System Grab Bag

Name

Syntax

Description

BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete \s-1POSIX\s0 environment for any small or embedded system.

BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run \&'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory specified by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX\s0 can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX.\s0

Usage

You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering

\& /bin/busybox ls

will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

For example, entering

\& ln -s /bin/busybox ls \& ./ls

will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the 'make install' command.

If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

Common Options

Commands

\& [, [[, acpid, adjtimex, ar, arch, arp, arping, ascii, ash, awk, \& base64, basename, bc, blkdiscard, blockdev, brctl, bunzip2, busybox, \& bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chroot, chvt, \& clear, cmp, cp, cpio, crc32, crond, crontab, cttyhack, cut, date, \& dc, dd, deallocvt, depmod, devmem, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, \& dnsdomainname, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, \& echo, ed, egrep, env, expand, expr, factor, fallocate, false, \& fatattr, fdisk, fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsfreeze, \& fstrim, ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip, \& halt, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hwclock, i2cdetect, \& i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, i2ctransfer, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, \& init, insmod, ionice, ip, ipcalc, ipneigh, kill, killall, klogd, \& last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, \& logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, ls, lsmod, lsscsi, lzcat, \& lzma, lzop, md5sum, mdev, microcom, mim, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, \& mkfifo, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, \& mount, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nl, nologin, nproc, nsenter, \& nslookup, nuke, od, openvt, partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pidof, \& ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, \& realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, \& route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run-init, run-parts, sed, seq, setkeycodes, \& setpriv, setsid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, \& sleep, sort, ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, static-sh, \& strings, stty, su, sulogin, svc, svok, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, \& sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tc, tee, telnet, \& telnetd, test, tftp, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, \& traceroute6, true, truncate, ts, tty, tunctl, ubirename, udhcpc, \& udhcpd, uevent, umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, \& unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, \& uuencode, vconfig, vi, w, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, \& whoami, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat

Command Descriptions

acpid [-df] [-c \s-1CONFDIR\s0] [-l \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [-a \s-1ACTIONFILE\s0] [-M \s-1MAPFILE\s0] [-e \s-1PROC_EVENT_FILE\s0] [-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0] Listen to \s-1ACPI\s0 events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival \& -d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f) \& -f Run in foreground \& -c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi] \& -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event] \& -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log] \& -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid] \& -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf] \& -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map] Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v

adjtimex [-q] [-o \s-1OFS\s0] [-f \s-1FREQ\s0] [-p \s-1TCONST\s0] [-t \s-1TICK\s0] Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex\|(2) \& -q Quiet \& -o OFF Time offset, microseconds \& -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) \& -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000 \& (positive -t or -f values make clock run faster) \& -p TCONST

ar x|p|t [-ov] \s-1ARCHIVE\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... Extract or list FILEs from an ar archive \& x Extract \& p Extract to stdout \& t List \& -o Restore mtime \& -v Verbose

arch Print system architecture

arp [-vn] [-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [-i \s-1IF\s0] -a [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0] [-v] [-i \s-1IF\s0] -d \s-1HOSTNAME\s0 [pub] [-v] [-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [-i \s-1IF\s0] -s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [temp] [-v] [-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [-i \s-1IF\s0] -s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub [-v] [-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [-i \s-1IF\s0] -Ds \s-1HOSTNAME IFACE\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub Manipulate \s-1ARP\s0 cache \& -a Display (all) hosts \& -d Delete ARP entry \& -s Set new entry \& -v Verbose \& -n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& -i IF Network interface \& -D Read HWADDR from IFACE \& -A,-p AF Protocol family \& -H HWTYPE Hardware address type

arping [-fqbDUA] [-c \s-1CNT\s0] [-w \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [-I \s-1IFACE\s0] [-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] \s-1DST_IP\s0 Send \s-1ARP\s0 requests/replies \& -f Quit on first ARP reply \& -q Quiet \& -b Keep broadcasting, don\*(Aqt go unicast \& -D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies \& -U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors \& -A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors \& -c N Stop after sending N ARP requests \& -w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply \& -I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) \& -s SRC_IP Sender IP address \& DST_IP Target IP address

ash [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0 ARGS\s0] | \s-1FILE ARGS\s0 | -s \s-1ARGS\s0] Unix shell interpreter

awk [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1AWK_PROGRAM\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... \& -v VAR=VAL Set variable \& -F SEP Use SEP as field separator \& -f FILE Read program from FILE \& -e AWK_PROGRAM

base64 [-d] [-w \s-1COL\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] Base64 encode or decode \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output \& -d Decode data \& -w COL Wrap lines at COL (default 76, 0 disables)

basename \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1SUFFIX\s0] | -a \s-1FILE...\s0 | -s \s-1SUFFIX FILE...\s0 Strip directory path and \s-1SUFFIX\s0 from \s-1FILE\s0 \& -a All arguments are FILEs \& -s SUFFIX Remove SUFFIX (implies -a)

bc [-sqlw] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Arbitrary precision calculator \& -q Quiet \& -l Load standard library \& -s Be POSIX compatible \& -w Warn if extensions are used \&\f(CW$BC_LINE_LENGTH changes output width

blkdiscard [-o \s-1OFS\s0] [-l \s-1LEN\s0] [-s] \s-1DEVICE\s0 Discard sectors on \s-1DEVICE\s0 \& -o OFS Byte offset into device \& -l LEN Number of bytes to discard \& -s Perform a secure discard

blockdev \s-1OPTION BLOCKDEV\s0 \& --setro Set ro \& --setrw Set rw \& --getro Get ro \& --getss Get sector size \& --getbsz Get block size \& --setbsz BYTES Set block size \& --getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors \& --getsize64 Get device size in bytes \& --getra Get readahead in 512-byte sectors \& --setra SECTORS Set readahead \& --flushbufs Flush buffers \& --rereadpt Reread partition table

brctl \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1BRIDGE\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] Manage ethernet bridges Commands: \& addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE \& delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE \& addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE \& delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE

bunzip2 [-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

bzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress to stdout

bzip2 [-cfkdt123456789] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm \& -1..9 Compression level \& -d Decompress \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

cal [-jmy] [[\s-1MONTH\s0] \s-1YEAR\s0] Display a calendar \& -j Use julian dates \& -m Week starts on Monday \& -y Display the entire year

cat [-nbvteA] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print FILEs to stdout \& -n Number output lines \& -b Number nonempty lines \& -v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x \& -t ...and tabs as ^I \& -e ...and end lines with $ \& -A Same as -vte

chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... \s-1GROUP FILE...\s0 Change the group membership of FILEs to \s-1GROUP\s0 \& -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& -L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& -H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& -P Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default) \& -R Recurse \& -c List changed files \& -v Verbose \& -f Hide errors

chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... \s-1FILE...\s0 \&\s-1MODE\s0 is octal number (bit pattern sstrwxrwxrwx) or [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXst] \& -R Recurse \& -c List changed files \& -v Verbose \& -f Hide errors

chown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[\s-1GRP\s0]] \s-1FILE...\s0 Change the owner and/or group of FILEs to \s-1USER\s0 and/or \s-1GRP\s0 \& -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& -L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& -H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& -P Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default) \& -R Recurse \& -c List changed files \& -v Verbose \& -f Hide errors

chpasswd [-me] [-c \s-1ALG\s0] [-R \s-1DIR\s0] Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd \& -e Supplied passwords are in encrypted form \& -m Encrypt using md5, not des \& -c ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) \& -R DIR Directory to chroot into

chroot \s-1NEWROOT\s0 [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] Run \s-1PROG\s0 with root directory set to \s-1NEWROOT\s0

chvt N Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

clear Clear screen

cmp [-ls] [-n \s-1NUM\s0] \s-1FILE1\s0 [\s-1FILE2\s0 [\s-1SKIP1\s0 [\s-1SKIP2\s0]]] Compare \s-1FILE1\s0 with \s-1FILE2\s0 (or stdin) \& -l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal) \& for all differing bytes \& -s Quiet \& -n NUM Compare at most NUM bytes

cp [-arPLHpfinlsTu] \s-1SOURCE DEST\s0 or: cp [-arPLHpfinlsu] \s-1SOURCE...\s0 { -t \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 | \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 } Copy SOURCEs to \s-1DEST\s0 \& -a Same as -dpR \& -R,-r Recurse \& -d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R) \& -L Follow all symlinks \& -H Follow symlinks on command line \& -p Preserve file attributes if possible \& -f Overwrite \& -i Prompt before overwrite \& -n Don\*(Aqt overwrite \& -l,-s Create (sym)links \& -T Refuse to copy if DEST is a directory \& -t DIR Copy all SOURCEs into DIR \& -u Copy only newer files

