settings.html.

Print the default web browser:
xdg-settings get {{default-web-browser}}
Set the default web browser to Firefox:
xdg-settings set {{default-web-browser}} {{firefox.desktop}}
Set the default mail URL scheme handler to Evolution:
xdg-settings set {{default-url-scheme-handler}} {{mailto}} {{evolution.desktop}}
Set the default PDF document viewer:
xdg-settings set {{pdf-viewer.desktop}}
Display help:
xdg-settings --help

colrm

Remove columns from stdin. More information: https://manned.org/colrm.

Remove first column of stdin:
colrm {{1 1}}
Remove from 3rd column till the end of each line:
colrm {{3}}
Remove from the 3rd column till the 5th column of each line:
colrm {{3 5}}

tcpkill

Kills specified in-progress TCP connections. More information: https://manned.org/tcpkill.

Kill in-progress connections at a specified interface, host and port:
tcpkill -i {{eth1}} host {{192.95.4.27}} and port {{2266}}

rtcwake

Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time relative to your BIOS clock. More information: https://manned.org/rtcwake.

Show whether an alarm is set or not:
sudo rtcwake -m show -v
Suspend to RAM and wakeup after 10 seconds:
sudo rtcwake -m mem -s {{10}}
Suspend to disk (higher power saving) and wakeup 15 minutes later:
sudo rtcwake -m disk --date +{{15}}min
Freeze the system (more efficient than suspend-to-RAM but version 3.9 or newer of the Linux kernel is required) and wakeup at a given date and time:
sudo rtcwake -m freeze --date {{YYYYMMDDhhmm}}
Disable a previously set alarm:
sudo rtcwake -m disable
Perform a dry run to wakeup the computer at a given time. (Press Ctrl + C to abort):
sudo rtcwake -m on --date {{hh:ss}}

archey

Simple tool for stylishly displaying system information. More information: https://lclarkmichalek.github.io/archey3/.

Show system information:
archey

ldconfig

Configure symlinks and cache for shared library dependencies. More information: https://manned.org/ldconfig.

Update symlinks and rebuild the cache (usually run when a new library is installed):
sudo ldconfig
Update the symlinks for a given directory:
sudo ldconfig -n {{path/to/directory}}
Print the libraries in the cache and check whether a given library is present:
ldconfig -p | grep {{library_name}}

lscpu

Displays information about the CPU architecture. More information: https://manned.org/lscpu.

Display information about all CPUs:
lscpu
Display information in a table:
lscpu --extended
Display only information about offline CPUs in a table:
lscpu --extended --offline

cockpit-tls

TLS terminating HTTP proxy to encrypt traffic between a client and cockpit-ws. More information: https://cockpit-project.org/guide/latest/cockpit-tls.8.html.

Serve HTTP requests to a specific port instead of port 9090:
cockpit-tls --port {{port}}
Display help:
cockpit-tls --help

sensors

Report sensors information. More information: https://manned.org/sensors.

Show the current readings of all sensor chips:
sensors
Show temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit:
sensors --fahrenheit

swupd

Package management utility for Clear Linux. More information: https://docs.01.org/clearlinux/latest/guides/clear/swupd.html.

Update to the latest version:
sudo swupd update
Show current version, and check whether a newer one exists:
swupd check-update
List installed bundles:
swupd bundle-list
Locate the bundle where a wanted package exists:
swupd search -b {{package}}
Install a new bundle:
sudo swupd bundle-add {{bundle}}
Remove a bundle:
sudo swupd bundle-remove {{bundle}}
Correct broken or missing files:
sudo swupd verify

pvs

Display information about physical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/pvs.8.html.

Display information about physical volumes:
pvs
Display non-physical volumes:
pvs -a
Change default display to show more details:
pvs -v
Display only specific fields:
pvs -o {{field_name_1}},{{field_name_2}}
Append field to default display:
pvs -o +{{field_name}}
Suppress heading line:
pvs --noheadings
Use separator to separate fields:
pvs --separator {{special_character}}

mate-screenshot

Make screenshots in MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/mate-screenshot.

Create a fullscreen screenshot:
mate-screenshot
Create an active window screenshot:
mate-screenshot --window
Create a specific area screenshot:
mate-screenshot --area
Create a screenshot interactively:
mate-screenshot --interactive
Create a screenshot without borders:
mate-screenshot --window --remove-border
Create a screenshot with a specific effect:
mate-screenshot --effect={{shadow|border|none}}
Create a screenshot with a specific delay in seconds:
mate-screenshot --delay={{5}}

distrobox-enter

Enter a distrobox container. See also: tldr distrobox. Default command executed is your SHELL, but you can specify different shells or entire commands to execute. If used inside a script, an application, or a service, you can use the --headless mode to disable the tty and interactivity. More information: https://distrobox.privatedns.org/usage/distrobox-enter.html.

Enter a distrobox container:
distrobox-enter {{container_name}}
Enter a distrobox container and run a command at login:
distrobox-enter {{container_name}} -- {{sh -l}}
Enter a distrobox container without instantiating a tty:
distrobox-enter --name {{container_name}} -- {{uptime -p}}

xtrlock

Lock the X display until the user supplies their password. More information: https://manned.org/xtrlock.

Lock the display and show a padlock instead of the cursor:
xtrlock
Display a blank screen as well as the padlock cursor:
xtrlock -b
Fork the xtrlock process and return immediately:
xtrlock -f

systemd-delta

Find overridden systemd-related configuration files. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-delta.html.

Show all overridden configuration files:
systemd-delta
Show only files of specific types (comma-separated list):
systemd-delta --type {{masked|equivalent|redirected|overridden|extended|unchanged}}
Show only files whose path starts with the specified prefix (Note: a prefix is a directory containing subdirectories with systemd configuration files):
systemd-delta {{/etc|/run|/usr/lib|...}}
Further restrict the search path by adding a suffix (the prefix is optional):
systemd-delta {{prefix}}/{{tmpfiles.d|sysctl.d|systemd/system|...}}

scrot

Screen capture utility. More information: https://github.com/resurrecting-open-source-projects/scrot.

Capture a screenshot and save it to the current directory with the current date as the filename:
scrot
Capture a screenshot and save it as capture.png:
scrot {{capture.png}}
Capture a screenshot interactively:
scrot --select
Capture a screenshot from the currently focused window:
scrot --focused
Display a countdown of 10 seconds before taking a screenshot:
scrot --count --delay {{10}}

journalctl

Query the systemd journal. More information: https://manned.org/journalctl.

Show all messages with priority level 3 (errors) from this [b]oot:
journalctl -b --priority={{3}}
Show all messages from last [b]oot:
journalctl -b -1
Delete journal logs which are older than 2 days:
journalctl --vacuum-time={{2d}}
[f]ollow new messages (like tail -f for traditional syslog):
journalctl -f
Show all messages by a specific [u]nit:
journalctl -u {{unit}}
Filter messages within a time range (either timestamp or placeholders like "yesterday"):
journalctl --since {{now|today|yesterday|tomorrow}} --until {{YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS}}
Show all messages by a specific process:
journalctl _PID={{pid}}
Show all messages by a specific executable:
journalctl {{path/to/executable}}

avahi-resolve

Translate between host names and IP Addresses. More information: https://www.avahi.org/.

Resolve a local service to its IPv4:
avahi-resolve -4 --name {{service.local}}
Resolve an IP to a hostname, verbosely:
avahi-resolve --verbose --address {{IP}}

toolbox list

List existing toolbox containers and images. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-list.1.

List all toolbox containers and images:
toolbox list
List only toolbox containers:
toolbox list --containers
List only toolbox images:
toolbox list --images

tcpflow

Capture TCP traffic for debugging and analysis. More information: https://manned.org/tcpflow.

Show all data on the given interface and port:
tcpflow -c -i {{eth0}} port {{80}}

ip address

IP Address management subcommand. More information: https://manned.org/ip-address.