cpio [-dmvu] [-F \s-1FILE\s0] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio] [\s-1EXTR_FILE\s0]... Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file list from stdin and create an archive (-o) Main operation mode: \& -t List \& -i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all) \& -o Create (requires -H newc) \&Options:
\& -H newc Archive format \& -d Make leading directories \& -m Restore mtime \& -v Verbose \& -u Overwrite \& -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file \& -R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files \& -L Dereference symlinks \& -0 NUL terminated input \& --ignore-devno \& --renumber-inodes

crc32 \s-1FILE...\s0 Calculate \s-1CRC32\s0 checksum of FILEs

crond [-fbS] [-l N] [-L \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [-c \s-1DIR\s0] \& -f Foreground \& -b Background (default) \& -S Log to syslog (default) \& -l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8 \& -L FILE Log to FILE \& -c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs

crontab [-c \s-1DIR\s0] [-u \s-1USER\s0] [-ler]|[\s-1FILE\s0] \& -c Crontab directory \& -u User \& -l List crontab \& -e Edit crontab \& -r Delete crontab \& FILE Replace crontab by FILE (\*(Aq-\*(Aq: stdin)

cttyhack [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] Give \s-1PROG\s0 a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving controlling tty to shell running with \s-1PID 1:\s0 $ exec cttyhack sh Starting interactive shell from boot shell script: \& setsid cttyhack sh

cut [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print selected fields from FILEs to stdout \& -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST \& -c LIST Output only characters from LIST \& -d SEP Field delimiter for input (default -f TAB, -F run of whitespace) \& -O SEP Field delimiter for output (default = -d for -f, one space for -F) \& -D Don\*(Aqt sort/collate sections or match -fF lines without delimiter \& -f LIST Print only these fields (-d is single char) \& -F LIST Print only these fields (-d is regex) \& -s Output only lines containing delimiter \& -n Ignored

date [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [+FMT] [[-s] \s-1TIME\s0] Display time (using +FMT), or set time \& -u Work in UTC (don\*(Aqt convert to local time) \& [-s] TIME Set time to TIME \& -d TIME Display TIME, not \*(Aqnow\*(Aq \& -D FMT FMT (strptime format) for -s/-d TIME conversion \& -r FILE Display last modification time of FILE \& -R Output RFC-2822 date \& -I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 date \& SPEC=date (default), hours, minutes, seconds or ns Recognized \s-1TIME\s0 formats: \& @seconds_since_1970 \& hh:mm[:ss] \& [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss] \& YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss] \& [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss] \& \*(Aqdate TIME\*(Aq form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead

dc [-x] [-eSCRIPT]... [-fFILE]... [\s-1FILE\s0]... Tiny \s-1RPN\s0 calculator. Operations: Arithmetic: + - * / % ^ ~ - divide with remainder | - modular exponentiation v - square root p - print top of the stack without popping f - print entire stack k - pop the value and set precision i - pop the value and set input radix o - pop the value and set output radix Examples: dc -e'2 2 + p' -> 4, dc -e'8 8 * 2 2 + / p' -> 16

dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N obs=N/bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes|count_bytes|fullblock|direct] [oflag=seek_bytes|append|direct] Copy a file with converting and formatting \& if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin \& of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout \& bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time \& ibs=N Read N bytes at a time \& obs=N Write N bytes at a time \& count=N Copy only N input blocks \& skip=N Skip N input blocks \& seek=N Skip N output blocks \& conv=notrunc Don\*(Aqt truncate output file \& conv=noerror Continue after read errors \& conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros \& conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing \& conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes \& iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes \& iflag=count_bytes count=N is in bytes \& oflag=seek_bytes seek=N is in bytes \& iflag=direct O_DIRECT input \& oflag=direct O_DIRECT output \& iflag=fullblock Read full blocks \& oflag=append Open output in append mode \& status=noxfer Suppress rate output \& status=none Suppress all output N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), \s-1MB, M, GB, G\s0

deallocvt [N] Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN

depmod [-n] [-b \s-1BASE\s0] [\s-1VERSION\s0] [\s-1MODFILES\s0]... Generate modules.dep, alias, and symbols files \& -b BASE Use BASE/lib/modules/VERSION \& -n Dry run: print files to stdout

devmem \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1WIDTH\s0 [\s-1VALUE\s0]] Read/write from physical address \& ADDRESS Address to act upon \& WIDTH Width (8/16/...) \& VALUE Data to be written

df [-PkmhTai] [-B \s-1SIZE\s0] [-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [\s-1FILESYSTEM\s0]... Print filesystem usage statistics \& -P POSIX output format \& -k 1024-byte blocks (default) \& -m 1M-byte blocks \& -h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G) \& -T Print filesystem type \& -t TYPE Print only mounts of this type \& -a Show all filesystems \& -i Inodes \& -B SIZE Blocksize

diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L \s-1LABEL\s0] [-S \s-1FILE\s0] [-U \s-1LINES\s0] \s-1FILE1 FILE2\s0 Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only. \& -a Treat all files as text \& -b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace \& -B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank \& -d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes \& -i Ignore case differences \& -L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header \& -N Treat absent files as empty \& -q Output only whether files differ \& -r Recurse \& -S Start with FILE when comparing directories \& -T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary \& -s Report when two files are the same \& -t Expand tabs to spaces in output \& -U Output LINES lines of context \& -w Ignore all whitespace

dirname \s-1FILENAME\s0 Strip non-directory suffix from \s-1FILENAME\s0

dmesg [-cr] [-n \s-1LEVEL\s0] [-s \s-1SIZE\s0] Print or control the kernel ring buffer \& -c Clear ring buffer after printing \& -n LEVEL Set console logging level \& -s SIZE Buffer size \& -r Print raw message buffer

dos2unix [-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0] Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from \s-1DOS\s0 to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. \& -u dos2unix \& -d unix2dos

dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F \s-1OPT\s0] \s-1PACKAGE\s0 Install, remove and manage Debian packages \& -i,--install Install the package \& -l,--list List of installed packages \& --configure Configure an unpackaged package \& -P,--purge Purge all files of a package \& -r,--remove Remove all but the configuration files for a package \& --unpack Unpack a package, but don\*(Aqt configure it \& --force-depends Ignore dependency problems \& --force-confnew Overwrite existing config files when installing \& --force-confold Keep old config files when installing

dpkg-deb [-cefxX] \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1DIR\s0] Perform actions on Debian packages (.deb) \& -c List files \& -f Print control fields \& -e Extract control files to DIR (default: ./DEBIAN) \& -x Extract files to DIR (no default) \& -X Verbose extract

du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Summarize disk space used for FILEs (or directories) \& -a Show file sizes too \& -b Apparent size (including holes) \& -L Follow all symlinks \& -H Follow symlinks on command line \& -d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N \& -c Show grand total \& -l Count sizes many times if hard linked \& -s Display only a total for each argument \& -x Skip directories on different filesystems \& -h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G) \& -m Sizes in megabytes \& -k Sizes in kilobytes (default)

dumpkmap > keymap Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout

dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f \s-1LEASEFILE\s0] Display \s-1DHCP\s0 leases granted by udhcpd \& -f FILE Lease file \& -r Show remaining time \& -a Show expiration time \& -d Show time in seconds

echo [-neE] [\s-1ARG\s0]... Print ARGs to stdout \& -n No trailing newline \& -e Interpret backslash escapes (\et=tab etc) \& -E Don\*(Aqt interpret backslash escapes (default)

ed [-p \s-1PROMPT\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]

env [-i0] [-u \s-1NAME\s0]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] Print current environment or run \s-1PROG\s0 after setting up environment \& -, -i Start with empty environment \& -0 NUL terminated output \& -u NAME Remove variable from environment

expand [-i] [-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout \& -i Don\*(Aqt convert tabs after non blanks \& -t Tabstops every N chars

expr \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 Print the value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 \&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may be: \& ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 \& ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 \& ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly: \& ARG1 <= ARG2 \& ARG1 = ARG2 \& ARG1 != ARG2 \& ARG1 >= ARG2 \& ARG1 > ARG2 \& ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly: \& ARG1 - ARG2 \& ARG1 * ARG2 \& ARG1 / ARG2 \& ARG1 % ARG2 \& STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING \& match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP \& substr STRING POS LEN Substring of STRING, POS counts from 1 \& index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 \& length STRING Length of STRING \& quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if \& it is a keyword like \*(Aqmatch\*(Aq or an \& operator like \*(Aq/\*(Aq \& (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \&\e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.