List network interfaces and their associated IP addresses:
ip address
Filter to show only active network interfaces:
ip address show up
Display information about a specific network interface:
ip address show dev {{eth0}}
Add an IP address to a network interface:
ip address add {{ip_address}} dev {{eth0}}
Remove an IP address from a network interface:
ip address delete {{ip_address}} dev {{eth0}}
Delete all IP addresses in a given scope from a network interface:
ip address flush dev {{eth0}} scope {{global|host|link}}

brctl

Ethernet bridge administration. More information: https://manned.org/brctl.

Show a list with information about currently existing Ethernet bridges:
sudo brctl show
Create a new Ethernet bridge interface:
sudo brctl add {{bridge_name}}
Delete an existing Ethernet bridge interface:
sudo brctl del {{bridge_name}}
Add an interface to an existing bridge:
sudo brctl addif {{bridge_name}} {{interface_name}}
Remove an interface from an existing bridge:
sudo brctl delif {{bridge_name}} {{interface_name}}

ytfzf

A POSIX script that helps you find and download videos and music. More information: https://github.com/pystardust/ytfzf.

Search for videos on YouTube with thumbnail previews:
ytfzf --show-thumbnails {{search_pattern}}
Play only the audio of the first item in a loop:
ytfzf --audio-only --auto-select --loop {{search_pattern}}
Download a video from the history:
ytfzf --download --choose-from-history
Play all the music found in a search:
ytfzf --audio-only --select-all {{search_pattern}}
See the trending videos in an external menu:
ytfzf --trending --ext-menu {{search_pattern}}
Search on PeerTube instead of YouTube:
ytfzf --peertube {{search_pattern}}

balooctl

File indexing and searching framework for KDE Plasma. More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Baloo.

Display help:
balooctl
Display the status of the indexer:
balooctl status
Enable/Disable the file indexer:
balooctl {{enable|disable}}
Clean the index database:
balooctl purge
Suspend the file indexer:
balooctl suspend
Resume the file indexer:
balooctl resume
Display the disk space used by Baloo:
balooctl indexSize
Check for any unindexed files and index them:
balooctl check

bootctl

Control EFI firmware boot settings and manage boot loader. More information: https://manned.org/bootctl.

Show information about the system firmware and the bootloaders:
bootctl status
Show all available bootloader entries:
bootctl list
Set a flag to boot into the system firmware on the next boot (similar to sudo systemctl reboot --firmware-setup):
sudo bootctl reboot-to-firmware true
Specify the path to the EFI system partition (defaults to /efi/, /boot/ or /boot/efi):
bootctl --esp-path={{/path/to/efi_system_partition/}}
Install systemd-boot into the EFI system partition:
sudo bootctl install
Remove all installed versions of systemd-boot from the EFI system partition:
sudo bootctl remove

blurlock

A simple wrapper around the i3 screen locker i3lock, which blurs the screen. See also: i3lock. More information: https://gitlab.manjaro.org/packages/community/i3/i3exit/-/blob/master/blurlock.

Lock the screen to a blurred screenshot of the current screen:
blurlock
Lock the screen and disable the unlock indicator (removes feedback on keypress):
blurlock --no-unlock-indicator
Lock the screen and don't hide the mouse pointer:
blurlock --pointer {{default}}
Lock the screen and show the number of failed login attempts:
blurlock --show-failed-attempts

tomb

Manage encrypted storage directories that can be safely transported and hidden in a filesystem. More information: https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb/.

Create a new tomb with an initial size of 100 MB:
tomb dig -s {{100}} {{encrypted_directory.tomb}}
Create a new key file that can be used to lock a tomb; user will be prompted for a password for the key:
tomb forge {{encrypted_directory.tomb.key}}
Forcefully create a new key, even if the tomb isn't allowing key forging (due to swap):
tomb forge {{encrypted_directory.tomb.key}} -f
Initialize and lock an empty tomb using a key made with forge:
tomb lock {{encrypted_directory.tomb}} -k {{encrypted_directory.tomb.key}}
Mount a tomb (by default in /media) using its key, making it usable as a regular filesystem directory:
tomb open {{encrypted_directory.tomb}} -k {{encrypted_directory.tomb.key}}
Close a tomb (fails if the tomb is being used by a process):
tomb close {{encrypted_directory.tomb}}
Forcefully close all open tombs, killing any applications using them:
tomb slam all
List all open tombs:
tomb list

ledctl

Intel(R) Enclosure LED Control Application. More information: https://manned.org/ledctl.

Turn on the "Locate" LED for specified device(s):
sudo ledctl locate={{/dev/sda,/dev/sdb,...}}
Turn off the "Locate" LED for specified device(s):
sudo ledctl locate_off={{/dev/sda,/dev/sdb,...}}
Turn off the "Status" LED and "Failure" LED for specified device(s):
sudo ledctl off={{/dev/sda,/dev/sdb,...}}
Turn off the "Status" LED, "Failure" LED and "Locate" LED for specified device(s):
sudo ledctl normal={{/dev/sda,/dev/sdb,...}}

nmcli device

Manage network interfaces and establish new Wi-Fi connections using NetworkManager. This subcommand can also be called with nmcli d. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nmcli.html.

Print the statuses of all network interfaces:
nmcli device status
Print the available Wi-Fi access points:
nmcli device wifi
Connect to a Wi-Fi network with the specified SSID (you will be prompted for a password):
nmcli --ask device wifi connect {{ssid}}
Print the password and QR code for the current Wi-Fi network:
nmcli device wifi show-password

insmod

Dynamically load modules into the Linux Kernel. More information: https://manned.org/insmod.

Insert a kernel module into the Linux kernel:
insmod {{path/to/module.ko}}

arch-chroot

Enhanced chroot command to help in the Arch Linux installation process. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/arch-chroot.8.

Start an interactive shell (bash, by default) in a new root directory:
arch-chroot {{path/to/new/root}}
Specify the user (other than the current user) to run the shell as:
arch-chroot -u {{user}} {{path/to/new/root}}
Run a custom command (instead of the default bash) in the new root directory:
arch-chroot {{path/to/new/root}} {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Specify the shell, other than the default bash (in this case, the zsh package should have been installed in the target system):
arch-chroot {{path/to/new/root}} {{zsh}}

dconf read

Read key values from dconf databases. See also: dconf. More information: https://manned.org/dconf.

Print a specific key value:
dconf read {{/path/to/key}}
Print a specific key [d]efault value:
dconf read -d {{/path/to/key}}

smbclient

FTP-like client to access SMB/CIFS resources on servers. More information: https://manned.org/smbclient.

Connect to a share (user will be prompted for password; exit to quit the session):
smbclient {{//server/share}}
Connect with a different username:
smbclient {{//server/share}} --user {{username}}
Connect with a different workgroup:
smbclient {{//server/share}} --workgroup {{domain}} --user {{username}}
Connect with a username and password:
smbclient {{//server/share}} --user {{username%password}}
Download a file from the server:
smbclient {{//server/share}} --directory {{path/to/directory}} --command "get {{file.txt}}"
Upload a file to the server:
smbclient {{//server/share}} --directory {{path/to/directory}} --command "put {{file.txt}}"
List the shares from a server anonymously:
smbclient --list={{server}} --no-pass

wl-copy

Wayland clipboard manipulation tool. See also: wl-paste. More information: https://github.com/bugaevc/wl-clipboard.

Copy the text to the clipboard:
wl-copy "{{text}}"
Pipe the command (ls) output to the clipboard:
{{ls}} | wl-copy
Copy for only one paste and then clear it:
wl-copy --paste-once "{{text}}"
Clear the clipboard:
wl-copy --clear

flameshot

Screenshot utility with a GUI. Supports basic image editing, such as text, shapes, colors, and imgur. More information: https://flameshot.org.

Create a fullscreen screenshot:
flameshot full
Create a screenshot interactively:
flameshot gui
Create a screenshot and save it to a specific path:
flameshot gui --path {{path/to/directory}}
Create a screenshot interactively in a simplified mode:
flameshot launcher
Create a screenshot from a specific monitor:
flameshot screen --number {{2}}
Create a screenshot and print it to stdout:
flameshot gui --raw
Create a screenshot and copy it to the clipboard:
flameshot gui --clipboard
Create a screenshot with a specific delay in milliseconds:
flameshot full --delay {{5000}}

qm destroy

Destroy a virtual machine in QEMU/KVM Virtual Machine Manager. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Destroy a specific virtual machine:
qm destroy {{vm_id}}
Destroy all disks that are not explicitly referenced in a specific virtual machine's configuration:
qm destroy {{vm_id}} --destroy-unreferenced-disks
Destroy a virtual machine and remove from all locations (inventory, backup jobs, high availability managers, etc.):
qm destroy {{vm_id}} --purge
Destroy a specific virtual machine ignoring locks and forcing destroy:
sudo qm destroy {{vm_id}} --skiplock

fstrim

Discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem. Only supported by flash memory devices such as SSDs and microSD cards. More information: https://manned.org/fstrim.

Trim unused blocks on all mounted partitions that support it:
sudo fstrim --all
Trim unused blocks on a specified partition:
sudo fstrim {{/}}
Display statistics after trimming:
sudo fstrim --verbose {{/}}

ebuild

A low level interface to the Gentoo Portage system. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Ebuild.

Create or update the package manifest:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} manifest
Clean the temporary build directories for the build file:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} clean
Fetch sources if they do not exist:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} fetch
Extract the sources to a temporary build directory:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} unpack
Compile the extracted sources:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} compile
Install the package to a temporary install directory:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} install
Install the temporary files to the live filesystem:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} qmerge
Fetch, unpack, compile, install and qmerge the specified ebuild file:
ebuild {{path/to/file.ebuild}} merge

flashrom

Read, write, verify and erase flash chips. More information: https://manned.org/flashrom.

Probe the chip, ensuring the wiring is correct:
flashrom --programmer {{programmer}}
Read flash and save it to a file:
flashrom -p {{programmer}} --read {{path/to/file}}
Write a file to the flash:
flashrom -p {{programmer}} --write {{path/to/file}}
Verify the flash against a file:
flashrom -p {{programmer}} --verify {{path/to/file}}
Probe the chip using Raspberry Pi:
flashrom -p {{linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0}}

warpd

A modal keyboard driven pointer manipulation program. More information: https://github.com/rvaiya/warpd/blob/master/man.md.

Run warpd in normal mode:
warpd --normal
Run warpd in hint mode:
warpd --hint
Move cursor left:
h
Move cursor down:
j
Move cursor up:
k
Move cursor right:
l
Emulate left click:
m

xclock

Display the time in analog or digital form. More information: https://manned.org/xclock.

Display an analog clock:
xclock
Display a 24-hour digital clock with the hour and minute fields only:
xclock -digital -brief
Display a digital clock using an strftime format string (see strftime(3)):
xclock -digital -strftime {{format}}
Display a 24-hour digital clock with the hour, minute and second fields that updates every second:
xclock -digital -strftime '%H:%M:%S' -update 1
Display a 12-hour digital clock with the hour and minute fields only:
xclock -digital -twelve -brief

iftop

Show bandwidth usage on an interface by host. More information: https://manned.org/iftop.

Show the bandwidth usage:
sudo iftop
Show the bandwidth usage of a given interface:
sudo iftop -i {{interface}}
Show the bandwidth usage with port information:
sudo iftop -P
Do not show bar graphs of traffic:
sudo iftop -b
Do not look up hostnames:
sudo iftop -n
Get help about interactive commands:
?

locale

Get locale-specific information. More information: https://manned.org/locale.

List all global environment variables describing the user's locale:
locale
List all available locales:
locale --all-locales
Display all available locales and the associated metadata:
locale --all-locales --verbose
Display the current date format:
locale date_fmt

bitwise

Multi base interactive calculator supporting dynamic base conversion and bit manipulation. More information: https://github.com/mellowcandle/bitwise.

Run using interactive mode:
bitwise
Convert from decimal:
bitwise {{12345}}
Convert from hexadecimal:
bitwise {{0x563d}}
Convert a C-style calculation:
bitwise "{{0x123 + 0x20 - 30 / 50}}"

dirb

Scan HTTP-based webservers for directories and files. More information: http://dirb.sourceforge.net.

Scan a webserver using the default wordlist:
dirb {{https://example.org}}
Scan a webserver using a custom wordlist:
dirb {{https://example.org}} {{path/to/wordlist.txt}}
Scan a webserver non-recursively:
dirb {{https://example.org}} -r
Scan a webserver using a specified user-agent and cookie for HTTP-requests:
dirb {{https://example.org}} -a {{user_agent_string}} -c {{cookie_string}}

macchanger

Command-line utility for manipulating network interface MAC addresses. More information: https://manned.org/macchanger.

View the current and permanent MAC addresses of a interface:
macchanger --show {{interface}}
Set interface to a random MAC:
macchanger --random {{interface}}
Set interface to a specific MAC:
macchanger --mac {{XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX}} {{interface}}
Reset interface to its permanent hardware MAC:
macchanger --permanent {{interface}}

iwctl

Control the iwd network supplicant. More information: https://iwd.wiki.kernel.org/gettingstarted.

Start the interactive mode, in this mode you can enter the commands directly, with autocompletion:
iwctl
Call general help:
iwctl --help
Display your Wi-Fi stations:
iwctl station list
Start looking for networks with a station:
iwctl station {{station}} scan
Display the networks found by a station:
iwctl station {{station}} get-networks
Connect to a network with a station, if credentials are needed they will be asked:
iwctl station {{station}} connect {{network_name}}

uuid

Generate and decode Universally Unique Identifiers (UUID). See also uuidgen. More information: https://manned.org/uuid.

Generate a UUIDv1 (based on time and system's hardware address, if present):
uuid
Generate a UUIDv4 (based on random data):
uuid -v {{4}}
Generate multiple UUIDv4 identifiers at once:
uuid -v {{4}} -n {{number_of_uuids}}
Generate a UUIDv4 and specify the output format:
uuid -v {{4}} -F {{BIN|STR|SIV}}
Generate a UUIDv4 and write the output to a file:
uuid -v {{4}} -o {{path/to/file}}
Generate a UUIDv5 (based on the supplied object name) with a specified namespace prefix:
uuid -v {{5}} ns:{{DNS|URL|OID|X500}} {{object_name}}
Decode a given UUID:
uuid -d {{uuid}}

mountpoint

Test if a directory is a filesystem mountpoint. More information: https://manned.org/mountpoint.

Check if a directory is a mountpoint:
mountpoint {{path/to/directory}}
Check if a directory is a mountpoint without showing any output:
mountpoint -q {{path/to/directory}}
Show major/minor numbers of a mountpoint's filesystem:
mountpoint --fs-devno {{path/to/directory}}

bully

Brute-force the WPS pin of a wireless access point. Necessary information must be gathered with airmon-ng and airodump-ng before using bully. More information: https://salsa.debian.org/pkg-security-team/bully.

Crack the password:
bully --bssid "{{mac}}" --channel "{{channel}}" --bruteforce "{{interface}}"
Display help:
bully --help

qm wait

Wait until the virtual machine is stopped. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Wait until the virtual machine is stopped:
qm wait {{vm_id}}
Wait until the virtual machine is stopped with a 10 second timeout:
qm wait --timeout {{10}} {{vm_id}}
Send a shutdown request, then wait until the virtual machine is stopped with a 10 second timeout:
qm shutdown {{vm_id}} && qm wait --timeout {{10}} {{vm_id}}

amixer

Mixer for ALSA soundcard driver. More information: https://manned.org/amixer.

Turn up the master volume by 10%:
amixer -D pulse sset Master {{10%+}}
Turn down the master volume by 10%:
amixer -D pulse sset Master {{10%-}}

backlight_control

Control a linux machine's backlight using percentage values. More information: https://github.com/Hendrikto/backlight_control.

Increase/decrease the backlight by a specific percent count:
backlight_control {{+|-}}{{5}}
Set the backlight strength to a specific percent count:
backlight_control {{90}}
Print the help:
backlight_control

nixos-container

Starts NixOS containers using Linux containers. More information: https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#ch-containers.