factor [\s-1NUMBER\s0]... Print prime factors

fallocate [-o \s-1OFS\s0] -l \s-1LEN FILE\s0 Preallocate space for \s-1FILE\s0 \& -o OFS Offset of range \& -l LEN Length of range

fatattr [-+rhsvda] \s-1FILE...\s0 Change file attributes on \s-1FAT\s0 filesystem \& - Clear attributes \& + Set attributes \& r Read only \& h Hidden \& s System \& v Volume label \& d Directory \& a Archive

fdisk [-ul] [-C \s-1CYLINDERS\s0] [-H \s-1HEADS\s0] [-S \s-1SECTORS\s0] [-b \s-1SSZ\s0] \s-1DISK\s0 Change partition table \& -u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders) \& -l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit \& -b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors \& -C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors \& -H HEADS Typically 255 \& -S SECTORS Typically 63

find [-HL] [\s-1PATH\s0]... [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1ACTIONS\s0] Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: \s-1PATH\s0 is current directory, action is '-print' \& -L,-follow Follow symlinks \& -H ...on command line only \& -xdev Don\*(Aqt descend directories on other filesystems \& -maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies \& actions to command line arguments only \& -mindepth N Don\*(Aqt act on first N levels \& -depth Act on directory *after* traversing it Actions: \& ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a \& ! ACT Invert ACT\*(Aqs success/failure \& ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2 \& ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2 \& Note: -a has higher priority than -o \& -name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN \& -iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name \& -path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN \& -ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path \& -regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN \& -type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,s,p) \& -executable File is executable \& -perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK), \& or exactly MASK bits are set in file\*(Aqs mode \& -mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), \& or exactly N days in the past \& -atime DAYS atime +N/-N/N days in the past \& -ctime DAYS ctime +N/-N/N days in the past \& -mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), \& or exactly N minutes in the past \& -amin MINS atime +N/-N/N minutes in the past \& -cmin MINS ctime +N/-N/N minutes in the past \& -newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE\*(Aqs \& -inum N File has inode number N \& -samefile FILE File is same as FILE \& -user NAME/ID File is owned by given user \& -group NAME/ID File is owned by given group \& -size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)) \& +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N \& -links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N), \& or exactly N \& -empty Match empty file/directory \& -prune If current file is directory, don\*(Aqt descend into it \&If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed \& -print Print file name \& -print0 Print file name, NUL terminated \& -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by \& file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero \& -exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names \& -quit Exit

fold [-bs] [-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Wrap input lines in FILEs (or stdin), writing to stdout \& -b Count bytes rather than columns \& -s Break at spaces \& -w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80

free [-bkmgh] Display free and used memory

freeramdisk \s-1DEVICE\s0 Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk

fsfreeze --[un]freeze \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0 Flush and halt writes to \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0

fstrim [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0 \& -o OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from \& -l LEN Bytes to discard \& -m MIN Minimum extent length \& -v Print number of discarded bytes

ftpget [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0] \s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0 Download a file via \s-1FTP\s0 \& -c Continue previous transfer \& -v Verbose \& -u USER Username \& -p PASS Password \& -P PORT

ftpput [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0] \s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0 Upload a file to a \s-1FTP\s0 server \& -v Verbose \& -u USER Username \& -p PASS Password \& -P PORT

getopt [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [--] \s-1OPTSTRING PARAMS\s0 \& -a Allow long options starting with single - \& -l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize \& -n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported \& -o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize \& -q No error messages on unrecognized options \& -Q No normal output \& -s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions \& -T Version test (exits with 4) \& -u Don\*(Aqt quote output Example: O=`getopt -l bb: \*(-- ab:c:: \*(L"$@\*(R"` || exit 1 eval set \*(-- \*(L"$O\*(R" while true; do case \*(L"$1\*(R" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo \*(L"B:'$2'\*(R"; shift 2;; -c) case \*(L"$2\*(R" in "\*(L") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo \*(R"C:'$2'"; shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done

getty [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... \s-1TTY\s0 [\s-1TERMTYPE\s0] Open \s-1TTY,\s0 prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login \& -h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control \& -L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state) \& -m Get baud rate from modem\*(Aqs CONNECT status message \& -n Don\*(Aqt prompt for login name \& -w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue \& -i Don\*(Aqt display /etc/issue \& -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue \& -l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login \& -t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read \& -I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else \& -H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname \&\s-1BAUD_RATE\s0 of 0 leaves it unchanged

grep [-HhnlLoqvsrRiwFEz] [-m N] [-A|B|C N] { \s-1PATTERN\s0 | -e \s-1PATTERN...\s0 | -f \s-1FILE...\s0 } [\s-1FILE\s0]... Search for \s-1PATTERN\s0 in FILEs (or stdin) \& -H Add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix \& -h Do not add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix \& -n Add \*(Aqline_no:\*(Aq prefix \& -l Show only names of files that match \& -L Show only names of files that don\*(Aqt match \& -c Show only count of matching lines \& -o Show only the matching part of line \& -q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise \& -v Select non-matching lines \& -s Suppress open and read errors \& -r Recurse \& -R Recurse and dereference symlinks \& -i Ignore case \& -w Match whole words only \& -x Match whole lines only \& -F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp) \& -E PATTERN is an extended regexp \& -z NUL terminated input \& -m N Match up to N times per file \& -A N Print N lines of trailing context \& -B N Print N lines of leading context \& -C N Same as \*(Aq-A N -B N\*(Aq \& -e PTRN Pattern to match \& -f FILE Read pattern from file

groups [\s-1USER\s0] Print the groups \s-1USER\s0 is in

gunzip [-cfkt] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

gzip [-cfkdt] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Compress FILEs (or stdin) \& -d Decompress \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

halt [-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [-nfw] Halt the system \& -d SEC Delay interval \& -n Do not sync \& -f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init) \& -w Only write a wtmp record

head [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print first 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin). With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header. \& -n N[bkm] Print first N lines \& -n -N[bkm] Print all except N last lines \& -c [-]N[bkm] Print first N bytes \& (b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2) \& -q Never print headers \& -v Always print headers

hexdump [-bcdoxCv] [-e \s-1FMT\s0] [-f \s-1FMT_FILE\s0] [-n \s-1LEN\s0] [-s \s-1OFS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format \& -b 1-byte octal display \& -c 1-byte character display \& -d 2-byte decimal display \& -o 2-byte octal display \& -x 2-byte hex display \& -C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line \& -v Show all (no dup folding) \& -e FORMAT_STR Example: \*(Aq16/1 "%02x|""\en"\*(Aq \& -f FORMAT_FILE \& -n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes \& -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes

hostid Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine

hostname [-sidf] [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0 | -F \s-1FILE\s0] Show or set hostname or \s-1DNS\s0 domain name \& -s Short \& -i Addresses for the hostname \& -d DNS domain name \& -f Fully qualified domain name \& -F FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs content as hostname

httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c \s-1CONFFILE\s0] [-p [\s-1IP:\s0]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r \s-1REALM\s0] [-h \s-1HOME\s0] or httpd -d/-e/-m \s-1STRING\s0 Listen for incoming \s-1HTTP\s0 requests \& -i Inetd mode \& -f Run in foreground \& -v[v] Verbose \& -p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80) \& -u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port \& -r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication \& -h HOME Home directory (default .) \& -c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf) \& -m STRING MD5 crypt STRING \& -e STRING HTML encode STRING \& -d STRING URL decode STRING

hwclock [-swul] [--systz] [-f \s-1DEV\s0] Show or set hardware clock (\s-1RTC\s0) \& -s Set system time from RTC \& -w Set RTC from system time \& --systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time \& if RTC is kept in local time \& -f DEV Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2) \& -u Assume RTC is kept in UTC \& -l Assume RTC is kept in local time \& (if neither is given, read from /etc/adjtime)

i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [\s-1FIRST LAST\s0] Detect I2C chips \& -l List installed buses \& -F BUS# List functionalities on this bus \& -y Disable interactive mode \& -a Force scanning of non-regular addresses \& -q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default) \& -r Use smbus read byte commands for probing \& FIRST and LAST limit probing range

i2cdump [-fy] [-r \s-1FIRST-LAST\s0] \s-1BUS ADDR\s0 [\s-1MODE\s0] Examine I2C registers \& I2CBUS I2C bus number \& ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 \&MODE is:
\& b Byte (default) \& w Word \& W Word on even register addresses \& i I2C block \& s SMBus block \& c Consecutive byte \& Append p for SMBus PEC
\& -f Force access \& -y Disable interactive mode \& -r Limit the number of registers being accessed

i2cget [-fy] \s-1BUS\s0 CHIP-ADDRESS [\s-1DATA-ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1MODE\s0]] Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers \& I2CBUS I2C bus number \& ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 \&MODE is:
\& b Read byte data (default) \& w Read word data \& c Write byte/read byte \& Append p for SMBus PEC
\& -f Force access \& -y Disable interactive mode

i2cset [-fy] [-m \s-1MASK\s0] \s-1BUS\s0 CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [\s-1VALUE\s0] ... [\s-1MODE\s0] Set I2C registers \& I2CBUS I2C bus number \& ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 \&MODE is:
\& c Byte, no value \& b Byte data (default) \& w Word data \& i I2C block data \& s SMBus block data \& Append p for SMBus PEC
\& -f Force access \& -y Disable interactive mode \& -r Read back and compare the result \& -m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write

i2ctransfer [-fay] I2CBUS { rLENGTH[@ADDR] | wLENGTH[@ADDR] \s-1DATA...\s0}... Read/write I2C data in one transfer \& -f Force access to busy addresses \& -a Force access to non-regular addresses \& -y Disable interactive mode

id [-ugGnr] [\s-1USER\s0] Print information about \s-1USER\s0 or the current user \& -u User ID \& -g Group ID \& -G Supplementary group IDs \& -n Print names instead of numbers \& -r Print real ID instead of effective ID

ifconfig [-a] [\s-1IFACE\s0] [\s-1ADDRESS\s0] Configure a network interface \& [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]] \& [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS] \& [outfill NN] [keepalive NN] \& [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN] \& [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti] \& [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic] \& [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN] \& [up|down] ...