List running containers:
sudo nixos-container list
Create a NixOS container with a specific configuration file:
sudo nixos-container create {{container_name}} --config-file {{nix_config_file_path}}
Start, stop, terminate, or destroy a specific container:
sudo nixos-container {{start|stop|terminate|destroy|status}} {{container_name}}
Run a command in a running container:
sudo nixos-container run {{container_name}} -- {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Update a container configuration:
sudo $EDITOR /var/lib/container/{{container_name}}/etc/nixos/configuration.nix && sudo nixos-container update {{container_name}}
Enter an interactive shell session on an already-running container:
sudo nixos-container root-login {{container_name}}

mono

Runtime for the .NET Framework. More information: https://www.mono-project.com/docs/.

Run a .NET assembly in debug mode:
mono --debug {{path/to/program.exe}}
Run a .NET assembly:
mono {{path/to/program.exe}}

pmount

Mount arbitrary hotpluggable devices as a normal user. More information: https://manned.org/pmount.

Mount a device below /media/ (using device as mount point):
pmount {{/dev/to/block/device}}
Mount a device with a specific filesystem type to /media/label:
pmount --type {{filesystem}} {{/dev/to/block/device}} {{label}}
Mount a CD-ROM (filesystem type ISO9660) in read-only mode:
pmount --type {{iso9660}} --read-only {{/dev/cdrom}}
Mount an NTFS-formatted disk, forcing read-write access:
pmount --type {{ntfs}} --read-write {{/dev/sdX}}
Display all mounted removable devices:
pmount

ldapdomaindump

Dump users, computers, groups, OS and membership information via LDAP to HTML, JSON and greppable output. See also ldapsearch. More information: https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump.

Dump all information using the given LDAP account:
ldapdomaindump --user {{domain}}\\{{administrator}} --password {{password|ntlm_hash}} {{hostname|ip}}
Dump all information, resolving computer hostnames:
ldapdomaindump --resolve --user {{domain}}\\{{administrator}} --password {{password}} {{hostname|ip}}
Dump all information, resolving computer hostnames with the selected DNS server:
ldapdomaindump --resolve --dns-server {{domain_controller_ip}} --user {{domain}}\\{{administrator}} --password {{password}} {{hostname|ip}}
Dump all information to the given directory without JSON output:
ldapdomaindump --no-json --outdir {{path/to/directory}} --user {{domain}}\\{{administrator}} --password {{password}} {{hostname|ip}}

systemd-notify

Notify the service manager about start-up completion and other daemon status changes. This command is useless outside systemd service scripts. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-notify.html.

Notify systemd that the service has completed its initialization and is fully started. It should be invoked when the service is ready to accept incoming requests:
systemd-notify --booted
Signal to systemd that the service is ready to handle incoming connections or perform its tasks:
systemd-notify --ready
Provide a custom status message to systemd (this information is shown by systemctl status):
systemd-notify --status="{{Add custom status message here...}}"

a2disconf

Disable an Apache configuration file on Debian-based OSes. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apache2/a2disconf.8.en.html.

Disable a configuration file:
sudo a2disconf {{configuration_file}}
Don't show informative messages:
sudo a2disconf --quiet {{configuration_file}}

select

Bash builtin construct for creating menus. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#index-select.

Create a menu out of individual words:
select {{word}} in {{apple}} {{orange}} {{pear}} {{banana}}; do echo ${{word}}; done
Create a menu for picking a file or folder from the current directory:
select {{file}} in *; do echo ${{file}}; done
Create a menu from a Bash array:
{{fruits}}=({{apple}} {{orange}} {{pear}} {{banana}}); select {{word}} in ${{{fruits}}[@]}; do echo ${{word}}; done

qsub

Submits a script to the queue management system TORQUE. More information: https://manned.org/qsub.1.

Submit a script with default settings (depends on TORQUE settings):
qsub {{script.sh}}
Submit a script with a specified wallclock runtime limit of 1 hour, 2 minutes and 3 seconds:
qsub -l walltime={{1}}:{{2}}:{{3}} {{script.sh}}
Submit a script that is executed on 2 nodes using 4 cores per node:
qsub -l nodes={{2}}:ppn={{4}} {{script.sh}}
Submit a script to a specific queue. Note that different queues can have different maximum and minimum runtime limits:
qsub -q {{queue_name}} {{script.sh}}

resize2fs

Resize an ext2, ext3 or ext4 filesystem. Does not resize the underlying partition. The filesystem may have to be unmounted first, read the man page for more details. More information: https://manned.org/resize2fs.

Automatically resize a filesystem:
resize2fs {{/dev/sdXN}}
Resize the filesystem to a size of 40G, displaying a progress bar:
resize2fs -p {{/dev/sdXN}} {{40G}}
Shrink the filesystem to its minimum possible size:
resize2fs -M {{/dev/sdXN}}

pacdiff

Maintenance utility for .pacorig, .pacnew and .pacsave files created by pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacdiff.

Review files that need maintenance in interactive mode:
pacdiff
Use sudo and sudoedit to remove and merge files:
pacdiff --sudo
Review files needing maintenance, creating .bakups of the original if you (O)verwrite:
pacdiff --sudo --backup
Use a specific editor to view and merge configuration files (default is vim -d):
DIFFPROG={{editor}} pacdiff
Scan for configuration files with locate instead of using pacman database:
pacdiff --locate
Display help:
pacdiff --help

sherlock

Find usernames across social networks. More information: https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock.

Search for a specific username on social networks saving the results to a file:
sherlock {{username}} --output {{path/to/file}}
Search for specific usernames on social networks saving the results into a directory:
sherlock {{username1 username2 ...}} --folderoutput {{path/to/directory}}
Search for a specific username on social networks using the Tor network:
sherlock --tor {{username}}
Make requests over Tor with a new Tor circuit after each request:
sherlock --unique-tor {{username}}
Search for a specific username on social networks using a proxy:
sherlock {{username}} --proxy {{proxy_url}}
Search for a specific username on social networks and open results in the default web browser:
sherlock {{username}} --browse
Display help:
sherlock --help

flatpak-builder

Help build application dependencies. More information: https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/flatpak-builder-command-reference.html.

Build a Flatpak and export it to a new repository:
flatpak-builder {{path/to/build_directory}} {{path/to/manifest}}
Build a Flatpak and export it to the specified repository:
flatpak-builder --repo={{repository_name}} {{path/to/build_directory}} {{path/to/manifest}}
Build a Flatpak and install it locally:
flatpak-builder --install {{path/to/build_directory}} {{path/to/manifest}}
Build and sign a Flatpak and export it to the specified repository:
flatpak-builder --gpg-sign={{key_id}} --repo={{repository_name}} {{path/to/manifest}}
Run a shell inside of an application sandbox without installing it:
flatpak-builder --run {{path/to/build_directory}} {{path/to/manifest}} {{sh}}

inotifywait

Waits for changes to one or more files. More information: https://manned.org/inotifywait.

Watch a specific file for events, exiting after the first one:
inotifywait {{path/to/file}}
Continuously watch a specific file for events without exiting:
inotifywait --monitor {{path/to/file}}
Watch a directory recursively for events:
inotifywait --monitor --recursive {{path/to/directory}}
Watch a directory for changes, excluding files, whose names match a regular expression:
inotifywait --monitor --recursive --exclude "{{regular_expression}}" {{path/to/directory}}
Watch a file for changes, exiting when no event occurs for 30 seconds:
inotifywait --monitor --timeout {{30}} {{path/to/file}}
Only watch a file for file modification events:
inotifywait --event {{modify}} {{path/to/file}}
Watch a file printing only events, and no status messages:
inotifywait --quiet {{path/to/file}}
Run a command when a file is accessed:
inotifywait --event {{access}} {{path/to/file}} && {{command}}

mkinitcpio

Generates initial ramdisk environments for booting the Linux kernel based on the specified preset(s). More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/mkinitcpio.8.