ifdown [-nmvf] [-i \s-1FILE\s0] -a | \s-1IFACE...\s0 \& -a Deconfigure all interfaces \& -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces \& -n Dry run \& (note: doesn\*(Aqt disable mappings) \& -m Don\*(Aqt run any mappings \& -v Print out what would happen before doing it \& -f Force

ifup [-nmvf] [-i \s-1FILE\s0] -a | \s-1IFACE...\s0 \& -a Configure all interfaces \& -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces \& -n Dry run \& (note: doesn\*(Aqt disable mappings) \& -m Don\*(Aqt run any mappings \& -v Print out what would happen before doing it \& -f Force

init Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab. Signals: \&\s-1HUP:\s0 reload /etc/inittab \&\s-1TSTP:\s0 stop respawning until \s-1CONT QUIT:\s0 re-exec another init \&\s-1USR1/TERM/USR2/INT:\s0 run halt/reboot/poweroff/Ctrl-Alt-Del script

insmod \s-1FILE\s0 [SYMBOL=VALUE]... Load kernel module

ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-t] { -p \s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 } Change I/O priority and class \& -c N Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle \& -n N Priority \& -t Ignore errors

ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [\s-1ARGS\s0] \&\s-1OPTIONS\s0 := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline] ip addr add|del \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1IFACE\s0 | show|flush [dev \s-1IFACE\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] ip route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test \s-1ROUTE\s0 ip link set \s-1IFACE\s0 [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc on|off] [mtu \s-1NUM\s0] [name \s-1NAME\s0] [qlen \s-1NUM\s0] [address \s-1MAC\s0] [master \s-1IFACE\s0 | nomaster] [netns \s-1PID\s0] ip tunnel add|change|del|show [\s-1NAME\s0] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote \s-1ADDR\s0] [local \s-1ADDR\s0] [ttl \s-1TTL\s0] ip neigh show|flush [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [dev \s-1DEV\s0] [nud \s-1STATE\s0] ip rule [list] | add|del \s-1SELECTOR ACTION\s0

ipcalc [-bnmphs] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [\s-1NETMASK\s0] Calculate and display network settings from \s-1IP\s0 address \& -b Broadcast address \& -n Network address \& -m Default netmask for IP \& -p Prefix for IP/NETMASK \& -h Resolved host name \& -s No error messages

ipneigh show|flush [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [dev \s-1DEV\s0] [nud \s-1STATE\s0]

kill [-l] [-SIG] \s-1PID...\s0 Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given PIDs \& -l List all signal names and numbers

killall [-lq] [-SIG] \s-1PROCESS_NAME...\s0 Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given processes \& -l List all signal names and numbers \& -q Don\*(Aqt complain if no processes were killed

klogd [-c N] [-n] Log kernel messages to syslog \& -c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) \& -n Run in foreground

last Show listing of the last users that logged into the system

less [-EFIMmNSRh~] [\s-1FILE\s0]... View \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) one screenful at a time \& -E Quit once the end of a file is reached \& -F Quit if entire file fits on first screen \& -I Ignore case in all searches \& -M,-m Display status line with line numbers \& and percentage through the file \& -N Prefix line number to each line \& -S Truncate long lines \& -R Remove color escape codes in input \& -~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF

link \s-1FILE LINK\s0 Create hard \s-1LINK\s0 to \s-1FILE\s0

ln [-sfnbtv] [-S \s-1SUF\s0] \s-1TARGET...\s0 LINK|DIR Create a link \s-1LINK\s0 or \s-1DIR/TARGET\s0 to the specified \s-1TARGET\s0(s) \& -s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks \& -f Remove existing destinations \& -n Don\*(Aqt dereference symlinks - treat like normal file \& -b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation \& -S SUF Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files \& -T Treat LINK as a file, not DIR \& -v Verbose

loadfont < font Load a console font from stdin

loadkmap < keymap Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin

logger [-s] [-t \s-1TAG\s0] [-p \s-1PRIO\s0] [\s-1MESSAGE\s0] Write \s-1MESSAGE\s0 (or stdin) to syslog \& -s Log to stderr as well as the system log \& -t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name) \& -p PRIO Priority (number or FACILITY.LEVEL pair)

login [-p] [-h \s-1HOST\s0] [[-f] \s-1USER\s0] Begin a new session on the system \& -f Don\*(Aqt authenticate (user already authenticated) \& -h HOST Host user came from (for network logins) \& -p Preserve environment \&\f(CW$LOGIN_TIMEOUT Seconds (default 60, 0 - disable)

logname Print the name of the current user

logread [-fF] Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer \& -f Output data as log grows \& -F Same as -f, but dump buffer first

losetup [-rP] [-o \s-1OFS\s0] {-f|LOOPDEV} \s-1FILE:\s0 associate loop devices losetup -c \s-1LOOPDEV:\s0 reread file size losetup -d \s-1LOOPDEV:\s0 disassociate losetup -a: show status losetup -f: show next free loop device \& -o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE \& -P Scan for partitions \& -r Read-only \& -f Show/use next free loop device

ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... List directory contents \& -1 One column output \& -a Include names starting with . \& -A Like -a, but exclude . and .. \& -x List by lines \& -d List directory names, not contents \& -L Follow symlinks \& -H Follow symlinks on command line \& -R Recurse \& -p Append / to directory names \& -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to names \& -l Long format \& -i List inode numbers \& -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names \& -s List allocated blocks \& -lc List ctime \& -lu List atime \& --full-time List full date/time \& -h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G) \& --group-directories-first \& -S Sort by size \& -X Sort by extension \& -v Sort by version \& -t Sort by mtime \& -tc Sort by ctime \& -tu Sort by atime \& -r Reverse sort order \& -w N Format N columns wide \& --color[={always,never,auto}]

lsmod List loaded kernel modules

lzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress to stdout

lzma -d [-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -d Decompress \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

lzop [-cfUvd123456789CF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... \& -1..9 Compression level \& -d Decompress \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -U Delete input files \& -v Verbose \& -F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum \& -C Also write checksum of compressed block

md5sum [-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print or check \s-1MD5\s0 checksums \& -c Check sums against list in FILEs \& -s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

mdev [-vS] { [-s] | [-df] } \& -v Verbose \& -S Log to syslog too \& -s Scan /sys and populate /dev \& -d Daemon, listen on netlink \& -f Run in foreground Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME \s-1UID:GID PERM\s0 [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where \s-1DEVNAME\s0 is device name regex, \f(CW@major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices: \& $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS" If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match \f(CW$SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot. If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.

microcom [-d \s-1DELAY_MS\s0] [-t \s-1TIMEOUT_MS\s0 ] [-s \s-1SPEED\s0] [-X] \s-1TTY\s0 Copy bytes from stdin to \s-1TTY\s0 and from \s-1TTY\s0 to stdout \& -d DELAY Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending \& every next byte to it \& -t TIMEOUT Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms \& -s SPEED Set serial line to SPEED \& -X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin

mim [-f \s-1FILE\s0] [\s-1SHELL_OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1TARGET\s0] ... Run a script from a Makefile-like specification file \& -f FILE Spec file (default Mimfile)

mkdir [-m \s-1MODE\s0] [-p] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0 Create \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 \& -m MODE Mode \& -p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed

mkdosfs [-v] [-n \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0] Make a \s-1FAT32\s0 filesystem \& -v Verbose \& -n LBL Volume label

mke2fs [-Fn] [-b \s-1BLK_SIZE\s0] [-i \s-1INODE_RATIO\s0] [-I \s-1INODE_SIZE\s0] [-m \s-1RESERVED_PERCENT\s0] [-L \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0] \& -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes \& -F Force \& -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO \& -I BYTES Inode size (min 128) \& -L LBL Volume label \& -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin \& -n Dry run

mkfifo [-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME\s0 Create named pipe \& -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)

mknod [-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME TYPE\s0 [\s-1MAJOR MINOR\s0] Create a special file (block, character, or pipe) \& -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw) \&TYPE: \& b Block device \& c or u Character device \& p Named pipe (MAJOR MINOR must be omitted)

mkpasswd [-P \s-1FD\s0] [-m \s-1TYPE\s0] [-S \s-1SALT\s0] [\s-1PASSWORD\s0] [\s-1SALT\s0] Print crypt\|(3) hashed \s-1PASSWORD\s0 \& -P N Read password from fd N \& -m TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) \& -S SALT

mkswap [-L \s-1LBL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0] Prepare \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 to be used as swap partition \& -L LBL Label

mktemp [-dt] [-p \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1TEMPLATE\s0] Create a temporary file with name based on \s-1TEMPLATE\s0 and print its name. \&\s-1TEMPLATE\s0 must end with \s-1XXXXXX\s0 (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). Without \s-1TEMPLATE,\s0 -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed. \& -d Make directory, not file \& -q Fail silently on errors \& -t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE \& -p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t) \& -u Do not create anything; print a name Base directory is: -p \s-1DIR,\s0 else \f(CW$TMPDIR, else /tmp

modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] \s-1MODULE\s0 \& -a Shortcut for \*(Aq-F author\*(Aq \& -d Shortcut for \*(Aq-F description\*(Aq \& -l Shortcut for \*(Aq-F license\*(Aq \& -p Shortcut for \*(Aq-F parm\*(Aq \& -F keyword Keyword to look for \& -0 NUL terminated output

modprobe [-alrqvsDb] \s-1MODULE\s0 [SYMBOL=VALUE]... \& -a Load multiple MODULEs \& -l List (MODULE is a pattern) \& -r Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean \& -q Quiet \& -v Verbose \& -s Log to syslog \& -D Show dependencies \& -b Apply blacklist to module names too

more [\s-1FILE\s0]... View \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) one screenful at a time

mount [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [-o \s-1OPT\s0] \s-1DEVICE NODE\s0 Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc. \& -a Mount all filesystems in fstab \& -f Dry run \& -i Don\*(Aqt run mount helper \& -r Read-only mount \& -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s) \& -T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab \& -O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only) \&-o OPT: \& loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected) \& [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous \& [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times \& [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories \& [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time \& [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files \& [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files \& [no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs \& [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree \& [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree \& [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree \& [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted \& [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location \& move Relocate an existing mount point \& remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags \& ro Same as -r There are filesystem-specific -o flags.

mt [-f \s-1DEVICE\s0] \s-1OPCODE VALUE\s0 Control magnetic tape drive operation Opcodes: bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset

mv [-finT] \s-1SOURCE DEST\s0 or: mv [-fin] \s-1SOURCE...\s0 { -t \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 | \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 } Rename \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST,\s0 or move SOURCEs to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 \& -f Don\*(Aqt prompt before overwriting \& -i Interactive, prompt before overwrite \& -n Don\*(Aqt overwrite an existing file \& -T Refuse to move if DEST is a directory \& -t DIR Move all SOURCEs into DIR

nameif [-s] [-c \s-1FILE\s0] [\s-1IFNAME HWADDR\s0]... Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with address \s-1HWADDR\s0 is renamed to \s-1IFNAME.\s0 \& -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab) \& -s Log to syslog

nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p \s-1PORT\s0] [-f FILE|IPADDR \s-1PORT\s0] [-e \s-1PROG\s0] Open a pipe to \s-1IP:PORT\s0 or \s-1FILE\s0 \& -l Listen mode, for inbound connects \& (use -ll with -e for persistent server) \& -p PORT Local port \& -w SEC Connect timeout \& -i SEC Delay interval for lines sent \& -f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network \& -e PROG Run PROG after connect

netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-en] Display networking information \& -r Routing table \& -a All sockets \& -l Listening sockets \& Else: connected sockets \& -t TCP sockets \& -u UDP sockets \& -w Raw sockets \& -x Unix sockets \& Else: all socket types \& -e Other/more information \& -n Don\*(Aqt resolve names

nl [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added \& -b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none \& -i N Line number increment \& -s STRING Use STRING as line number separator \& -v N Start from N \& -w N Width of line numbers

nologin Politely refuse a login

nproc [--all] [--ignore=N] Print number of available CPUs \& --all Number of installed CPUs \& --ignore=N Exclude N CPUs

nsenter [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] \& -t PID Target process to get namespaces from \& -m[FILE] Enter mount namespace \& -u[FILE] Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc) \& -i[FILE] Enter System V IPC namespace \& -n[FILE] Enter network namespace \& -p[FILE] Enter pid namespace \& -U[FILE] Enter user namespace \& -S UID Set uid in entered namespace \& -G GID Set gid in entered namespace \& --preserve-credentials Don\*(Aqt touch uids or gids \& -r[DIR] Set root directory \& -w[DIR] Set working directory \& -F Don\*(Aqt fork before exec\*(Aqing PROG

nslookup [-type=QUERY_TYPE] [-debug] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1DNS_SERVER\s0] Query \s-1DNS\s0 about \s-1HOST\s0 \&\s-1QUERY_TYPE:\s0 soa,ns,a,aaaa,cname,mx,txt,ptr,srv,any

nuke \s-1DIR...\s0 Remove DIRs

od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [-A \s-1RADIX\s0] [-N \s-1SIZE\s0] [-j \s-1SKIP\s0] [-S \s-1MINSTR\s0] [-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default

openvt [-c N] [-sw] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] Start \s-1PROG\s0 on a new virtual terminal \& -c N Use specified VT \& -s Switch to the VT \& -w Wait for PROG to exit

partprobe \s-1DEVICE...\s0 Ask kernel to rescan partition table

passwd [-a \s-1ALG\s0] [-dlu] [\s-1USER\s0] Change \s-1USER\s0's password (default: current user) \& -a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) \& -d Set password to \*(Aq\*(Aq \& -l Lock (disable) account \& -u Unlock (enable) account

paste [-d \s-1LIST\s0] [-s] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab \& -d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab \& -s Serial: one file at a time

patch [-RNE] [-p N] [-i \s-1DIFF\s0] [\s-1ORIGFILE\s0 [\s-1PATCHFILE\s0]] \& -p N Strip N leading components from file names \& -i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin \& -R Reverse patch \& -N Ignore already applied patches \& -E Remove output files if they become empty \& --dry-run Don\*(Aqt actually change files

pidof [\s-1NAME\s0]... List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs

ping [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 Send \s-1ICMP\s0 ECHO_REQUESTs to \s-1HOST\s0 \& -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution \& -c CNT Send only CNT pings \& -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56) \& -i SECS Interval \& -A Ping as soon as reply is received \& -t TTL Set TTL \& -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address \& -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10) \& (after all -c CNT packets are sent) \& -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) \& (can exit earlier with -c CNT) \& -q Quiet, only display output at start/finish \& -p HEXBYTE Payload pattern

ping6 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 Send \s-1ICMP\s0 ECHO_REQUESTs to \s-1HOST\s0 \& -c CNT Send only CNT pings \& -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56) \& -i SECS Interval \& -A Ping as soon as reply is received \& -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address \& -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10) \& (after all -c CNT packets are sent) \& -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) \& (can exit earlier with -c CNT) \& -q Quiet, only display output at start/finish \& -p HEXBYTE Payload pattern

pivot_root \s-1NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD\s0 Move the current root file system to \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 and make \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 the new root file system

poweroff [-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [-nf] Halt and shut off power \& -d SEC Delay interval \& -n Do not sync \& -f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init)

printf \s-1FORMAT\s0 [\s-1ARG\s0]... Format and print \s-1ARG\s0(s) according to \s-1FORMAT\s0 (a-la C printf)

ps [-o \s-1COL1\s0,COL2=HEADER] [-T] Show list of processes \& -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display \& -T Show threads

pwd Print the full filename of the current working directory

rdate [-s/-p] \s-1HOST\s0 Set and print time from \s-1HOST\s0 using \s-1RFC 868\s0 \& -s Only set system time \& -p Only print time

readlink [-fnv] \s-1FILE\s0 Display the value of a symlink \& -f Canonicalize by following all symlinks \& -n Don\*(Aqt add newline \& -v Verbose

realpath \s-1FILE...\s0 Print absolute pathnames of FILEs

reboot [-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [-nf] Reboot the system \& -d SEC Delay interval \& -n Do not sync \& -f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init)

renice [-n] \s-1PRIORITY\s0 [[-p|g|u] \s-1ID...\s0]... Change scheduling priority of a running process \& -n Add PRIORITY to current nice value \& Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY \& -p Process ids (default) \& -g Process group ids \& -u Process user names

reset Reset the screen

resume \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1OFFSET\s0] Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0

rev [\s-1FILE\s0]... Reverse lines of \s-1FILE\s0

rm [-irf] \s-1FILE...\s0 Remove (unlink) FILEs \& -i Always prompt before removing \& -f Never prompt \& -R,-r Recurse