Perform a dry run (print what would be done without actually doing it):
mkinitcpio
Generate a ramdisk environment based on the linux preset:
mkinitcpio --preset {{linux}}
Generate a ramdisk environment based on the linux-lts preset:
mkinitcpio --preset {{linux-lts}}
Generate ramdisk environments based on all existing presets (used to regenerate all the initramfs images after a change in /etc/mkinitcpio.conf):
mkinitcpio --allpresets
Generate an initramfs image using an alternative configuration file:
mkinitcpio --config {{path/to/mkinitcpio.conf}} --generate {{path/to/initramfs.img}}
Generate an initramfs image for a kernel other than the one currently running (the installed kernel releases can be found in /usr/lib/modules/):
mkinitcpio --kernel {{kernel_version}} --generate {{path/to/initramfs.img}}
List all available hooks:
mkinitcpio --listhooks
Display help for a specific hook:
mkinitcpio --hookhelp {{hook_name}}

chrt

Manipulate the real-time attributes of a process. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chrt.1.html.

Display attributes of a process:
chrt --pid {{PID}}
Display attributes of all threads of a process:
chrt --all-tasks --pid {{PID}}
Display the min/max priority values that can be used with chrt:
chrt --max
Set the scheduling policy for a process:
chrt --pid {{PID}} --{{deadline|idle|batch|rr|fifo|other}}

systemd-firstboot

Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system. More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-firstboot.html.

Operate on the specified directory instead of the root directory of the host system:
sudo systemd-firstboot --root={{path/to/root_directory}}
Set the system keyboard layout:
sudo systemd-firstboot --keymap={{keymap}}
Set the system hostname:
sudo systemd-firstboot --hostname={{hostname}}
Set the root user's password:
sudo systemd-firstboot --root-password={{password}}
Prompt the user interactively for a specific basic setting:
sudo systemd-firstboot --prompt={{setting}}
Force writing configuration even if the relevant files already exist:
sudo systemd-firstboot --force
Remove all existing files that are configured by systemd-firstboot:
sudo systemd-firstboot --reset
Remove the password of the system's root user:
sudo systemd-firstboot --delete-root-password

eopkg

Package manager for Solus. More information: https://getsol.us/articles/package-management/basics/en/.

Install a specific package:
sudo eopkg install {{package}}
Update all packages:
sudo eopkg upgrade
Search for packages:
sudo eopkg search {{search_term}}

btrfs device

Manage devices in a btrfs filesystem. More information: https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs-device.html.

Add one or more devices to a btrfs filesystem:
sudo btrfs device add {{path/to/block_device1}} [{{path/to/block_device2}}] {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Remove a device from a btrfs filesystem:
sudo btrfs device remove {{path/to/device|device_id}} [{{...}}]
Display error statistics:
sudo btrfs device stats {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}
Scan all disks and inform the kernel of all detected btrfs filesystems:
sudo btrfs device scan --all-devices
Display detailed per-disk allocation statistics:
sudo btrfs device usage {{path/to/btrfs_filesystem}}

mate-about

Show information about MATE desktop environment. More information: https://manned.org/mate-about.

Print MATE version:
mate-about --version

nmtui-connect

This command is an alias of nmtui connect.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr nmtui

telinit

Change SysV runlevel. Since the concept SysV runlevels is obsolete the runlevel requests will be transparently translated into systemd unit activation requests. More information: https://manned.org/telinit.

Power off the machine:
telinit 0
Reboot the machine:
telinit 6
Change SysV run level:
telinit {{2|3|4|5}}
Change to rescue mode:
telinit 1
Reload daemon configuration:
telinit q
Do not send a wall message before reboot/power-off (6/0):
telinit --no-wall {{value}}

script

Record all terminal output to file. More information: https://manned.org/script.

Record a new session to a file named typescript in the current directory:
script
Record a new session to a custom filepath:
script {{path/to/session.out}}
Record a new session, appending to an existing file:
script -a {{path/to/session.out}}
Record timing information (data is outputted to stderr):
script -t 2> {{path/to/timingfile}}

fcrackzip

ZIP archive password cracking utility. More information: https://manned.org/fcrackzip.

Brute-force a password with a length of 4 to 8 characters, and contains only alphanumeric characters (order matters):
fcrackzip --brute-force --length 4-8 --charset aA1 {{archive}}
Brute-force a password in verbose mode with a length of 3 characters that only contains lowercase characters, $ and %:
fcrackzip -v --brute-force --length 3 --charset a:$% {{archive}}
Brute-force a password that contains only lowercase and special characters:
fcrackzip --brute-force --length 4 --charset a! {{archive}}
Brute-force a password containing only digits, starting from the password 12345:
fcrackzip --brute-force --length 5 --charset 1 --init-password 12345 {{archive}}
Crack a password using a wordlist:
fcrackzip --use-unzip --dictionary --init-password {{wordlist}} {{archive}}
Benchmark cracking performance:
fcrackzip --benchmark

wipefs

Wipe filesystem, raid, or partition-table signatures from a device. More information: https://manned.org/wipefs.

Display signatures for specified device:
sudo wipefs {{/dev/sdX}}
Wipe all available signature types for a specific device with no recursion into partitions:
sudo wipefs --all {{/dev/sdX}}
Wipe all available signature types for the device and partitions using a glob pattern:
sudo wipefs --all {{/dev/sdX}}*
Perform dry run:
sudo wipefs --all --no-act {{/dev/sdX}}
Force wipe, even if the filesystem is mounted:
sudo wipefs --all --force {{/dev/sdX}}

sacct

Display accounting data from the Slurm service. More information: https://slurm.schedmd.com/sacct.html.

Display job id, job name, partition, account, number of allocated cpus, job state, and job exit codes for recent jobs:
sacct
Display job id, job state, job exit code for recent jobs:
sacct --brief
Display the allocations of a job:
sacct --jobs {{job_id}} --allocations
Display elapsed time, job name, number of requested CPUs, and memory requested of a job:
sacct --jobs {{job_id}} --format={{elapsed}},{{jobname}},{{reqcpus}},{{reqmem}}

unshare

Execute a command in new user-defined namespaces. More information: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/userspace-api/unshare.html.

Execute a command without sharing access to connected networks:
unshare --net {{command}} {{command_arguments}}
Execute a command as a child process without sharing mounts, processes, or networks:
unshare --mount --pid --net --fork {{command}} {{command_arguments}}

dunstctl

Control command for dunst. More information: https://manned.org/dunstctl.

Pause notifications:
dunstctl set-paused true
Un-pause notifications:
dunstctl set-paused false
Close all notifications:
dunstctl close-all
Display help:
dunstctl --help

protonvpn-cli connect

Connect to ProtonVPN. More information: https://protonvpn.com/support/linux-vpn-setup/.

Connect to ProtonVPN interactively:
protonvpn-cli connect
Connect to ProtonVPN using the fastest server available:
protonvpn-cli connect --fastest
Connect to ProtonVPN using a specific server with a specific protocol:
protonvpn-cli connect {{server_name}} --protocol {{udp|tcp}}
Connect to ProtonVPN using a random server with a specific protocol:
protonvpn-cli connect --random --protocol {{udp|tcp}}
Connect to ProtonVPN using the fastest Tor-supporting server:
protonvpn-cli connect --tor
Display help:
protonvpn-cli connect --help

radeontop

Show utilization of AMD GPUs. May require root privileges depending on your system. More information: https://github.com/clbr/radeontop.

Show the utilization of the default AMD GPU:
radeontop
Enable colored output:
radeontop --color
Select a specific GPU (the bus number is the first number in the output of lspci):
radeontop --bus {{bus_number}}
Specify the display refresh rate (higher means more GPU overhead):
radeontop --ticks {{samples_per_second}}

powerstat

Measures the power consumption of a computer that has a battery power source or supports the RAPL interface. More information: https://manned.org/powerstat.