rmdir [-p] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0 Remove \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 if it is empty \& -p Include parents \& --ignore-fail-on-non-empty

rmmod [-wfa] [\s-1MODULE\s0]... Unload kernel modules \& -w Wait until the module is no longer used \& -f Force unload \& -a Remove all unused modules (recursively)

route [-ne] [-A inet[6]] [{add|del} [-net|-host] \s-1TARGET\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] [gw \s-1GATEWAY\s0] [metric N] [mss \s-1BYTES\s0] [window \s-1BYTES\s0] [reject] [\s-1IFACE\s0]] Show or edit kernel routing tables \& -n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& -e Display other/more information \& -A inet[6] Select address family

rpm -i \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm Manipulate \s-1RPM\s0 packages Commands: \& -i Install package \& -qp Query package \& -qpi Show information \& -qpl List contents \& -qpd List documents \& -qpc List config files

rpm2cpio \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm Output a cpio archive of the rpm file

run-init [-d \s-1CAP,CAP...\s0] [-n] [-c \s-1CONSOLE_DEV\s0] \s-1NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT,\s0 delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /, execute \s-1NEW_INIT. PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint. \& -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch \& -d CAPS Drop capabilities \& -n Dry run

run-parts [-a \s-1ARG\s0]... [-u \s-1UMASK\s0] [--reverse] [--test] [--exit-on-error] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 Run a bunch of scripts in \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 \& -a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts \& -u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts \& --reverse Reverse execution order \& --test Dry run \& --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero

sed [-i[\s-1SFX\s0]] [-nrE] [-f \s-1FILE\s0]... [-e \s-1CMD\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: sed [-i[\s-1SFX\s0]] [-nrE] \s-1CMD\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... \& -e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed \& -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed \& -i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise write to stdout) \& Optionally back files up, appending SFX \& -n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space \& -r,-E Use extended regex syntax If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).

seq [-w] [-s \s-1SEP\s0] [\s-1FIRST\s0 [\s-1INC\s0]] \s-1LAST\s0 Print numbers from \s-1FIRST\s0 to \s-1LAST,\s0 in steps of \s-1INC. FIRST, INC\s0 default to 1. \& -w Pad to last with leading zeros \& -s SEP String separator

setkeycodes { \s-1SCANCODE KEYCODE\s0 }... Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. \&\s-1SCANCODE\s0 is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), \s-1KEYCODE\s0 is decimal.

setpriv [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 Run \s-1PROG\s0 with different privilege settings \&-d,--dump Show current capabilities \&--nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities \&--inh-caps \s-1CAP,CAP\s0 Set inheritable capabilities \&--ambient-caps \s-1CAP,CAP\s0 Set ambient capabilities

setsid [-c] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 Run \s-1PROG\s0 in a new session. \s-1PROG\s0 will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc). \& -c Set controlling terminal to stdin

sh [-il] [-|+Cabefmnuvx] [-|+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0 ARGS\s0] | \s-1FILE ARGS\s0 | -s \s-1ARGS\s0] Unix shell interpreter

sha1sum [-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print or check \s-1SHA1\s0 checksums \& -c Check sums against list in FILEs \& -s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

sha256sum [-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print or check \s-1SHA256\s0 checksums \& -c Check sums against list in FILEs \& -s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

sha512sum [-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print or check \s-1SHA512\s0 checksums \& -c Check sums against list in FILEs \& -s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

shred [-fuz] [-n N] [-s \s-1SIZE\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0 Overwrite/delete FILEs \& -f Chmod to ensure writability \& -s SIZE Size to write \& -n N Overwrite N times (default 3) \& -z Final overwrite with zeros \& -u Remove file

shuf [-n \s-1NUM\s0] [-o \s-1FILE\s0] [-z] [\s-1FILE\s0 | -e [\s-1ARG...\s0] | -i L-H] Randomly permute lines \& -n NUM Output at most NUM lines \& -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output \& -z NUL terminated output \& -e Treat ARGs as lines \& -i L-H Treat numbers L-H as lines

sleep [N]... Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays

sort [-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [-o \s-1FILE\s0] [-k START[.OFS][\s-1OPTS\s0][,END[.OFS][\s-1OPTS\s0]] [-t \s-1CHAR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Sort lines of text \& -o FILE Output to FILE \& -c Check whether input is sorted \& -b Ignore leading blanks \& -f Ignore case \& -i Ignore unprintable characters \& -d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only) \& -n Sort numbers \& -g General numerical sort \& -M Sort month \& -V Sort version \& -t CHAR Field separator \& -k N[,M] Sort by Nth field \& -r Reverse sort order \& -s Stable (don\*(Aqt sort ties alphabetically) \& -u Suppress duplicate lines \& -z NUL terminated input and output

ssl_client [-e] -s \s-1FD\s0 [-r \s-1FD\s0] [-n \s-1SNI\s0]

start-stop-daemon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [-S|-K] ... [-- \s-1ARGS...\s0] Search for matching processes, and then \&-K: stop all matching processes \&-S: start a process unless a matching process is found Process matching: \& -u USERNAME|UID Match only this user\*(Aqs processes \& -n NAME Match processes with NAME \& in comm field in /proc/PID/stat \& -x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command \& in /proc/PID/cmdline \& -p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE \& All specified conditions must match \&-S only: \& -x EXECUTABLE Program to run \& -a NAME Zeroth argument \& -b Background \& -N N Change nice level \& -c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group \& -m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p \&-K only: \& -s SIG Signal to send \& -t Match only, exit with 0 if found \&Other:
\& -o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done \& -v Verbose \& -q Quiet

stat [-ltf] [-c \s-1FMT\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0 Display file (default) or filesystem status \& -c FMT Use the specified format \& -f Display filesystem status \& -L Follow links \& -t Terse display \&\s-1FMT\s0 sequences for files: \& %a Access rights in octal \& %A Access rights in human readable form \& %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) \& %B Size in bytes of each block reported by %b \& %d Device number in decimal \& %D Device number in hex \& %f Raw mode in hex \& %F File type \& %g Group ID \& %G Group name \& %h Number of hard links \& %i Inode number \& %n File name \& %N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink \& %o I/O block size \& %s Total size in bytes \& %t Major device type in hex \& %T Minor device type in hex \& %u User ID \& %U User name \& %x Time of last access \& %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch \& %y Time of last modification \& %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch \& %z Time of last change \& %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch \&\s-1FMT\s0 sequences for file systems: \& %a Free blocks available to non-superuser \& %b Total data blocks \& %c Total file nodes \& %d Free file nodes \& %f Free blocks \& %i File System ID in hex \& %l Maximum length of filenames \& %n File name \& %s Block size (for faster transfer) \& %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) \& %t Type in hex \& %T Type in human readable form

strings [-fo] [-t o|d|x] [-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Display printable strings in a binary file \& -f Precede strings with filenames \& -o Precede strings with octal offsets \& -t o|d|x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16 \& -n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)

stty [-a|g] [-F \s-1DEVICE\s0] [\s-1SETTING\s0]... Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane \& -F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin \& -a Print all current settings in human-readable form \& -g Print in stty-readable form \& [SETTING] See manpage

su [-lmp] [-s \s-1SH\s0] [-] [\s-1USER\s0 [\s-1FILE ARGS\s0 | -c '\s-1CMD\s0' [\s-1ARG0 ARGS\s0]]] Run shell under \s-1USER\s0 (by default, root) \& -,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell \& -p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME \& -c CMD Command to pass to \*(Aqsh -c\*(Aq \& -s SH Shell to use instead of user\*(Aqs default

sulogin [-t N] [\s-1TTY\s0] Single user login \& -t N Timeout

svc [-udopchaitkx] \s-1SERVICE_DIR...\s0 Control services monitored by runsv supervisor \& -u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops \& -d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it \& -o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it \& -pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service \& -x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down

svok \s-1SERVICE_DIR\s0 Check whether runsv supervisor is running. Exit code is 0 if it does, 100 if it does not, 111 (with error message) if \s-1SERVICE_DIR\s0 does not exist.

swapoff [-a] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] Stop swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 \& -a Stop swapping on all swap devices

swapon [-a] [-e] [-d[\s-1POL\s0]] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] Start swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 \& -a Start swapping on all swap devices \& -d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once), \& as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted) \& -e Silently skip devices that do not exist

switch_root [-c \s-1CONSOLE_DEV\s0] \s-1NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT,\s0 delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /, execute \s-1NEW_INIT. PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint. \& -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch

sync [-df] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk -d Avoid syncing metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs

sysctl [-enq] { -a | -p [\s-1FILE\s0]... | [-w] [KEY[=VALUE]]... } Show/set kernel parameters \& -e Don\*(Aqt warn about unknown keys \& -n Don\*(Aqt show key names \& -q Quiet \& -a Show all values \& -p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf) \& -w Set values

syslogd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] System logging utility (this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf) \& -n Run in foreground \& -R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514) \& -L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R) \& -C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it) \& -O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -) \& -l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) \& -S Smaller output \& -t Strip client-generated timestamps

tac [\s-1FILE\s0]... Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse

tail [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Print last 10 lines of FILEs (or stdin) to. With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header. \& -c [+]N[bkm] Print last N bytes \& -n N[bkm] Print last N lines \& -n +N[bkm] Start on Nth line and print the rest \& (b:*512 k:*1024 m:*1024^2) \& -q Never print headers \& -v Always print headers \& -f Print data as file grows \& -F Same as -f, but keep retrying \& -s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f

tar c|x|t [-ZzJjahmvokO] [-f \s-1TARFILE\s0] [-C \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Create, extract, or list files from a tar file \& c Create \& x Extract \& t List \& -f FILE Name of TARFILE (\*(Aq-\*(Aq for stdin/out) \& -C DIR Change to DIR before operation \& -v Verbose \& -O Extract to stdout \& -m Don\*(Aqt restore mtime \& -o Don\*(Aqt restore user:group \& -k Don\*(Aqt replace existing files \& -Z (De)compress using compress \& -z (De)compress using gzip \& -J (De)compress using xz \& -j (De)compress using bzip2 \& --lzma (De)compress using lzma \& -a (De)compress based on extension \& -h Follow symlinks \& --overwrite Replace existing files \& --strip-components NUM NUM of leading components to strip \& --no-recursion Don\*(Aqt descend in directories \& --numeric-owner Use numeric user:group \& --no-same-permissions Don\*(Aqt restore access permissions \& --to-command COMMAND Pipe files to COMMAND

taskset [-ap] [\s-1HEXMASK\s0 | -c \s-1LIST\s0] { \s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 } Set or get \s-1CPU\s0 affinity \& -p Operate on PID \& -a Operate on all threads \& -c Affinity is a list, not mask

tc \s-1OBJECT CMD\s0 [dev \s-1STRING\s0] \&\s-1OBJECT:\s0 qdisc|class|filter \&\s-1CMD:\s0 add|del|change|replace|show qdisc [handle \s-1QHANDLE\s0] [root|ingress|parent \s-1CLASSID\s0] [[\s-1QDISC_KIND\s0] [help|OPTIONS]] \s-1QDISC_KIND\s0 := [p|b]fifo|tbf|prio|cbq|red|etc. qdisc show [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [ingress] class [classid \s-1CLASSID\s0] [root|parent \s-1CLASSID\s0] [[\s-1QDISC_KIND\s0] [help|OPTIONS] ] class show [ dev \s-1STRING\s0 ] [root|parent \s-1CLASSID\s0] filter [pref \s-1PRIO\s0] [protocol \s-1PROTO\s0] [root|classid \s-1CLASSID\s0] [handle \s-1FILTERID\s0] [[\s-1FILTER_TYPE\s0] [help|OPTIONS]] filter show [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [root|parent \s-1CLASSID\s0]

tee [-ai] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Copy stdin to each \s-1FILE,\s0 and also to stdout \& -a Append to the given FILEs, don\*(Aqt overwrite \& -i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

telnet [-a] [-l \s-1USER\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] Connect to telnet server \& -a Automatic login with $USER variable \& -l USER Automatic login as USER

telnetd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] Handle incoming telnet connections \& -l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect \& -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue \& -K Close connection as soon as login exits \& (normally wait until all programs close slave pty) \& -p PORT Port to listen on. Default 23 \& -b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to \& -F Run in foreground \& -i Inetd mode

tftp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] Transfer a file from/to tftp server \& -l FILE Local FILE \& -r FILE Remote FILE \& -g Get file \& -p Put file \& -b SIZE Transfer blocks in bytes

time [-vpa] [-o \s-1FILE\s0] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 Run \s-1PROG,\s0 display resource usage when it exits \& -v Verbose \& -p POSIX output format \& -f FMT Custom format \& -o FILE Write result to FILE \& -a Append (else overwrite)

timeout [-s \s-1SIG\s0] [-k \s-1KILL_SECS\s0] \s-1SECS PROG ARGS\s0 Run \s-1PROG.\s0 Send \s-1SIG\s0 to it if it is not gone in \s-1SECS\s0 seconds. Default \s-1SIG: TERM\s0.If it still exists in \s-1KILL_SECS\s0 seconds, send \s-1KILL.\s0

top [-bH] [-n \s-1COUNT\s0] [-d \s-1SECONDS\s0] Show a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each \s-1SECONDS\s0 and show a screenful of them. Keys: \& N/M/P/T: sort by pid/mem/cpu/time \& R: reverse sort \& H: toggle threads \& Q,^C: exit \&Options:
\& -b Batch mode \& -n N Exit after N iterations \& -d SEC Delay between updates \& -H Show threads

touch [-cham] [-d \s-1DATE\s0] [-t \s-1DATE\s0] [-r \s-1FILE\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0 Update mtime of FILEs \& -c Don\*(Aqt create files \& -h Don\*(Aqt follow links \& -a Change only atime \& -m Change only mtime \& -d DT Date/time to use \& -t DT Date/time to use \& -r FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs date/time

tr [-cds] \s-1STRING1\s0 [\s-1STRING2\s0] Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout \& -c Take complement of STRING1 \& -d Delete input characters coded STRING1 \& -s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

traceroute [-46Flnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [-p \s-1PORT\s0] [-t \s-1TOS\s0] [-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [-z \s-1PAUSE_MSEC\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0] Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0 \& -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution \& -F Set don\*(Aqt fragment bit \& -l Display TTL value of the returned packet \& -n Print numeric addresses \& -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST \& -v Verbose \& -f N First number of hops (default 1) \& -m N Max number of hops \& -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3) \& -p N Base UDP port number used in probes \& (default 33434) \& -s IP Source address \& -i IFACE Source interface \& -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) \& -w SEC Wait for a response (default 3) \& -z MSEC Wait before each send

traceroute6 [-nrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [-p \s-1PORT\s0] [-t \s-1TOS\s0] [-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [-z \s-1PAUSE_MSEC\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0] Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0 \& -n Print numeric addresses \& -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST \& -v Verbose \& -f N First number of hops (default 1) \& -m N Max number of hops \& -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3) \& -p N Base UDP port number used in probes \& (default 33434) \& -s IP Source address \& -i IFACE Source interface \& -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) \& -w SEC Wait for a response (default 3) \& -z MSEC Wait before each send

truncate [-c] -s \s-1SIZE FILE...\s0 Truncate FILEs to \s-1SIZE\s0 \& -c Do not create files \& -s SIZE

ts [-is] [\s-1STRFTIME\s0] Pipe stdin to stdout, add timestamp to each line \& -s Time since start \& -i Time since previous line

tty [-s] Print file name of stdin's terminal \& -s Print nothing, only return exit status

tunctl [-f \s-1DEVICE\s0] [-t \s-1NAME\s0 | -d \s-1NAME\s0] Create or delete \s-1TUN/TAP\s0 interfaces \& -f DEV TUN device (default /dev/net/tun) \& -t NAME Create iface (default: tapN) \& -d NAME Delete iface

ubirename \s-1UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME\s0 [\s-1OLD2 NEW2\s0]... Rename \s-1UBI\s0 volumes on \s-1UBI_DEVICE\s0

udhcpc [-fbqRB] [-a[\s-1MSEC\s0]] [-t N] [-T \s-1SEC\s0] [-A SEC|-n] [-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [-s \s-1PROG\s0] [-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0] [-oC] [-r \s-1IP\s0] [-V \s-1VENDOR\s0] [-F \s-1NAME\s0] [-x \s-1OPT:VAL\s0]... [-O \s-1OPT\s0]... \& -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) \& -s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /etc/udhcpc/default.script) \& -p FILE Create pidfile \& -B Request broadcast replies \& -t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3) \& -T SEC Pause between packets (default 3) \& -A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20) \& -b Background if lease is not obtained \& -n Exit if lease is not obtained \& -q Exit after obtaining lease \& -R Release IP on exit \& -f Run in foreground \& -S Log to syslog too \& -a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping \& -r IP Request this IP address \& -o Don\*(Aqt request any options (unless -O is given) \& -O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative) \& -x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative) \& Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts: \& -x hostname:bbox - option 12 \& -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time) \& -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id) \& -x 14:\*(Aq"dumpfile"\*(Aq - option 14 (shell-quoted) \& -F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME \& -V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default \*(Aqudhcp VERSION\*(Aq) \& -C Don\*(Aqt send MAC as client identifier \&Signals:
\& USR1 Renew lease \& USR2 Release lease

udhcpd [-fS] [-I \s-1ADDR\s0] [-a \s-1MSEC\s0] [\s-1CONFFILE\s0] \&\s-1DHCP\s0 server \& -f Run in foreground \& -S Log to syslog too \& -I ADDR Local address \& -a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000) \&Signals:
\& USR1 Update lease file