Measure power with the default of 10 samples with an interval of 10 seconds:
powerstat
Measure power with custom number of samples and interval duration:
powerstat {{interval}} {{number_of_samples}}
Measure power using Intel's RAPL interface:
powerstat -R {{interval}} {{number_of_samples}}
Show a histogram of the power measurements:
powerstat -H {{interval}} {{number_of_samples}}
Enable all statistics gathering options:
powerstat -a {{interval}} {{number_of_samples}}

dm-tool

A tool to communicate with the display manager. More information: https://manned.org/dm-tool.

Show the greeter while keeping current desktop session open and waiting to be restored upon authentication by logged in user:
dm-tool switch-to-greeter
Lock the current session:
dm-tool lock
Switch to a specific user, showing an authentication prompt if required:
dm-tool switch-to-user {{username}} {{session}}
Add a dynamic seat from within a running LightDM session:
dm-tool add-seat {{xlocal}} {{name}}={{value}}

cc

This command is an alias of gcc. More information: https://gcc.gnu.org.

View documentation for the original command:
tldr gcc

dphys-swapfile

Manage the swap file on Debian-based Linux systems. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dphys-swapfile/dphys-swapfile.html.

Disable the swap file:
dphys-swapfile swapoff
Enable the swap file:
dphys-swapfile swapon
Create a new swap file:
dphys-swapfile setup

qm vncproxy

Proxy Virtual Machine VNC (Virtual network computing) traffic to stdin or stdout. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Proxy a specific virtual machine:
qm vncproxy {{vm_id}}

autopkgtest

Run tests on Debian packages. More information: https://wiki.debian.org/ContinuousIntegration/autopkgtest.

Build the package in the current directory and run all tests directly on the system:
autopkgtest -- {{null}}
Run a specific test for the package in the current directory:
autopkgtest --test-name={{test_name}} -- {{null}}
Download and build a specific package with apt-get, then run all tests:
autopkgtest {{package}} -- {{null}}
Test the package in the current directory using a new root directory:
autopkgtest -- {{chroot}} {{path/to/new/root}}
Test the package in the current directory without rebuilding it:
autopkgtest --no-built-binaries -- {{null}}

lvcreate

Creates a logical volume in an existing volume group. A volume group is a collection of logical and physical volumes. See also: lvm. More information: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lvcreate.8.html.

Create a logical volume of 10 gigabytes in the volume group vg1:
lvcreate -L {{10G}} {{vg1}}
Create a 1500 megabyte linear logical volume named mylv in the volume group vg1:
lvcreate -L {{1500}} -n {{mylv}} {{vg1}}
Create a logical volume called mylv that uses 60% of the total space in volume group vg1:
lvcreate -l {{60%VG}} -n {{mylv}} {{vg1}}
Create a logical volume called mylv that uses all the unallocated space in the volume group vg1:
lvcreate -l {{100%FREE}} -n {{mylv}} {{vg1}}

pkgctl

Unified command-line devtools frontend for Arch Linux. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pkgctl.1.

Download PKGBUILD of a package in a folder named package_name:
pkgctl repo clone --protocol=https {{package_name}}

groupmod

Modify existing user groups in the system. See also: groups, groupadd, groupdel. More information: https://manned.org/groupmod.

Change the group name:
sudo groupmod --new-name {{new_group}} {{group_name}}
Change the group id:
sudo groupmod --gid {{new_id}} {{group_name}}

sar

Monitor performance of various Linux subsystems. More information: https://manned.org/sar.

Report I/O and transfer rate issued to physical devices, one per second (press CTRL+C to quit):
sar -b {{1}}
Report a total of 10 network device statistics, one per 2 seconds:
sar -n DEV {{2}} {{10}}
Report CPU utilization, one per 2 seconds:
sar -u ALL {{2}}
Report a total of 20 memory utilization statistics, one per second:
sar -r ALL {{1}} {{20}}
Report the run queue length and load averages, one per second:
sar -q {{1}}
Report paging statistics, one per 5 seconds:
sar -B {{5}}

nixos-rebuild

Reconfigure a NixOS machine. More information: https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/#sec-changing-config.

Build and switch to the new configuration, making it the boot default:
sudo nixos-rebuild switch
Build and switch to the new configuration, making it the boot default and naming the boot entry:
sudo nixos-rebuild switch -p {{name}}
Build and switch to the new configuration, making it the boot default and installing updates:
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade
Rollback changes to the configuration, switching to the previous generation:
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --rollback
Build the new configuration and make it the boot default without switching to it:
sudo nixos-rebuild boot
Build and activate the new configuration, but don't make a boot entry (for testing purposes):
sudo nixos-rebuild test
Build the configuration and open it in a virtual machine:
sudo nixos-rebuild build-vm

Medusa

A modular and parallel login brute-forcer for a variety of protocols. More information: https://manned.org/medusa.

Execute brute force against an FTP server using a file containing usernames and a file containing passwords:
medusa -M ftp -h host -U {{path/to/username_file}} -P {{path/to/password_file}}
Execute a login attempt against an HTTP server using the username, password and user-agent specified:
medusa -M HTTP -h host -u {{username}} -p {{password}} -m USER-AGENT:"{{Agent}}"
Execute a brute force against a MySQL server using a file containing usernames and a hash:
medusa -M mysql -h host -U {{path/to/username_file}} -p {{hash}} -m PASS:HASH
Execute a brute force against a list of SMB servers using a username and a pwdump file:
medusa -M smbnt -H {{path/to/hosts_file}} -C {{path/to/pwdump_file}} -u {{username}} -m PASS:HASH

avifenc

AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) encoder. More information: https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/.

Convert a specific PNG image to AVIF:
avifenc {{path/to/input.png}} {{path/to/output.avif}}
Encode with a specific speed (6=default, 0=slowest and 10=fastest):
avifenc --speed {{2}} {{path/to/input.png}} {{path/to/output.avif}}

po4a-gettextize

Convert a file to a PO file. More information: https://po4a.org/man/man1/po4a-gettextize.1.php.

Convert a text file to PO file:
po4a-gettextize --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --po {{path/to/result.po}}
Get a list of available formats:
po4a-gettextize --help-format
Convert a text file along with a translated document to a PO file (-l option can be provided multiple times):
po4a-gettextize --format {{text}} --master {{path/to/master.txt}} --localized {{path/to/translated.txt}} --po {{path/to/result.po}}

qmrestore

Restore QemuServer vzdump backups. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qmrestore.1.html.

Restore virtual machine from given backup file on the original storage:
qmrestore {{path/to/vzdump-qemu-100.vma.lzo}} {{100}}
Overwrite existing virtual machine from a given backup file on the original storage:
qmrestore {{path/to/vzdump-qemu-100.vma.lzo}} {{100}} --force true
Restore the virtual machine from a given backup file on specific storage:
qmrestore {{path/to/vzdump-qemu-100.vma.lzo}} {{100}} --storage {{local}}
Start virtual machine immediately from the backup while restoring in the background (only on Proxmox Backup Server):
qmrestore {{path/to/vzdump-qemu-100.vma.lzo}} {{100}} --live-restore true

named

Execute the DNS (Dynamic Name Service) server daemon that converts host names to IP addresses and vice versa. More information: https://manned.org/named.

Read the default configuration file /etc/named.conf, read any initial data and listen for queries:
named
Read a custom configuration file:
named -c {{path/to/named.conf}}
Use IPv4 or IPv6 only, even if the host machine is capable of utilising other protocols:
named {{-4|-6}}
Listen for queries on a specific port instead of the default port 53:
named -p {{port}}
Run the server in the foreground and do not daemonize:
named -f

rpm-ostree

A hybrid image/package system. Manage ostree deployments, package layers, filesystem overlays, and boot configuration. More information: https://coreos.github.io/rpm-ostree/administrator-handbook/.

Show rpm-ostree deployments in the order they will appear in the bootloader:
rpm-ostree status
Show packages which are outdated and can be updated:
rpm-ostree upgrade --preview
Prepare a new ostree deployment with upgraded packages and reboot into it:
rpm-ostree upgrade --reboot
Reboot into the previous ostree deployment:
rpm-ostree rollback --reboot
Install a package into a new ostree deployment and reboot into it:
rpm-ostree install {{package}} --reboot

toolbox

Tool for containerized command-line environments on Linux. Some subcommands such as toolbox create have their own usage documentation. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox.1.

Run a toolbox subcommand:
toolbox {{subcommand}}
Show help for a toolbox subcommand (such as create, enter, rm, rmi, etc.):
toolbox help {{subcommand}}
Show general help:
toolbox --help
Show the toolbox version:
toolbox --version

snake4

Snake game in the terminal. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/snake4/snake4.6.en.html.

Start a snake game:
snake4
Choose level:
{{1|2|3|4|5}}
Navigate the snake:
{{Up|Down|Left|Right}} arrow key
Pause game:
Spacebar
Quit game:
q
Show the high scores:
snake4 --highscores

smbget

wget-like utility for downloading files from SMB servers. More information: https://www.samba.org/samba/docs/current/man-html/smbget.1.html.

Download a file from a server:
smbget {{smb://server/share/file}}
Download a share or directory recursively:
smbget --recursive {{smb://server/share}}
Connect with a username and password:
smbget {{smb://server/share/file}} --user {{username%password}}
Require encrypted transfers:
smbget {{smb://server/share/file}} --encrypt

engrampa

Package files into zip/tar file in MATE desktop environment. See also: zip, tar. More information: https://github.com/mate-desktop/engrampa.

Start Engrampa:
engrampa
Open specific archives:
engrampa {{path/to/archive1.tar path/to/archive2.tar ...}}
Archive specific files and/or directories recursively:
engrampa --add-to={{path/to/compressed.tar}} {{path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...}}
Extract files and/or directories from archives to a specific path:
engrampa --extract-to={{path/to/directory}} {{path/to/archive1.tar path/to/archive2.tar ...}}

extrace

Trace exec() calls. More information: https://github.com/chneukirchen/extrace.

Trace all program executions occurring on the system:
sudo extrace
Run a command and only trace descendants of this command:
sudo extrace {{command}}
Print the current working directory of each process:
sudo extrace -d
Resolve the full path of each executable:
sudo extrace -l
Display the user running each process:
sudo extrace -u

cockpit-desktop

Provides secure access to Cockpit pages in an already running session. It starts cockpit-ws and a web browser in an isolated network space and a cockpit-bridge in a running user session. More information: https://cockpit-project.org/guide/latest/cockpit-desktop.1.html.

Open a page:
cockpit-desktop {{url}} {{SSH_host}}
Open storage page:
cockpit-desktop {{/cockpit/@localhost/storage/index.html}}

apt

Package management utility for Debian based distributions. Recommended replacement for apt-get when used interactively in Ubuntu versions 16.04 and later. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/apt/apt.8.html.

Update the list of available packages and versions (it's recommended to run this before other apt commands):
sudo apt update
Search for a given package:
apt search {{package}}
Show information for a package:
apt show {{package}}
Install a package, or update it to the latest available version:
sudo apt install {{package}}
Remove a package (using purge instead also removes its configuration files):
sudo apt remove {{package}}
Upgrade all installed packages to their newest available versions:
sudo apt upgrade
List all packages:
apt list
List installed packages:
apt list --installed

pactree

Package dependency tree viewer for pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pactree.8.

Print the dependency tree of a specific package:
pactree {{package}}
Print what packages depend on a specific package:
pactree --reverse {{package}}
Dump dependencies one per line, skipping duplicates:
pactree --unique {{package}}
Include optional dependencies of a specific package and colorize the output:
pactree --optional --color {{package}}
Display help:
pactree

locate

Find filenames quickly. More information: https://manned.org/locate.

Look for pattern in the database. Note: the database is recomputed periodically (usually weekly or daily):
locate {{pattern}}
Look for a file by its exact filename (a pattern containing no globbing characters is interpreted as *pattern*):
locate '*/{{filename}}'
Recompute the database. You need to do it if you want to find recently added files:
sudo updatedb

fuser

Display process IDs currently using files or sockets. More information: https://manned.org/fuser.

Find which processes are accessing a file or directory:
fuser {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Show more fields (USER, PID, ACCESS and COMMAND):
fuser --verbose {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Identify processes using a TCP socket:
fuser --namespace tcp {{port}}
Kill all processes accessing a file or directory (sends the SIGKILL signal):
fuser --kill {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Find which processes are accessing the filesystem containing a specific file or directory:
fuser --mount {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Kill all processes with a TCP connection on a specific port:
fuser --kill {{port}}/tcp

pkcon

Command line client for PackageKit console program used by Discover and Gnome software and alternative to 'apt'. More information: https://manned.org/pkcon.

Install a package:
pkcon install {{package}}
Remove a package:
pkcon remove {{package}}
Refresh the package cache:
pkcon refresh
Update packages:
pkcon update
Search for a specific package:
pkcon search {{package}}
List all available packages:
pkcon get-packages

nm-online

Ask NetworkManager whether the network is connected. More information: https://networkmanager.dev/docs/api/latest/nm-online.html.

Find out whether the network is connected and print the result to stdout:
nm-online
Wait n seconds for a connection (30 by default):
nm-online --timeout {{n}}

see

Alias to run-mailcap's view. An alias to a run-mailcap's action print. More information: https://manned.org/see.

See action can be used to view any file (usually image) on default mailcap explorer:
see {{filename}}
Using with run-mailcap:
run-mailcap --action=view {{filename}}

rpmspec

Query a RPM spec file. More information: https://manned.org/rpmspec.

List binary packages which would be generated from a rpm spec file:
rpmspec --query {{path/to/rpm.spec}}
List all options for --queryformat:
rpmspec --querytags
Get summary information for single binary packages generated from a rpm spec file:
rpmspec --query --queryformat "{{%{name}: %{summary}\n}}" {{path/to/rpm.spec}}
Get the source package which would be generated from a rpm spec file:
rpmspec --query --srpm {{path/to/rpm.spec}}
Parse a rpm spec file to stdout:
rpmspec --parse {{path/to/rpm.spec}}

compsize

Calculate the compression ratio of a set of files on a btrfs filesystem. See also btrfs filesystem for recompressing a file by defragmenting it. More information: https://github.com/kilobyte/compsize.

Calculate the current compression ratio for a file or directory:
sudo compsize {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Don't traverse filesystem boundaries:
sudo compsize --one-file-system {{path/to/file_or_directory}}
Show raw byte counts instead of human-readable sizes:
sudo compsize --bytes {{path/to/file_or_directory}}

archivemount

Mount an archive for access as a filesystem. More information: https://manned.org/archivemount.

Mount an archive to a specific mountpoint:
archivemount {{path/to/archive}} {{path/to/mount_point}}

auto-cpufreq

Automatic CPU speed & power optimizer. More information: https://github.com/AdnanHodzic/auto-cpufreq.

Run auto-cpufreq in a specific mode:
sudo auto-cpufreq --{{monitor|live|update|remove|stats|force=governor}}

qm rollback

Rollback the VM state to a specified snapshot. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Rollback the state of a specific VM to a specified snapshot:
qm rollback {{vm_id}} {{snap_name}}

apk

Alpine Linux package management tool. More information: https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux_package_management.

Update repository indexes from all remote repositories:
apk update
Install a new package:
apk add {{package}}
Remove a package:
apk del {{package}}
Repair a package or upgrade it without modifying main dependencies:
apk fix {{package}}
Search for a package via keywords:
apk search {{keywords}}
Display information about a specific package:
apk info {{package}}

qm delsnapshot

Delete virtual machine snapshots. More information: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/qm.1.html.

Delete a snapshot:
qm delsnapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}}
Delete a snapshot from a configuration file (even if removing the disk snapshot fails):
qm delsnapshot {{vm_id}} {{snapshot_name}} --force 1

braa

Ultra-fast mass SNMP scanner allowing multiple hosts simultaneously. More information: https://github.com/mteg/braa.