uevent [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] uevent runs \s-1PROG\s0 for every netlink notification. \&\s-1PROG\s0's environment contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s

umount [-rlfda] [-t \s-1FSTYPE\s0] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY Unmount filesystems \& -a Unmount all filesystems \& -r Remount devices read-only if mount is busy \& -l Lazy umount (detach filesystem) \& -f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server) \& -d Free loop device if it has been used \& -t FSTYPE[,...] Unmount only these filesystem type(s)

uname [-amnrspvio] Print system information \& -a Print all \& -m Machine (hardware) type \& -n Hostname \& -r Kernel release \& -s Kernel name (default) \& -p Processor type \& -v Kernel version \& -i Hardware platform \& -o OS name

uncompress [-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Overwrite

unexpand [-fa][-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout \& -a Convert all blanks \& -f Convert only leading blanks \& -t N Tabstops every N chars

uniq [-cduiz] [-f,s,w N] [\s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1OUTFILE\s0]] Discard duplicate lines \& -c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences \& -d Only print duplicate lines \& -u Only print unique lines \& -i Ignore case \& -z NUL terminated output \& -f N Skip first N fields \& -s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields) \& -w N Compare N characters in line

unix2dos [-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0] Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from Unix to \s-1DOS\s0 format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. \& -u dos2unix \& -d unix2dos

unlink \s-1FILE\s0 Delete \s-1FILE\s0 by calling unlink()

unlzma [-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

unshare [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] \& -m,--mount[=FILE] Unshare mount namespace \& -u,--uts[=FILE] Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.) \& -i,--ipc[=FILE] Unshare System V IPC namespace \& -n,--net[=FILE] Unshare network namespace \& -p,--pid[=FILE] Unshare PID namespace \& -U,--user[=FILE] Unshare user namespace \& -f Fork before execing PROG \& -r Map current user to root (implies -U) \& --mount-proc[=DIR] Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m) \& --propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged \& Modify mount propagation in mount namespace \& --setgroups allow|deny Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces

unxz [-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

unzip [-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [\s-1FILE\s0]... [-x \s-1FILE\s0]... [-d \s-1DIR\s0] Extract FILEs from \s-1ZIP\s0 archive \& -l List contents (with -q for short form) \& -n Never overwrite files (default: ask) \& -o Overwrite \& -j Do not restore paths \& -p Write to stdout \& -t Test \& -q Quiet \& -x FILE Exclude FILEs \& -d DIR Extract into DIR

uptime Display the time since the last boot

usleep N Pause for N microseconds

uudecode [-o \s-1OUTFILE\s0] [\s-1INFILE\s0] Uudecode a file Finds \s-1OUTFILE\s0 in uuencoded source unless -o is given

uuencode [-m] [\s-1FILE\s0] \s-1STORED_FILENAME\s0 Uuencode \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) to stdout \& -m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521

vconfig \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] Create and remove virtual ethernet devices \& add IFACE VLAN_ID \& rem VLAN_NAME \& set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS \& set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS \& set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS \& set_name_type NAME_TYPE

vi [-c \s-1CMD\s0] [-R] [-H] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Edit \s-1FILE\s0 \& -c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT and ~/.exrc also available) \& -R Read-only \& -H List available features

w Show who is logged on

watch [-n \s-1SEC\s0] [-t] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 Run \s-1PROG\s0 periodically \& -n SEC Period (default 2) \& -t Don\*(Aqt print header

watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] \s-1DEV\s0 Periodically write to watchdog device \s-1DEV\s0 \& -T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60) \& -t N Reset every N seconds (default 30) \& -F Run in foreground Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds

wc [-cmlwL] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Count lines, words, and bytes for FILEs (or stdin) \& -c Count bytes \& -m Count characters \& -l Count newlines \& -w Count words \& -L Print longest line length

wget [-cqS] [--spider] [-O \s-1FILE\s0] [-o \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [--header \s-1STR\s0] [--post-data \s-1STR\s0 | --post-file \s-1FILE\s0] [-Y on/off] [--no-check-certificate] [-P \s-1DIR\s0] [-U \s-1AGENT\s0] \s-1URL...\s0 Retrieve files via \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1FTP\s0 \& --spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists \& --header STR Add STR (of form \*(Aqheader: value\*(Aq) to headers \& --post-data STR Send STR using POST method \& --post-file FILE Send FILE using POST method \& --no-check-certificate Don\*(Aqt validate the server\*(Aqs certificate \& -c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer \& -q Quiet \& -P DIR Save to DIR (default .) \& -S Show server response \& -O FILE Save to FILE (\*(Aq-\*(Aq for stdout) \& -o LOGFILE Log messages to FILE \& -U STR Use STR for User-Agent header \& -Y on/off Use proxy

which [-a] \s-1COMMAND...\s0 Locate \s-1COMMAND\s0 \& -a Show all matches

who [-aH] Show who is logged on \& -a Show all \& -H Print column headers

whoami Print the user name associated with the current effective user id

xargs [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] Run \s-1PROG\s0 on every item given by stdin \& -0 NUL terminated input \& -a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin \& -r Don\*(Aqt run command if input is empty \& -t Print the command on stderr before execution \& -p Ask user whether to run each command \& -E STR,-e[STR] STR stops input processing \& -I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line \& -n N Pass no more than N args to PROG \& -s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes \& -P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel \& -x Exit if size is exceeded

xxd [-pri] [-g N] [-c N] [-n \s-1LEN\s0] [-s \s-1OFS\s0] [-o \s-1OFS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] Hex dump \s-1FILE\s0 (or stdin) \& -g N Bytes per group \& -c N Bytes per line \& -p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30 \& -i C include file style \& -l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes \& -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes \& -o OFFSET Add OFFSET to displayed offset \& -r Reverse (with -p, assumes no offsets in input)

xz -d [-cfk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) \& -d Decompress \& -c Write to stdout \& -f Force \& -k Keep input files \& -t Test integrity

xzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress to stdout

yes [\s-1STRING\s0] Repeatedly print a line with \s-1STRING,\s0 or 'y'

zcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... Decompress to stdout

Libc Nss

If you enable \s-1CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP,\s0 BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using \s-1NSS.\s0 This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the \s-1NSS\s0 configuration files and libraries.

When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc \s-1NSS\s0 stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).

Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any \s-1NSS\s0 support files or libraries.

Maintainer

Authors

Emanuele Aina <[email protected]>

\& run-parts

Erik Andersen <[email protected]>

\& Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the \& core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. \& Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that \& nobody is going to actually read.

Laurence Anderson <[email protected]>

\& rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

Jeff Angielski <[email protected]>

\& ftpput, ftpget

Edward Betts <[email protected]>

\& expr, hostid, logname, whoami

John Beppu <[email protected]>

\& du, nslookup, sort

Brian Candler <[email protected]>

\& tiny-ls(ls)

Randolph Chung <[email protected]>

\& fbset, ping, hostname

Dave Cinege <[email protected]>

\& more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, \& various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

Jordan Crouse <[email protected]>

\& ipcalc

Magnus Damm <[email protected]>

\& tftp client insmod powerpc support

Larry Doolittle <[email protected]>

\& pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

Glenn Engel <[email protected]>

\& httpd

Gennady Feldman <[email protected]>

\& Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support, \& logread), various fixes.

Karl M. Hegbloom <[email protected]>

\& cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

Daniel Jacobowitz <[email protected]>

\& mktemp.c

Matt Kraai <[email protected]>

\& documentation, bugfixes, test suite

Stephan Linz <[email protected]>

\& ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

John Lombardo <[email protected]>

\& tr

Glenn McGrath <[email protected]>

\& Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput, \& nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode. \& Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

Manuel Novoa \s-1III\s0 <[email protected]>

\& cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes, \& mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string, \& get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
\& also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in \& ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir, \& mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable, \& interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

Vladimir Oleynik <[email protected]>

\& cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current); \& ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top; \& locale, various fixes \& and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

Bruce Perens <[email protected]>

\& Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can \& still be found hiding here and there...

Tim Riker <[email protected]>

\& bug fixes, member of fan club

Kent Robotti <[email protected]>

\& reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

Chip Rosenthal <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>

\& wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

Pavel Roskin <[email protected]>

\& Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

Gyepi Sam <[email protected]>

\& Remote logging feature for syslogd

Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>

\& mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

Mark Whitley <[email protected]>

\& grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous), \& style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

Charles P. Wright <[email protected]>

\& gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

Enrique Zanardi <[email protected]>

\& tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

Tito Ragusa <[email protected]>

\& devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

Paul Fox <[email protected]>

\& vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes

Roberto A. Foglietta <[email protected]>

\& port: dnsd

Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <[email protected]>

\& misc

Mike Frysinger <[email protected]>

\& initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc

Jie Zhang <[email protected]>

\& fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)