Walk the SNMP tree of host with public string querying all OIDs under .1.3.6:
braa public@{{ip}}:{{.1.3.6.*}}
Query the whole subnet ip_range for system.sysLocation.0:
braa public@{{ip_range}}:{{.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6.0}}
Attempt to set the value of system.sysLocation.0 to a specific workgroup:
braa private@{{ip}}:{{.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6.0}}=s'{{workgroup}}'

toolbox create

Create a new toolbox container. More information: https://manned.org/toolbox-create.1.

Create a toolbox container for a specific distribution:
toolbox create --distro {{distribution}}
Create a toolbox container for a specific release of the current distribution:
toolbox create --release {{release}}
Create a toolbox container with a custom image:
toolbox create --image {{name}}
Create a toolbox container from a custom Fedora image:
toolbox create --image {{registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora-toolbox:38}}
Create a toolbox container using the default image for Fedora 38:
toolbox create --distro {{fedora}} --release {{f38}}

pw-cli

The PipeWire Command Line Interface. More information: https://docs.pipewire.org/page_man_pw_cli_1.html.

Print all nodes (sinks and sources) along with their IDs:
pw-cli list-objects Node
Print information about an object with a specific ID:
pw-cli info {{4}}
Print all objects' information:
pw-cli info all

virt-manager

CLI launcher for virt-manager, a desktop user interface for managing KVM and Xen virtual machines and LXC containers. More information: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/man1/virt-manager.1.html.

Launch virt-manager:
virt-manager
Connect to a hypervisor:
virt-manager --connect {{hypervisor_uri}}
Don't fork virt-manager process into background on startup:
virt-manager --no-fork
Print debug output:
virt-manager --debug
Open the "New VM" wizard:
virt-manager --show-domain-creator
Show domain details window:
virt-manager --show-domain-editor {{name|id|uuid}}
Show domain performance window:
virt-manager --show-domain-performance {{name|id|uuid}}
Show connection details window:
virt-manager --show-host-summary

rc-update

Add and remove OpenRC services to and from runlevels. See also openrc. More information: https://manned.org/rc-update.

List all services and the runlevels they are added to:
rc-update show
Add a service to a runlevel:
sudo rc-update add {{service_name}} {{runlevel}}
Delete a service from a runlevel:
sudo rc-update delete {{service_name}} {{runlevel}}
Delete a service from all runlevels:
sudo rc-update --all delete {{service_name}}

equery

View information about Portage packages. More information: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Equery.

List all installed packages:
equery list '*'
Search for installed packages in the Portage tree and in overlays:
equery list -po {{package1 package2 ...}}
List all packages that depend on a given package:
equery depends {{package}}
List all packages that a given package depends on:
equery depgraph {{package}}
List all files installed by a package:
equery files --tree {{package}}

zramctl

Setup and control zram devices. Use mkfs or mkswap to format zram devices to partitions. More information: https://manned.org/zramctl.

Check if zram is enabled:
lsmod | grep -i zram
Enable zram with a dynamic number of devices (use zramctl to configure devices further):
sudo modprobe zram
Enable zram with exactly 2 devices:
sudo modprobe zram num_devices={{2}}
Find and initialize the next free zram device to a 2 GB virtual drive using LZ4 compression:
sudo zramctl --find --size {{2GB}} --algorithm {{lz4}}
List currently initialized devices:
zramctl

wpa_passphrase

Generate a WPA-PSK key from an ASCII passphrase for a given SSID. More information: https://manned.org/wpa_passphrase.1.

Compute and display the WPA-PSK key for a given SSID reading the passphrase from stdin:
wpa_passphrase {{SSID}}
Compute and display WPA-PSK key for a given SSID specifying the passphrase as an argument:
wpa_passphrase {{SSID}} {{passphrase}}

pacman --database

Operate on the Arch Linux package database. Modify certain attributes of the installed packages. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

Mark a package as implicitly installed:
sudo pacman --database --asdeps {{package}}
Mark a package as explicitly installed:
sudo pacman --database --asexplicit {{package}}
Check that all the package dependencies are installed:
pacman --database --check
Check the repositories to ensure all specified dependencies are available:
pacman --database --check --check
Display only error messages:
pacman --database --check --quiet
Display help:
pacman --database --help

kwriteconfig5

Write KConfig entries for KDE Plasma. More information: https://userbase.kde.org/KDE_System_Administration/Configuration_Files.

Display help:
kwriteconfig5 --help
Set a global configuration key:
kwriteconfig5 --group {{group_name}} --key {{key}} {{value}}
Set a key in a specific configuration file:
kwriteconfig5 --file {{path/to/file}} --group {{group_name}} --key {{key}} {{value}}
Delete a key:
kwriteconfig5 --group {{group_name}} --key {{key}} --delete
Use systemd to start the Plasma session when available:
kwriteconfig5 --file {{startkderc}} --group {{General}} --key {{systemdBoot}} {{true}}
Hide the title bar when a window is maximized (like Ubuntu):
kwriteconfig5 --file {{~/.config/kwinrc}} --group {{Windows}} --key {{BorderlessMaximizedWindows}} {{true}}
Configure KRunner to open with the Meta (Command/Windows) global hotkey:
kwriteconfig5 --file {{~/.config/kwinrc}} --group {{ModifierOnlyShortcuts}} --key {{Meta}} {{"org.kde.kglobalaccel,/component/krunner_desktop,org.kde.kglobalaccel.Component,invokeShortcut,_launch"}}

ttyplot

A realtime plotting utility for the command-line with data input from stdin. More information: https://github.com/tenox7/ttyplot.

Plot the values 1, 2 and 3 (cat prevents ttyplot to exit):
{ echo {{1 2 3}}; cat } | ttyplot
Set a specific title and unit:
{ echo {{1 2 3}}; cat } | ttyplot -t {{title}} -u {{unit}}
Use a while loop to continuously plot random values:
{ while {{true}}; do echo {{$RANDOM}}; sleep {{1}}; done } | ttyplot
Parse the output from ping and visualize it:
ping {{8.8.8.8}} | sed -u '{{s/^.*time=//g; s/ ms//g}}' | ttyplot -t "{{ping to 8.8.8.8}}" -u {{ms}}

pacman --query

Arch Linux package manager utility. See also: pacman. More information: https://man.archlinux.org/man/pacman.8.

List installed packages and versions:
pacman --query
List only packages and versions that were explicitly installed:
pacman --query --explicit
Find which package owns a file:
pacman --query --owns {{filename}}
Display information about an installed package:
pacman --query --info {{package}}
List files owned by a package:
pacman --query --list {{package}}
List orphan packages (installed as dependencies but not required by any package):
pacman --query --unrequired --deps --quiet
List installed packages not found in the repositories:
pacman --query --foreign
List outdated packages:
pacman --query --upgrades

asterisk

Telephone and exchange (phone) server. Used for running the server itself, and managing an already running instance. More information: https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Home.

[R]econnect to a running server, and turn on logging 3 levels of [v]erbosity:
asterisk -r -vvv
[R]econnect to a running server, run a single command, and return:
asterisk -r -x "{{command}}"
Show chan_SIP clients (phones):
asterisk -r -x "sip show peers"
Show active calls and channels:
asterisk -r -x "core show channels"
Show voicemail mailboxes:
asterisk -r -x "voicemail show users"
Terminate a channel:
asterisk -r -x "hangup request {{channel_ID}}"
Reload chan_SIP configuration:
asterisk -r -x "sip reload"

cryptcat

Cryptcat is netcat with encryption capabilities. More information: http://cryptcat.sourceforge.net.

[l]isten on a specified [p]ort and print any data received:
cryptcat -k {{password}} -l -p {{port}}
Connect to a certain port:
cryptcat -k {{password}} {{ip_address}} {{port}}
Set a timeout [w]:
cryptcat -k {{password}} -w {{timeout_in_seconds}} {{ip_address}} {{port}}
Scan [z] the open ports of a specified host:
cryptcat -v -z {{ip_address}} {{port}}
Act as proxy and forward data from a local TCP port to the given remote host:
cryptcat -k {{password}} -l -p {{local_port}} | cryptcat -k {{password}} {{hostname}} {{remote_port}}

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